Mei Xiaochun

It is revealed in this paper that there were three serious mistakes in the Einstein’s original paper in 1905. Einstein did not prove that the motion equation of classical electromagnetic field could satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. The Einstein’s derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses, as well as the calculation on the mass-energy relation are wrong. 1. In order to prove that the classical Maxwell electromagnetic field equation satisfied the invariance of Lorentz transformation in free space without charged and current, Einstein introduced the transformations of electromagnetic fields themselves, called the Einstein’s transformations of electromagnetic fields. However, these transformations are completely different from the Lorentz transformations of electromagnetic fields themself, which leads to contradiction and does not hold. 2. For the electromagnetic field equations in non-free space with charge and current, the Einste...

This paper points out that there is no any experimental evidence for the length contraction of a moving object in special relativity. It is just a theoretical prediction based on the Lorentz transformation formula. Einstein put forward the concept of simultaneous relativity in order to explain the length contraction. In this paper, an example called Ji Hao's bridge-breaking paradox is provided to prove that this kind of paradoxes cannot be explained by simultaneous relativity. A completely symmetric method is introduced to prove that the famous twin paradox is unsolvable. The time delay experiments of special relativity, such as the life time of μ meson and the atomic clocks moving around the Earth are discussed. It is proved that time slows down of a moving clock does not exist too. It is a misunderstanding to use the lifetime of μ mesons to prove the time delay of special relativity because μ mesons decay prematurely due to strong collisions with other nuclei in the Earth'...

As well-known that in order to explain the zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiments (M-M experiments), Lorentz proposed the Lorentz formula of coordinate transformation and led to the birth of Einstein's special relativity. The authors carefully re-examine the M-M experiment and find a serious problem. The premise of the M-M experimental calculations was that the light source was fixed on the absolutely stationary reference frame of the universe (or the ether stationary reference frame). However, in the actual experiments, the light source was fixed on the earth motion reference frame, moving and rotating with the interferometers, which lead to the invalid calculation result of the M-M experiment. In this paper, the correct calculation method is used to prove that the zero result of the M-M experiment can be well explained by using the Galilean relativity principle and the Galilean velocity addition rule. Therefore, the most important experimental foundation of special re...

The most important achievement of the Einstein's special relativity was to derive the mass-velocity formula and the famous mass-energy relation from the Lorentz velocity transformation formula. Based on the mass-velocity formula, the dynamics of special relativity was established. In this paper, six derivation methods of the mass-velocity formula in special relativity are re-analyzed, including the elastic collision and the inelastic collision of two particles, the particle splitting processes, and the force moment balance methods based on the Lorentz velocity transformation formula, as well as the method to consider the symmetry principle without using the Lorentz transformation formula. It is pointed out that all of them have serious problems so that they cannot hold actually. Besides, it is pointed out that the method of Hamiltonian action to derive the mass-velocity has nothing to do with the Lorentz velocity transformation and does not belong to the category of special rela...

<jats:p>In general relativity, the values of constant terms in the equations of motions of planets and light have not been seriously discussed. Based on the Schwarzschild metric and the geodesic equations of the Riemann geometry, it is proved in this paper that the constant term in the time-dependent equation of motion of planet in general relativity must be equal to zero. Otherwise, when the correction term of general relativity is ignored, the resulting Newtonian gravity formula would change its basic form. Due to the absence of this constant term, the equation of motion cannot describe the elliptical and the hyperbolic orbital motions of celestial bodies in the solar gravitational field. It can only describe the parabolic orbital motion (with minor corrections). Therefore, it becomes meaningless to use general relativity calculating the precession of Mercury's perihelion. It is also proved that the time-dependent orbital equation of light in general relativity is contradictory to the time-independent equation of light. Using the time-independent orbital equation to do calculation, the deflection angle of light in the solar gravitational field is <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.7</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>″</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . But using the time-dependent equation to do calculation, the deflection angle of light is only a small correction of the prediction value <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.87</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>″</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of the Newtonian gravity theory with a magnitude order of <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The reason causing this inconsistency was the Einstein's assumption that the motion of light satisfied the condition <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in gravitational field. It leads to the absence of constant term in the time-independent equation of motion of light and destroys the uniqueness of geodesic in curved space-time. Meanwhile, light is subjected to repulsive forces in the gravitational field, rather than attractive forces. The direction of deflection of light is opposite, inconsistent with the predictions of present general relativity and the Newtonian theory of gravity. Observing on the earth surface, the wavelength of light emitted by the sun is violet shifted. This prediction is obviously not true. Practical observation is red shift. Finally, the practical significance of the calculation of the Mercury perihelion's precession and the existing problems of the light's deflection experiments of general relativity are briefly discussed. The conclusion of this paper is that general relativity cannot have consistence with the Newtonian theory of gravity for the descriptions of motions of planets and light in the solar system. The theory itself is not self-consistent too.</jats:p>

The stimulated stimulated radiation and absorption theory of light based on low order linear interaction is considered symmetrical in time reversal processes at present. It is provided in the paper that after high order nonlinear interaction between radiation fields and charged particles is considered, time reversal symmetry in the stimulated radiation and absorption processes would be violated. Two reasons lead to symmetry violations of time reversal. One is the difference of initial states before and after time reversals. Another is the asymmetry of interaction Hamiltonian under time reversal. For single photon’s stimulated radiation and absorption in unite time, symmetry violation caused by initial state’s differences takes place in the second order processes. Symmetry violation caused by the asymmetry of interaction Hamiltonian takes place in the third order processes. The results means that even though the interaction Hamiltonian is unchanged under time reversal, the difference...

The definition of nonequilibrium entropy is provided for the general nonequilibrium processes by connecting thermodynamics with statistical physics, and the principle of entropy increment in the nonequilibrium processes is also proved in the paper. The result shows that the definition of nonequilibrium entropy is not unique.

It is proved that when the retarded effect (or multiple moment effect) of radiation fields is taken into account, the light's high order stimulated radiation and stimulated absorption probabilities are not the same so that time reversal symmetry would be violated, though the total Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction is still unchanged under time reversal. The reason to cause time reversal symmetry violation is that certain filial or partial transitive processes of bounding state atoms are forbidden or can't be achieved actually due to the law of energy conservation, the asymmetric actions of effective transition operators before and after time reversal, as well as the special states of atoms themselves. These restrictions would cause the symmetry violation of time reversal of other filial or partial transition processes which can be actualized really. The symmetry violation is also relative to the initial state's asymmetries of bounding atoms before and after t...

It is pointed out that the most experiments on the invariant speed of light in special relativity proves the round-trip invariant speed of light, not one-way invariant. This paper makes a distinction between them. The Michelson-Morley experiment and the experiment of high-energy particles emitting photons and so on are the round-trip experiment of light's speed, showing that the average speed of light is a constant. But the Sagnac effect experiment, the Michelson-Gale's experiment that the earth's rotation

This paper points out that there is no any experimental evidence for the length contraction of a moving object in special relativity. It is just a theoretical prediction based on the Lorentz transformation formula. Einstein put forward the concept of simultaneous relativity in order to explain the length contraction. In this paper, an example called Ji Hao's bridge-breaking paradox is provided to prove that this kind of paradoxes cannot be explained by simultaneous relativity. A completely symmetric method is introduced to prove that the famous twin paradox is unsolvable. The time delay experiments of special relativity, such as the life time of  meson and the atomic clocks moving around the Earth are discussed. It is proved that time slows down of a moving clock does not exist too. It is a misunderstanding to use the lifetime of  mesons to prove the time delay of special relativity because  mesons decay prematurely due to strong collisions with other nuclei in the Earth's surface atmosphere. What calculated in theory is the time difference between two atomic clocks flying east and west observed in the stationary reference frame of the Earth's mass center. But the measurement of time difference is on the surface of the Earth. Because of the symmetry of motion speed, there is no time difference caused by the motion speed between the two atomic clocks observed on the Earth's surface, so the experiment of atomic clocks moving around the Earth is invalid. The experiment is also suspected of fabricating experimental data. The conclusion of this paper is that the space-time contraction of special relativity and its relativity cannot happen in real nature, time and space are absolute concepts, and the Lorentz transformation cannot be correct.

It is proved in this paper that there are at least five situations in the interaction theories of microparticle physics that the Lorentz transformations have no invariabilities. 1) In the formula to calculate transition probabilities in particle physics, the so-called invariability factor of phase space d 3 p/E is not invariable actually under the Lorentz transformations. Only in one-dimensional motion with uy = uz = 0, it is invariable. 2) The propagation function of spinor field in quantum theory of field has no invariability of Lorentz Transformation actually. What appears in the transformation is the sum of Lorentz factors aμνaλμ ≠ δνλ when ν, λ = 1, 4, rather than aμνaλμ = δνλ. But in the current calculation, we take aμνaλμ = δνλ. The confusion of subscript's position leads to wrong result. 3) Though the motion equations of quantum fields and the interaction Hamiltonian are unchanged under the Lorentz transformation, the motion equation of perturbation which is used to calculate the transition probability in the interaction representation has no invariability. 4) The interactions between bound state's particles have no Lorentz invariability. In fact, the principle of relativity has no approximation if it holds. 5) The calculation methods of high order perturbations normalization processes in quantum theory of fields violate the invariability of Lorentz transformation. The conclusions above are effective for strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions and so on. Therefore, the principle of relativity does not hold in the micro-particle's interactions. On the other hand, the invariability principle of light's speed is still effective. So the formulas of special relativity still hold, but we should consider them with absolute significances.

It is revealed in this paper that there were three serious mistakes in the Einstein's original paper in 1905. Einstein did not prove that the motion equation of classical electromagnetic field could satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. The Einstein's derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses, as well as the calculation on the mass-energy relation are wrong. 1. In order to prove that the classical Maxwell electromagnetic field equation satisfied the invariance of Lorentz transformation in free space without charged and current, Einstein introduced the transformations of electromagnetic fields themselves, called the Einstein's transformations of electromagnetic fields. However, these transformations are completely different from the Lorentz transformations of electromagnetic fields themself, which leads to contradiction and does not hold. 2. For the electromagnetic field equations in non-free space with charge and current, the Einstein's transformations can not make the electromagnetic fields unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. 3. The constitutive equations of electromagnetic theory in the medium do not satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz transformation too. Therefore, the classical electromagnetic field equations have no the invariance of the Lorentz transformation actually, and the most important theoretical and experimental basis of special relativity do not exist. 4. The Einstein's derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses have a series of elementary mistakes in mathematics and physics. Einstein took the relative speed between two reference frames as the arbitrary moving velocity of a particle, and the obtained formulas were completely different from the existing mass-velocity of special relativity. 3. When Einstein derived the mass-energy relationship, he only calculated the work done by the force in the x-axis direction of particle's motion, ignoring the work done by the force at the y-and z-axes directions. Meanwhile, the constant relative motion velocity between two reference frames was misused as the variable arbitrary velocity of a particle. Therefore, Einstein had not derived the mass-velocity formula and mass-energy relationship used in the present special relativity.

The most important achievement of the Einstein's special relativity was to derive the mass-velocity formula and the famous mass-energy relation from the Lorentz velocity transformation formula. Based on the mass-velocity formula, the dynamics of special relativity was established. In this paper, six derivation methods of the mass-velocity formula in special relativity are re-analyzed, including the elastic collision and the inelastic collision of two particles, the particle splitting processes, and the force moment balance methods based on the Lorentz velocity transformation formula, as well as the method to consider the symmetry principle without using the Lorentz transformation formula. It is pointed out that all of them have serious problems so that they cannot hold actually. Besides, it is pointed out that the method of Hamiltonian action to derive the mass-velocity has nothing to do with the Lorentz velocity transformation and does not belong to the category of special relativity. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that it is impossible to derive the mass-velocity formula and the mass-energy relation based on the Lorentz velocity transformation formula. The mass-velocity formula can only be considered as an empirical formula which cannot be derived in theory and have nothing to do with special relativity. If the mass-velocity formula and the mass-energy relationship are correct, it just means that Einstein's special relativity is not true.

As well-known that in order to explain the zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiments (M-M experiments), Lorentz proposed the Lorentz formula of coordinate transformation and led to the birth of Einstein's special relativity. The authors carefully reexamine the MM experiment and find a serious problem. The premise of the MM experimental calculations was that the light source was fixed on the absolutely stationary reference frame of the universe (or the ether stationary reference frame). However, in the actual experiments, the light source was fixed on the earth motion reference frame, moving and rotating with the interferometers, which lead to the invalid calculation result of the MM experiment. In this paper, the correct calculation method is used to prove that the zero result of the MM experiment can be well explained by using the Galilean relativity principle and the Galilean velocity addition rule. Therefore, the most important experimental foundation of special relativity does not exist. The Lorentz coordinate transformation formulas become unnecessary, and the principles of special relativity and the invariant speed of light are unnecessary too. The experimental tests of special relativity are also discussed briefly. It points out that these experiments are either wrong or have other explanations, and the explanations of special relativity are not unique ones. Physics should give up the Lorentz transformation formula and the Einstein's special relativity completely, introduce the cosmic absolute stationary reference frame, and establish the kinetic theory based on the mass-velocity formula which should be considered as an empirical formula, to solve the fundamental problems in astrophysics and cosmology thoroughly.

A more rational and perfect scheme of C,P, T transformations is advanced in the manuscript. In the new scheme, the transition probability densities are invariable under C,P, T transformations individually in the pure sate processes of electromagnetic and strong interactions. In some processes of weak interaction such as K and B meson’s decays, CP and T symmetries are violated simultaneously and the violations are just complementary. Meanwhile the Hamiltonians of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions are completely unchanged under the united CPT transformation. On the other hand, in the processes of mixing states of electromagnetic interaction, T and C symmetries are violated simultaneously owing to the interference effects of probability amplitudes between mixing states, and the T and C violations are also complementary. In this way, the so-called reversibility paradox, i.e. time reversal is reversible in the microprocesses but irreversible in the macro-processes, can be eli...

The non-linear relations between polarization strength and electric field strength for ferroelectrics, as well as magnetization strength and magnetic field strength for ferromagnetics, can be achieved by introducing retarded electromagnetic interactions. The electric and magnetic hysteretic loops, as well as polarization and magnetization curves, can be described well based on soft mode theory in the alternating electromagnetic fields of low and medium frequencies. The fundamental phenomenological formula in non-linear optics can also be obtained in high frequency fields. The results show that all of these non-linear phenomena originate from retarded electromagnetic interaction.

General relativity introduced the harmonic coordinate condition under the weak field condition and obtained the linear plane wave solution based on the Einstein's equations of gravitational fields, declaring the existence of gravitational waves. But so far, general relativity has never proved the existence of spherical gravitational waves. This paper proves that under the conditions of weak fields, the metrics of planar and spherical waves can not satisfy the harmonic coordinate conditions, unless the maximum amplitudes of gravitational waves are equal to zero, implying no gravitational waves. Therefore, the Einstein's equations of gravitational field can not be transformed into wave equations, and general relativity can not predict the existences of gravitational waves. This paper also discusses the problem of correctly using the coordinate conditions in general relativity and compares the harmonic coordinate conditions with the Lorentz gauge conditions of electromagnetic theory. It shows that the Lorentz gauge condition is naturally true for the electromagnetic waves in free space.

In the theory of gravity wave of general relativity, the metric tensors of gravitational field was written as g_uv=G_uv+h_uv . It was proved that as long as h_uv  was a small quantity of first order under weak condition, by using four harmonic coordinate conditions, the Einstein's gravitational field equation in vacuum can be transformed into a linear wave equation, three wave solutions are obtained with h_11=h_1cos(at-kz)，h_22=-h_11 and h_12=h_0cos(at-kz). It is proved in this paper that theses three solutions can not satisfy the harmonic coordinate conditions, so the Einstein’s equation of gravity field can not be transformed into the linear wave equation. The metric tensors h_22= -h_11 indicates h_1= -h_2  for the maximum amplitudes. However, the maximum amplitudes are non-negative numbers, so it is impossible to have h_1= -h_2 , unless h_1=h_2=0, which indicates that there are no gravity waves. On the other hand, the component h_12 of gravity waves at the direction of space intersecting dxdy was unable to be measured in experiments and had no practical significance. The present gravitational wave detection was regarded to involve the extremely strong fields of black hole collisions in which h_uv  was not a small quantity, no wave solution can be obtained based on general relativity. The gravitational wave delayed radiation formula of general relativity is also proved untenable due to the chaotic calculations and wrong coordinate transformations. This paper also discusses the possibility of gravitational wave based on the revised Newton's theory of gravitation by introducing the magneto-like gravitational component. Chen Yongming's formula of electric-like gravitational wave radiation based on the Newton's theory of gravity is introduced. The conclusion of this paper is that the theory of gravity wave of general relativity can not be correct. We can describe gravitational radiation in terms of the revised Newtonian gravity theory in flat space-time.

In this paper, a standard method is provided to calculate the gravitational deflection of light in the solar system by using the Newtonian theory of gravity. The equation of light’s motion in general relativity is compared with that of the Newton's theory of gravity. It is proved that a constant term is missing in the motion equation of general relativity. This constant term is critical to the orbital shape of light’s motion in gravity field and causes serious problems so that it can not be correct. The orbital poles of light’s motion of general relativity is also calculated. According to the theory of algebraic equation, the orbital poles are determined by
a cubic equation of one variable. The calculation of general relativity assumed that light from stars in outer space passed through the solar surface, which was equivalent to assume that the solar radius was a root of the cubic equation. However, it is strictly proved that the solar
radius can not be the pole of motion equation of general relativity. The orbital poles of light are located in the interior of the sun which are not far from the center of the sun, so all of  lights from stars in outer space would enter the solar interior and disappear. It is impossible for the light to be seen by the observers on the earth surface, but this is not the case. The
reason is just that the motion equation of motion in general relativity is missing a constant term. It means that the Einstein's prediction that light’s deflection angle was 1.75” in the solar gravitational field can not be correct and general relativity can not hold.

Based on the gravitational field equations of general relativity, Einstein proposed a formula to calculate the precession of Mercury's perihelion in 1915. It is pointed out in this paper that there were four mistakes in Einstein's original paper. The first was the mistake of integral calculation discovered by Huadi in 2015. If this mistake did not exist, the precession value of Mercury's perihelion was 71.7" a century. The second was the mistake of the expansion coefficient of integral function. If this mistake did not exist, the precession value of Mercury's perihelion was 14.3" a century.The third was to treat the perihelion and aphelion of Mercury's elliptical orbit as poles of integrand expansion, resulted in that the correction term of general relativity should be equal to zero. The fourth was Einstein's assumption that the constant terms in the formula to calculate the precession of Mercury's perihelion was equal to those in the Newton's formula of gravity. However, by precise calculations based on the Schwarzschild metric and the geodesic equation of Riemann geometric, this constant term must be equal to zero. The result means that general relativity can only describe the parabolic orbits (with minor corrections) of planets in the solar system. It can not describe the elliptical