Journal of Modern Physics, 2014, 5, 599-616
Published Online May 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.58071
The Proof That There Are No Invariabilities
of Lorentz Transformations in the
Interaction Theories of Micro-Particle
Physics
Xiaochun Mei
Institute of Innovative Physics, Fuzhou, China
Email: ycwlyjs@yeah.net
Received 15 March 2014; revised 13 April 2014; accepted 12 May 2014
Copyright © 2014 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
It is proved in this paper that there are at least five situations in the interaction theories of microparticle physics that the Lorentz transformations have no invariabilities. 1) In the formula to calculate transition probabilities in particle physics, the so-called invariability factor of phase space
d3p/E is not invariable actually under the Lorentz transformations. Only in one-dimensional motion with uy = uz = 0, it is invariable. 2) The propagation function of spinor field in quantum theory
of field has no invariability of Lorentz Transformation actually. What appears in the transformation is the sum of Lorentz factors aμνaλμ ≠ δνλ when ν, λ = 1, 4, rather than aμνaλμ = δνλ. But in the
current calculation, we take aμνaλμ = δνλ. The confusion of subscript’s position leads to wrong result.
3) Though the motion equations of quantum fields and the interaction Hamiltonian are unchanged
under the Lorentz transformation, the motion equation of perturbation which is used to calculate
the transition probability in the interaction representation has no invariability. 4) The interactions between bound state’s particles have no Lorentz invariability. In fact, the principle of relativity has no approximation if it holds. 5) The calculation methods of high order perturbations
normalization processes in quantum theory of fields violate the invariability of Lorentz transformation. The conclusions above are effective for strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions and
so on. Therefore, the principle of relativity does not hold in the micro-particle’s interactions. On
the other hand, the invariability principle of light’s speed is still effective. So the formulas of special relativity still hold, but we should consider them with absolute significances.
Keywords
Principle of Relativity, Lorentz Invariability Violation, Quantum Theory of Filed, Quantum
Mechanics, Phase Space Factor, Propagation Function, Normalization, CMBR, Cosmology
How to cite this paper: Mei, X.C. (2014) The Proof That There Are No Invariabilities of Lorentz Transformations in the Interaction Theories of Micro-Particle Physics. Journal of Modern Physics, 5, 599-616.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.58071
X. C. Mei
1. Introduction
The Einstein’s special relativity is based on two foundational principles. One is the principle of relativity and
another is the invariability of light’s speed. According to the principle of relativity, motion is a relative concept.
We cannot determine whether a reference frame is moving in a uniform speed or at rest by physical experiments.
Speaking more strictly, the forms of physical laws are unrelated to the choices of reference frames. To reach this
aim, physical quantities should be covariant under Lorentz transformations.
Because most macro-physics involve low speed’s processes, special relativity is mainly used in micro-physics
processes. Micro-physics includes relativity quantum theory of field and non-relativity quantum mechanics. Because the motion equations and interactions Hamiltonians in quantum theory of field are considered invariable
under Lorentz transformation, physicists believes that interaction processes of micro-particles satisfy the principle of relativity.
However, astronomic observations founded that the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) was
anisotropic in space distribution. If we take the reference frame in which CMBR is isotropic as an absolutely
static reference frame, observations indicate that our solar system is moving in a speed about 390 Km/s along a
certain direction in the coordinate system of celestial sphere. This velocity can be considered as the absolute velocity of solar system. In fact, Big Bang cosmology needs an absolutely static reference frame. We can think that
all initial velocities of materials in the universe were caused by the accelerating processes in Big Bang. So physics is in a dilemma situation at present. Cosmology and relativity are inconsistent. This is a serious prob- lem.
In this paper, we prove that the principle of relativity is only a subjective and specious judgment under macroscopic and low speed’s conditions, just as Galileo’s intuitional experiments in a closed ship. Under microscopic and high speed’s conditions, the principle of relativity does not hold. In fact, the principle of relativity has
never been accurately verified by experiments. Physicists have never carried out experiments in a reference
frame with high enough speed to verify the correctness of relativity principle!
In the processes of micro-particle’s decays and collisions, the transition probabilities are considered having
nothing to do reference frames. Quantum theory of field is constructed in this principle and the interaction theories of micro-particles are considered satisfying the principle of relativity. However, in this paper, we carefully
examines the motion equations and the interaction Hamiltonians of micro-particles in quantum theory of field
and finds that at least in five situations the interaction theories of micro-particles have no invariability under Lorentz transformation.
1) The so-called invariability factor of phase space d 3 p E in the formulas of transition probability has no
u=
0,
invariability of Lorentz transformation actually. Only in the one-dimensional motion process with u=
y
z
it is invariable. The result indicates that all transition processes of micro-interactions have no invariabilities under Lorentz transformation. The commutation relations of field operators have no invariability due to this result.
2) The propagation function of spinor field has no the invariability of Lorentz Transformation actually. What
appears in the transformation is the sum of Lorentz factors aµν aλµ ≠ δνλ when ν , λ = 1, 4 , rather than
aµν aµλ = δνλ . But in the current calculation, we take aµν aλµ = δνλ . The confusion of subscript’s position leads to
serious mistake.
3) Though the motion equations of gauge fields and spinor fields and the interaction Hamiltonians are unchanged under Lorentz transformation, the motion equation of perturbation theory used to practically calculate
the transition probabilities in interaction representation has no Lorentz invariability. In fact, even the most foundational normalization formulas of probability wave in quantum theory of field and quantum mechanics have no
invariability of Lorentz transformation too. Unfortunately, these problems are neglected at present.
4) The interactions between bound state’s particles violate the invariability of Lorentz transformation. In fact,
so-called relativity quantum theory of field only describes interaction processes in which particles are free at
their initial and final states. The Hamiltonians of interactions are constructed by free particle’s wave functions.
What are measured in experiments are free particles at final states. Because the wave functions and the products
p ⋅ q of four-dimensional momentum of free particles are invariable quantities of Lorentz transformations, the
probability amplitudes of transitions are invariable.
However, in physics, more are the interactions between bound particles in which the wave functions, energies
and momentums have no symmetries of free particles. We have p 2 ≠ −m 2 so that the product p ⋅ q is not the
invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation again. The interaction Hamiltonians cannot be constructed by free
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X. C. Mei
particle’s wave functions and physical quantities. The method of quantum theory of field may be ineffective. In
this paper, we prove that the interactions between bound state’s particles have no Lorentz invariability by several
examples just as the scatting process of electrons in external field, the fine structure of hydrogen atomic energy
levels and the emission and absorption of photons in atoms.
According to current understanding, relativity quantum theory of field describes unstable particles with high
speed, and non-relativity approximate quantum mechanics describes stable particles with low speeds. This classification is unsuitable for the principle of relativity principle. The principle of relativity has no approximation. If
the principle of relativity is correct, it should also be effective for the micro-particles with low speeds. In fact,
classical Newtonian theory also satisfies the principle of relativity. The motion equations of Newtonian mechanics are unchanged under the Galileo’s transformation. However, the motion equations and Hamiltonians
of nonrelativity quantum mechanics cannot keep unchanged no matter under the Galileo’s transformation or
the Lorentz’s transformation. This fact indicates that micro-particle physics has no relativity in essence! So
called nonrelativities of motion equation and interaction Hamiltonians in quantum mechanics are not caused
by the approximation methods of descriptions. The truth is that relativity does not exist in micro-physics at
all!
5) The normalization processes of high order perturbations in quantum theory of fields violate the invariability of Lorentz transformation. We take the Lamb shift of hydrogen atomic energy levels as concrete example at
first and then prove the conclusion generally.
The conclusions above are generally effective for strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Therefore,
the principle of relativity does not hold in the fields of micro-particle’s interactions. However, the invariability
principle of light’s speed is still effective. It means that the formulas of special relativity can still hold. But they
should be explained with absolute significance.
In this way, the experiments of micro-particles and the observations of macro-cosmology become consistent
and the contradiction between cosmology and special relativity can be eliminated thoroughly.
2. The Lorentz Transformation of Phase Space Factor
2.1. The Invariability Quantities of Lorentz Transformation in Particle Physics
In particle physics, the basic formula to calculate the decay probability in particle physics is [1]
W fi δ 4 ( P − Q )
d=
__
K
2 B ( 2π )
3n − 4
E0
d 3 pk
k =1 Ek
2 n
∑ M fi ∏
(1)
The basic formula to calculate the collision cross-sections is
d=
W fi δ 4 ( P − Q )
K
B
2 (2π) 2 J
__
d 3 pk
k =1 Ek
2 n
∑ M fi ∏
(2)
In the formulas, the probability amplitude M fi is the factor of dynamics and others are kinetic factors.
d 3 pk Ek is the factor of phase space for the k outgoing particle at final state. All text books and documents
consider this factor as the invariable quantities of Lorentz transitions. However, it is not unless in one-dimenu=
0.
sional motion with u=
y
z
Before proving it, we need to define the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation. In Einstein’s special
relativity, physical quantities are transformed in the forms of covariance. Suppose that there is a physical quantity A ( x , u, t ) composed of space-time coordinates and particle’s velocity in the inertial reference frame K . It
may be a scalar, vector or tensor (subscripts are neglected). We transform it to the reference frame K ′ which
moves in a uniform speed V relative to K . If obtained A′ ( x ′, u′, V , t ′ ) contains relative speed V , we say
that the physical quantity is not the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation. If it does not contain V and
the relation that A′ ( x ′, u′, t ′ ) depends on x ′, u′,t ′ is the same as that A ( x , u, t ) depends on x ′, u′,t ′ , we say
that it is the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation.
We take several examples commonly appearing in particle physics. Suppose that K ′ moves along the positive direction of x axis relative to K , the Lorentz coordinate transformations are (set c = 1 ).
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X. C. Mei
=
x′
x − Vt
1−V
2
t − Vx
=
y ′ y=
z ′ z=
t′
(3)
1−V 2
The inversed transformation of (3) is
=
x
x′ + Vt ′
1−V
2
′ t
=
y y′=
z z=
t ′ + Vx′
(4)
1−V 2
The Lorentz transformations of velocities are
ux
=
u ′y 1 − V 2
u x′ + V
u z′ 1 − V 2
uy
uz
=
=
=
1− u2
1 + u x′V
1 + u x′V
1 + u x′V
(1 − V )(1 − u ′ )
2
(1 + u x′V )
2
2
(5)
So space-time coordinates x, t and velocities are not the invariable quantities of Lorentz transformation, but
y, z are unchanged. In reference frame K , momentum and energy of a particle with mass m are
mu y
=
pz
1− u2
mu x
=
py
1− u2
=
px
mu z
=
E
1− u2
m
1− u2
(6)
Substituting (5) in (6), we obtain the Lorentz transformations of momentum and energy
px =
=
pz
m ( u x′ + V )
≠ px′
1 − u ′2 1 − V 2
mu z′
=
pz′
1 − u ′2
py =
=
E
mu ′y
= p ′y
1 − u ′2
m (1 + u x′V )
1 − u ′2 1 − V 2
(7)
≠ E′
So p y and pz are the invariable quantities of Lorentz transformations, but px and E are not. Writing
them in the four-dimensional forms with p = ( p, iE ) , we have
p2 =
p2 − E 2 =
p ′2 − E ′2 =
p ′2 =
−m2
(8)
So p 2 is the invariable quantities of Lorentz transformation, thought it is equal to a constant. The factor J
in (2) is also the Lorentz invariable quantity
J=
( p1 ⋅ p2 )
2
− m12 m22
(9)
We can prove it easily. According to (6), we have
=
p1 ⋅ p2
m1m2 ( u x1u2 x − 1)
1 − u12 1 − u22
+ p1 y p2 y + p1z p2 z
(10)
According to (7), we get
=
p1 ⋅ p2
m1m2 ( u1′x + V )( u2′ x + V ) − (1 + u1′xV )(1 + u2′ xV )
(
1 − u1′2 1 − u2′2 1 − V 2
)
m1m2 (u1′x u2′ x − 1)
=
+ p1′y p2′ y + p1′z p2′ z =
p1′ ⋅ p2′
1 − u1′2 1 − u2′2
+ p1′y p2′ y + p1′z p2′ z
(11)
In particle physics, similar invariable quantities are
S=
− ( p1 + p2 ) =
−m12 − m22 − 2 p1 ⋅ p2
(12)
t=
− ( p1 − p2 ) − m12 − m22 + 2 p1 ⋅ p2
(13)
2
2
Meanwhile, we have
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X. C. Mei
p ⋅ x = p ⋅ x − Et =
=
mu x′ x′
1 − u ′2
m ( u x′ + V ) ( x′ + Vt ′ )
(1 − u ′ )(1 − V )
2
2
mt ′
+ p ′y y ′ + pz′ z ′ −
+ p ′y y ′ + pz′ z ′ −
m (1 + u x′V ) ( t ′ + Vx′ )
(1 − u ′ )(1 − V )
2
2
(14)
= p′ ⋅ x ′ − E ′t ′ = p ′ ⋅ x′
1 − u ′2
So the wave function of free particle is also the invariable quantities of Lorentz transformation with
(
)
(
)
=
=
ψ ( x, t ) Ae
Ae=
ψ ′ ( x ′, t ′ )
i p ′⋅ x ′ − E ′t ′
i p ⋅ x − Et
(15)
The definition of δ function in particle physics is
δ 4 ( p) =
∞
1
( 2π )
2
∫e
ipx
d4 x
(16)
−∞
Transforming it to K ′ reference frame, because dy and dz are unchanged, we only need to calculate the
relation between dxdt and dx′dt ′ . By using the Jacobi’s matrix of integral transformation, we have
=
dxdt
1
∂x ∂x′ ∂x ∂t ′
=
dx′dt ′
∂t ∂x′ ∂t ∂t ′
V
1−V 2 V 1−V 2
=
dx′dt ′ dx′dt ′
1−V 2 1 1−V 2
(17)
So d 4 x and (16) are also the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation with δ 4 ( p ) = δ 4 ( p ′ ) .
2.2. The Lorentz Transformation of Phase Space Factor
If phase space factor is the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation, it should satisfy
d 3 p dpx dp y dpz dpx′ dp ′y dpz′ d 3 p ′
= = =
E
E
E′
E′
(18)
u=
0 . In general
We will prove that (18) only holds in the situation of one-dimensional motion with u=
y
z
situation when u y ≠ 0 and u z ≠ 0 , (18) is untenable. Because p y and pz are invariable with dp y = dp ′y
and dpz = dpz′ , we only need to discuss d 3 px E . In K reference frame, we have
du x
dpx
1
1− u2
=
+ ux d
2
E
1− u2
1− u
(
)
u du 2
du x + x 2
=
2 1− u
(
(19)
)
u=
0 , we set
here du 2= 2 u x du x + u y du y + u z du z . In the situation of one-dimensional motion with u=
y
z
u x = u and have
dp
du
=
E 1− u2
u y ≠ 0 , according to (5), we have
On the other hand, in general situations with u=
y
(1 − V )
(20)
2
du x =
(
)
(1 + u x′V )
2
du x′
(21)
1−V 2
( u x′ + V )
u du 2
dpx
1 + u x′V ) du ′2 + 2 1 − u ′2 Vdu ′
du x′ +
= du x + x 2 =
2
2 (
2
E
2 1− u
2 1 − u ′ (1 + u x′V )
(1 + u x′V )
(
(1 − V )
)
(
(
)
( u x′ + V )
( u x′ + V ) du ′2
u x′ du ′2
Vdu ′2
1
′
′
′
+
+
=
+
+
u
V
u
u
d
d
d
x
x
x
2
2
2 (1 − u ′2 ) (1 + u x′V ) (1 + u x′V )
2 (1 − u ′2 ) 2 (1 − u ′2 )
(1 + u x′V )
(1 + u x′V )
2
=
)
(22)
Comparing (22) with (19), we have
dpx dpx′
u ′ du ′ 2
≠
=du x′ + x
E
E′
2 1 − u ′2
(
603
)
(23)
X. C. Mei
′ 0 and
It is obvious that d 3 p E is not unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. Only when u ′y= u=
z
u x′ = u , we have dpx E = dpx′ E ′ . Only by this result, we can declare that the transition probabilities of interaction processes of micro-particles have no invariability of the Lorentz transformation. Because relative speed V
can be arbitrary, the factor of phase space also becomes arbitrary one. Because of dpx E → ∞ when
u x′V → −c 2 , the difference between two reference frames may be great. For the concrete calculation, according
to (7), we have
m ( u x′
=
dpx d
2
1 − u′
E ′ + mVu x′
=
=
E
1−V 2
d
mu x′
1 − u′
2
= mu x′ d
1
1 − u′
2
+V )
dpx′
mV
1
=
+
d
2
2
2
1−V
1−V
1−V
1 − u ′2
E ′ mVpx′
1 + ′2
E
1−V 2
+
m
1 − u′
2
du x′ =
px′
m
1
+
d
du x′
2
E′
1 − u′
1 − u ′2
(24)
(25)
We obtain
dp x dp y dp z
1 + VE ′ / px′
V
dpx′ dp ′y dpz′ −
du x′ dp ′y dp ′
=
2
E
E ′ 1 + mVpx′ E ′
u x′ 1 + mVpx′ E ′2
(
)
(
)
(26)
By using the Jacobi’s formula, we get
dp ′y dpz′
=
(
)
m 2 1 − u x′2
∂p ′y ∂u ′y ∂p ′y ∂u z′
du ′y du z′
du ′y du z′
=
2
∂pz′ ∂u ′y ∂pz′ ∂u z′
1 − u ′2
(
)
(27)
here u ′2 = u x′2 + u ′y2 + u z′2 . Suppose that the integrand function is unchanged with f ( p ) = f ( p′) , we get
∞
∫
−∞
∞
f ( p ′ ) (1 + VE ′ p ′ x )
f ( p)
dp x dp y dp z = ∫
dpx′ dp ′y dpz′
2
E
−∞ E ′ 1 + mVp x′ E ′
(
−
)
c
∫ u′
−c
x
f ( p′ )V
(
m 2 1 − u x′2
(1 + m Vu ′ E ′) (1 − u ′ )
2
x
2
2
)du ′ du ′ du ′ ≠
x
y
z
∞
∫
−∞
f ( p′)
dpx′ dp ′y dpz′
E′
(28)
The up and down limits of integral signals about du x′ du ′y du ′ are ±c . The reason is that when pi′ → ±∞ , we
have ui′ → ±c .
3. The Lorentz Transformations of the Motion Equation of Spinor Field and the
Hamiltonian of Electromagnetic Interaction
3.1. The Lorentz Transformation Matrix of Four-Dimensional Space-Time Coordinates
In special relativity,
we take x
=
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ( x, y, z , it ) and write (3) as
(=
aµν
γ
0
=
0
−iV γ
xµ′ = aµν xν with
0 0 iV γ
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 γ
(29)
here=
γ 1 1 − V 2 . The inversed transformation (4) is xµ = aνµ xν′ . According to the invariability principle of
=
xµ′ xµ′ a=
xν xν , so we have aµν aµλ = δνλ [2]. We should pay attention to the
light’s speed, we have
µν aµλ xν xλ
positions of indexes. According to (29), we have aµν aλµ ≠ δνλ or aνµ aµλ ≠ δνλ when ν , λ = 1, 4 . By writing
them out clearly, we have a2 µ aµ 2 = 1 , a3 µ aµ 3 = 1 and
1+V 2
a1µ aµ1 =
a4 µ aµ 4 =
γ 2 + ( iV γ )( −iV γ ) = 2 ≠ 1
1−V
604
(30)
X. C. Mei
The others are zero. This result is very significant for our discussions below. It is proved that what appears in
the Lorentz transformation of propagation functions of spinor fields is aνµ aµλ ≠ δνλ when ν , λ = 1, 4 . But in the
current calculation, we take aµν aλµ = δνλ . The confusion of subscript’s position leads to wrong result, so that we
think that propagation functions of spinor fields is Lorentz invariable.
3.2. The Lorentz Transformations of Spinor Field and Its Motion Equation
The Dirac equation of free spinor field in K reference frame is
(γ µ ∂ µ + m )ψ ( x ) =0
(31)
By transforming it to K ′ reference frame and considering xν′ = aνµ xµ , we have following differential relations [2]
∂xν′ ∂
∂
∂
=
= aνµ
or ∂ µ = aνµ ∂ν′
∂xµ ∂xµ ∂xν′
∂xν′
(32)
It indicates that the covariant rule of differential operator ∂ µ is the same as that of coordinate transformation
xµ = aνµ xν′ . Substituting (32) in (31) and let x = a −1 x′ represent xµ = aνµ xν′ , we get
( aνµ γ µ ∂ν′ + m )ψ ( a x′) =0
−1
By introducing matrix
(33)
Λ and acting it on the left side of (33), we get
Λ ( aνµ γ µ ∂ν′ + m )ψ ′ ( x′=
)
(a
γ
νµ Λ µ Λ
−1
)
(
)
∂ν′ + m Λψ a −1 x′= 0
(34)
Suppose that there exists reversal matrix Λ −1 and let
−1
1
aνµ Λγ=
γ ν or Λ −=
γ µ Λ aµν γν
µΛ
(35)
It has been proved
=
Λ cosh (θ 2 ) + iγ 1γ 4 sinh (θ 2 ) with cosh θ = γ and sinh θ = V γ in quantum theory
of field [2]. Defining new wave function ψ ′ ( x′ ) with
Λψ ( a −1 x′ ) or ψ ( x ) =
Λ −1ψ ′ ( x′ )
ψ ′ ( x′ ) =
ψ ( a −1 x′ ) =
(36)
we can write (31) as
(γν ∂ν′ + m )ψ ′ ( x′ ) =0
(37)
(37) and (31) have the same form, so we say that the motion equation of free spinor field is invariable under
the Lorentz transformation. On the
other hand, it has been proved γ 4 Λ + γ 4 =
Λ −1 in quantum theory of field [1].
2
−1 +
Based on it, we get Λ
= γ 4 ( Λ ) γ 4 . By considering relation γ 4 = 1 and (36), we obtain
ψ ( x) = ψ ′+ ( x′ ) ( Λ −1 ) γ 4 = ψ ′+ ( x′ ) γ 4γ 4 ( Λ −1 ) γ 4 = ψ ′ ( x′ ) Λ
+
+
(38)
3.3. The Lorentz Transformation of the Hamiltonian of Electromagnetic Interaction
In quantum theory of field, by considering the interaction between electromagnetic field and spinor field, the
motion equation in K reference frame is
γ µ ( ∂ µ − ieAµ )ψ + mψ= 0
(
( ∂ µ + ieAµ )ψγ µ − mψ=
)
0
(39)
ie
(40)
ψγ µψ −ψ T γ µTψ T ℋ ( x ) = − Aµ J µ
2
Here ℋ(x) is the Hamiltonian of interaction. According to the covariant rule of vector in special relativity, similar to xµ = aνµ xν′ , the transformation of four-dimensional electromagnetic potential Aµ ( x ) = ( A, iϕ ) is [3]
∂xν′
(41)
Aµ ( x ) =
Av′ ( x′ ) aνµ Av′ a −1 x
=
∂xµ
∂ 2 Aµ =
−=
Jµ Jµ
(
We write out the concrete results
605
)
X. C. Mei
=
Ax ( x )
Ax′ ( x′ ) + V ϕ ′ ( x′ )
ϕ ′ ( x′ ) + VAx′ ( x′ )
′ ′
=
Ay ( x ) Ay′=
x′ ) Az ( x ) A=
(
z ( x ) ϕ ( x)
1−V 2
1−V 2
(42)
The reversed transformation of (41) is
∂xν
=
Av ( x ) aµν Av a −1 x′
∂xµ′
(
=
Aµ′ ( x′ )
)
(43)
It is similar to xµ′ = aµν xν with concrete forms
=
Ax′ ( x′ )
Ax ( x ) − V ϕ ( x )
ϕ ( x ) − VAx ( x )
′ ′
=
Ay′ ( x ) A=
Az′ ( x′ ) A=
y ( x)
z ( x) ϕ ( x )
2
1−V
1−V 2
The motion equation (39) of non-free spinor particle contains the item γ µ Aµψ . By producing
left side and considering (35), (36) and (41), we get
(44)
Λ it on the
ΛAµ γ µψ= aνµ Aν′ Λγ µ Λ −1ψ=′ Aν′γ νψ ′
(45)
So the motion equation of non-free spinor particle is Lorentz invariable. Similarly, considering (35), (36), (38)
and (41), we get
=
Aµ ( x )ψ
( x)γ µψ ( x ) aνµ Aν′ ( x′ )ψ ′ ( x′ ) Λ=
γ µ Λ −1ψ ′ ( x′ ) Aν′ ( x′ )ψ ′ ( x′ ) γνψ ′ ( x′ )
(46)
The Hamiltonian of electromagnetic interaction is also invariable under Lorentz transformation.
3.4. The Lorentz Transformations of Basic Equation of Perturbation and the
Normalization Formula of Probability Wave
However, in quantum theory of field, we calculate particle’s transition probabilities in interaction representation.
The basic equation of perturbation used practically is [2]
i
∂
t = ℋ t
∂t
(47)
In fact, the probability amplitude M fi in (1) and (2) are deduced based on (47). It is easy to see that (47) has
no invariability even though the interaction Hamiltonian is unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. The
reason is that operator ∂ ∂t cannot keep unchanged. According to (32), let t ′ L represent the Lorentz transformation of t , the Lorentz transformation of (47) is.
∂
∂
∂t ′ + V ∂x′ t ′
1−V
1
2
L
ℋ t′ L
=
(48)
Using (48) to do calculation, the transition probability is certainly different from that based on (47). In fact,
even for the most foundational normalization formula of probability wave in quantum theory of field and quantum mechanics, there is no invariability of Lorentz transformation with
∗
1=
∫∫∫ψ ( x, t )ψ ( x, t ) dxdydz →
1
1−V
2
∗
∫∫∫ψ ( x′,V , t ′)ψ ( x′,V , t ′)( dx′ + Vdt ′) dy ′dz ′
(49)
Unfortunately, these problems are neglected at present.
4. The Lorentz Transformations of Commutation Relations of Field Operators
and Propagation Functions
4.1. The Lorentz Transformations of Commutation Relations and Propagation Functions
of Scalar Fields
In quantum theory of field, the operators of scalar fields can be written as
ϕ ( x) =
ϕ (−) ( x ) + ϕ (+) ( x )
606
ϕ + ( x) =
ϕ +( −) ( x ) + ϕ +( + ) ( x )
(50)
X. C. Mei
=
ϕ( ) ( x)
−
∞
1
d3 k
a ( k ) eikx
=
ϕ (+) ( x )
3/ 2 ∫
2
ω
( 2π ) −∞
∞
( 2π )
3
1
dk
b ( k ) eikx
=
ϕ ( x) =
ϕ +( + ) ( x )
3/ 2 ∫
( 2π ) −∞ 2ω
+( −)
∞
1
3/ 2
d3 k
∫
−∞
∞
1
( 2π )
3/ 2
∫
−∞
2ω
a + ( k ) eikx
d3 k
2ω
(51)
b
+
(k )e
ikx
Their commutation relations are
∞
d 3 k −ik ( x1 − x2 )
∫ e
−∞ 2ω
1
−
+
i∆ ( ) ( x1 − x2 ) ϕ ( ) =
=
( x1 ) , ϕ +( −) ( x2 )
( 2π )
3
∞
1
+
−
i∆ ( ) ( x1 − x2 ) ϕ ( ) =
=
( x1 ) , ϕ +( + ) ( x2 )
(52)
( 2π )
3
d 3 k ik ( x1 − x2 )
∫ e
−∞ 2ω
(53)
As mentioned before, d 3 k ω is not Lorentz invariable quantity, so the commutation relations of scalar fields
have no Lorentz symmetries. The propagation function of scalar field is
∆ F ( x1 − x2 ) =
θ ( t1 − t2 ) i∆(
+)
i
∞
d4k
ik x − x )
e (
−
( x1 − x2 ) − θ ( t2 − t1 ) i∆( −) ( x1 − x2 ) =
4 ∫
2
2
k
m
+
( 2π ) −∞
1
2
(54)
According to (17), d 4 k is invariable under Lorentz transformation. The other quantities in (54) are Lorentz
invariable. So the propagation functions of scalar fields are unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. The
situations of electromagnetic field are similar to scalar fields (with m → 0 ). The commutation relations have no
symmetries but the propagation functions have under Lorentz transformations.
4.2. Lorentz Transformations of Commutation Relations and the Propagation Functions
of Spinor Fields
In quantum theory of field, the operators of spinor fields can be written as
ψ ( x) =
ψ ( −) ( x ) +ψ ( + ) ( x ) , ψ ( x ) =
ψ ( −) ( x ) +ψ ( + ) ( x )
( 2π )
ψ
3/ 2
( 2π )
3/ 2
( 2π )
3/ 2
∫
−∞
∫
−∞
∞
1
ψ (+) ( x ) =
−∞
∞
1
( x) =
∫
∞
1
ψ (+) ( x ) =
( −)
∞
1
ψ ( −) ( x ) =
( 2π )
3/ 2
∫
−∞
(55)
m 2
∑ ur ( p )br ( p ) eipx d3 p
E r =1
m 2
∑ vr ( p )d r+ ( p ) e−ipx d3 p
E r =1
m 2
∑ vr ( p )d r ( p ) eipx d3 p
E r =1
(56)
m 2
∑ ur ( p )br+ ( p ) e−ipx d3 p
E r =1
The commutation relations are
{ψ ( ) ( x )ψ ( ) ( x )} = i ( −γ ∂
{ψ ( ) ( x ) ,ψ ( ) ( x )} = i ( −γ ∂
−
α
+
α
2
µ
µ
+ m)
2
µ
µ
+ m)
+
1
β
−
1
β
Here ∆ (
∆(
−)
+)
αβ
αβ
∞
1
∆(
+)
( x1 − x2 )
(57)
∆(
−)
( x1 − x2 )
(58)
d3 p
( x1 − x2 ) = 4 ∫
( 2π ) −∞ 2 E
1
∞
d3 p
( x1 − x2 ) = 4 ∫
( 2π ) −∞ 2 E
607
e
e
− ip ( x1 − x2 )
ip ( x1 − x2 )
(59)
(60)
X. C. Mei
By transforming them to moving reference frame, according to (36) and (38), we have
−1
(−)
(+)
′ ′
ψ ( x ) = Λσα
ψ α′( − ) ( x′ ) and ψ=
β ( x ) ψ β ( x ) Λ βρ . Let {ψ α′ ( x1′ ), ψ β′ ( x2′ )}L represent the direct Lorentz
(−)
α
transformation of (57), by considering (32), we have
−1
Λσα
{ψ α( − ) ( x1 ), ψ β( + ) ( x2 )} =
{ψ α′( − ) ( x1′), ψ β′( + ) ( x2′ )}L Λ βρ
(61)
−1
=Λσα
i[−(γ µ )αβ aνµ ∂ν′ + mδαβ )]Λ βρ ∆ ′L ( + ) ( x1′ − x2′ )
+
here ∆ ′L ( + ) ( x1′ − x2′ ) is the Lorentz transformation of ∆ ( ) ( x1 − x2 ) . According to (35) and by considering
aνµ aµλ ≠ δνλ , we have
−1
aνµ Λσα
(γ µ=
) Λ βρ ∂ν′ aνµ aµλ (γ λ )σρ ∂ν′ ≠ (γ v )σρ ∂ν′
(62)
{ψ ( ) ( x ) ,ψ ( ) ( x )} ≠ i(−γ ∂′ + m)∆′( ) ( x′ − x′ )
(63)
αβ
(61) becomes
−
+
α
β
1
+
ν ν
2
1
L
2
Similarly, the transformation of (58) is
{ψ ( ) ( x ) ,ψ ( ) ( x )} ≠ i ( −γ ∂′ + m )
+
α
−
β
1
ν ν
2
αβ
∆ ′L (
−)
( x1′ − x2′ )
(64)
However, in the current quantum mechanics of field, we take aνµ aµλ = δνλ and lead to wrong result
−1
Λσα
(γ µ )
αβ
aνµ Λ βρ ∂ν′ =
(γ v ∂ν′ )σρ
[2]. In addition, by considering the Lorentz transformation of phase factor
d 3 pL′ EL′ ≠ d 3 p ′ E ′ , we have
∆ ′L(
−)
( x1′ − x2′ ) ≠ ∆′( −) ( x1′ − x2′ )
∆′L(
+)
( x1′ − x2′ ) ≠ ∆′( + ) ( x1′ − x2′ )
(65)
The commutation relations of spinor fields have no Lorentz symmetry too. The propagation function of spinor
field is defined as
{
S F ( x1 − x2 )αβ = θ ( t1 − t2 ) ψ α(
−)
=( −γ µ ∂ µ + m )
αβ
( x1 ) ,ψ β( + ) ( x2 )} − θ ( t2 − t1 ) {ψ α( + ) ( x1 ) ,ψ β( −) ( x2 )}
∆ F ( x1 − x2 ) =−
i
Here ∆ F ( x1 − x2 ) =
−
4
( 2π )
i
Set ∆ ′F ( x1 − x2 ) =
−
4
( 2π )
( 2π )
( m − irµ pµ ) e
p
ip ( x1 − x2 )
(66)
p 2 + m2
−∞
e ( 1 2)
p 2 + m2
(67)
d 4 p′
e ( 1 2)
p ′2 + m 2
(69)
ip x − x
∫
−∞
∫
4
∫d
4
d4 p
∞
∞
∞
i
−∞
ip ′ x ′ − x ′
According to (63) and (64), the Lorentz transformation of spinor field is
S F′ ( x1′ − x2′ )αβ = ( −aµλ aνµ γ λ ∂ν′ + m )
αβ
= −
≠−
∞
i
( 2π )
4
−∞
∞
i
( 2π )
∫
4
d 4 p′
∫
d 4 p′
−∞
∆ ′F ( x1′ − x2′ )
( m − iaµλ aνµ γ λ pν′ ) e
ip ′( x1′ − x2′ )
p ′2 + m 2
( m − iγν pν′ ) eip′( x′ − x′ )
1
2
p ′2 + m 2
Therefore, the propagation function of spinor field has no invariability of Lorentz transformation too.
608
(70)
X. C. Mei
5. The Lorentz Transformation of Probability Amplitudes in Low Order Processes
in Quantum Theory of Field
5.1. The Lorentz Transformation of First Order Decay Processes
The first order process describes particle’s decay in quantum theory of field. In the formula (1), E0 is particle’s
energy. Because E0 is not invariable quantity under Lorentz transformation, (1) is not invariable too. In fact,
the relation between particle’s life and decay probability is τ fi ~ W fi_1 . According to special relativity, time is
depends on reference frame. In the reference frame in which particle is at rest, particle’s life is longest. Only by
this fact, we can say that the decay processes of micro-particles have no symmetry of Lorentz transformation. In
addition, d 3 p E is not invariable quantity which also leads to the symmetry violation of Lorentz transformation in the first order decay process.
5.2. The Lorentz Transformation of Second Order Collision Processes
The transition probability of second order collision process is described by (2). Because the propagation function of spinor field has no invariability of Lorentz transformation, the probability amplitude M fi containing the
propagation lines of Fermion violates the symmetry of Lorentz transformation. For example, for the Compton
scatting process
γ
+
→
e
( p, iE )
( k , iEk )
p
γ
+
e
( q, iE )
( l , iEl )
q
the transition probability amplitude is [2]
(
)
(
)
i pˆ + kˆ − m
i pˆ − lˆ − m
σ
σ
τ
u ( p)
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
(71)
=
+
ε
ε
ε
M fi us ( q ) εˆτ ( l )
k
k
l
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
r
p + k ) + m2
p − l ) + m2
(
(
σ
σ
ˆ
ˆ
here ε ( k ) = ε µ ( k ) γ µ is Lorentz invariable, but p̂ = pµ rµ , k̂ = k µ rµ and l = lµ rµ which come from the
propagation function of electron have no symmetries of Lorentz transformation. We have
1+V 2
2iV
2iV
1+V 2
(72)
p ′γ +
p ′γ −
p4′ γ 1 +
p4′ γ 4 + p2′ γ 2 + p3′γ 3 ≠ pˆ ′
2 1 1
2 1 4
2
1−V
1−V
1−V
1−V 2
and so do for k̂ and lˆ . So we have M ′fi ≠ M fi . The second process of Compton scatting has nor relativity.
For the second order process containing the propagation line of bosons, for example, the scatting process between electrons, M fi is symmetric under Lorentz transformation. But in the more high order processes of electron’s scatting, the propagation line of fermion will appear. The processes still have no symmetry of Lorentz
transformation.
′
pˆ ( k ) → aνµ aµλ p=
vγ λ
6. The Lorentz Transformations of Interactions between Bound State’s Particles
6.1. The Motion Equations of Bound Particles
According to present classification, the theories of micro-physics are divided into relativity quantum theory of
field and non-relativity approximated quantum mechanics. Quantum theory of field describes unstable particles
with high moving speed, mainly used in the interaction processes between elementary particles which are free at
their initial and final states. The interaction Hamiltonians can be constructed by using the wave functions of free
particles. As shown in (14) and (15), the wave function of free particle is invariable under Lorentz transformation.
The amplitudes of transition probabilities can also be represented by the products of four-dimensional energy
momentums of free particles just p ⋅ q which are the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation.
However, fundamental particles physics is only a branch of physics. These particles are created in laboratory
and then decay immediately. So quantum theory of field can only dealt a small part of physics which has no
closed relation with real world. What closely connected to practical world is the interaction between bound particles, for example, atoms emitting photos, superconductors and condensed matter and so on. In these problems,
the interaction Hamiltonians cannot be constructed by free particle’s wave functions. For non-free particles, we
have p 2 ≠ −m 2 . The product p ⋅ q is not the invariable quantity of the Lorentz transformation. The method of
609
X. C. Mei
quantum theory of field may not be effective in general.
Non-relativity quantum mechanics describe stable particles with low moving speed. However, the principle of
relativity has no approximation. It is either tenable or not tenable. If it is tenable, it should hold for the particles
moving in low speeds. In fact, the principle of relativity is considered to be tenable in classical Newtonian mechanics. The formulas of the Newtonian mechanics are considered unchanged under the Galileo’s transformation.
The motion equations of non-relativity quantum mechanics cannot keep unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. Can it be invariable under the Galileo’s transformation? The answer is neglected. For example, the
Schrodinger’s equation is
i
2 2
∂
Hˆ ( x , t )ψ ( x , t )
−
∇ ψ ( x , t ) + V ( x , t )ψ ( x , t ) =
ψ ( x, t ) =
∂t
2m
(73)
It is not invariable no matter for the Lorentz transformation or the Galileo’s transformation. So generally
speaking, quantum theories of common micro-physics have no relativity. So-called the non-relativity of bound
particle’s motion equations is not due to the approximate description methods we used. The essence is that they
have no relativity at all!
We take electron’s scatting in eternal field, fine structure of hydrogen atomic energy level and light’s emission
and absorption in bound atoms as examples to prove this conclusion below. The free particle’s Dirac equation of
quantum mechanics is based on special relativity and invariable under Lorentz transformation. However, it becomes non-relativity when it is used to describe the energy levels of bound hydrogen atoms.
6.2. The Lorentz Transformation of Electron’s Scatting in External Field
Suppose that the external field is static electric field with form  ( x ) = iγ 4V ( x ) . The interaction Hamiltonian is
eV ( x )ψ ( x ) γ 4ψ ( x )
−ieψ ( x ) Aˆ ( x )ψ ( x ) =
ℋ ( x) =
(74)
(74) is not the Lorentz invariable quantity. Based on it, it is proved in quantum theory of field that the effective
scatting section is [1]
dσ fi
=
m 2α 2 Z 2
4 p sin θ 2
4
___
∑ U fi
2
dΩ (θ , ϕ )
(75)
The transition probability amplitude is
___
∑ U fi
2
=
m 2 + E1 E2 + p1 ⋅ p2
1
Trγ 4 Λ + ( p1 ) γ 4 Λ + ( p2 ) =
2
2m
(76)
here E1 and p1 are the energy and momentum of incident particle and E2 and p2 are that of outgoing particle. We have
m 2 (1 + u1x ⋅ u2 x + u1 y ⋅ u2 y + u1z ⋅ u2 z )
E1 E2 + p1 ⋅ p2 =
1 − u12 1 − u22
(77)
By transforming (77) to moving reference frame, we have
(
)
m 2 1 + V 2 (1 + u1′x u2′ x ) +2V ( u1′x + u2′ x ) m 2 ( u ′y1u ′y 2 + u z′1u z′ 2 )
=
+
E1′E2′ + p1′ ⋅ p2′
1 − V 2 1 − u1′2 1 − u2′2
1 − u1′2 1 − u2′2
(
)
(78)
So (78) is not the Lorentz invariable quantity. In addition, phase space factor is not unchanged, so (75) has no
relativity.
6.3. The Lorentz Transformation of Fine Energy Level Structure of Hydrogen Atom
It is obvious that the energy levels of hydrogen atom cannot be calculated by quantum theory of field, though it
can be used to calculate the high order revision (Lams shift). By considering relativity quantum mechanics, the
motion equation of an electron in hydrogen atom is
610
X. C. Mei
Eψ =
(α ⋅ p + β m − eφ )
(79)
here ϕ ( r ) is electron’s potential function. Dirac used (79) to do calculation and obtained the formula of fine
structure of hydrogen atomic energy level [4]
α2 α4 n 3
E=
mc 2 1 − 2 − 4
− +
n
2n 2n K 4
(80)
However, ϕ ( r ) = e r is not the Lorentz invariability quantity with
e
ϕ ( x, y , z ) =
x +y +z
2
2
2
→
e
( x′ + Vt ′ )
=
ϕ ′ ( x′, y ′, z ′, t ′, V )
2
1−V 2
+ y′ + z′
2
(81)
2
After transformation, the potential is related to speed and time. It is impossible for us to obtain the energy levels if we do calculation in K ′ reference frame by using ϕ ′ ( x′, y ′, z ′, t ′, V ) as potential. So the fine structure
of hydrogen atomic energy level has no relativity.
6.4. The Lorentz Transformation of Light’s Emission and Absorption in Bound Atoms
In the radiant process of common material, interaction between electromagnetic wave and bound electron in
atom is involved. Suppose that electromagnetic wave transits along z axis, according to non-relativity quantum mechanics, the interaction Hamiltonian is [5]
∂
∂
α
Hˆ =−ie
exp i ( k ⋅ z − ωt ) + exp −i ( k ⋅ z − ωt )
2m
∂x
∂x
(82)
here free plane wave exp i ( k ⋅ z − ωt ) is Lorentz invariable, but operator ∂ / ∂x is not. According to the (32),
its transformation is
1
V
∂
∂
∂
→
−
2
2
∂x
1 − V x′
1 − V ∂t ′
(83)
The operator is acted on the wave function of bound electron and the bound wave function is not Lorentz invariable. The result has no symmetry of Lorentz transformation. Similarly, (82) is not invariable under the Galileo’s coordinate transformations. No mater from what angle, the processes of light’s emission and absorption
have no relativity too.
In fact, for most practical problems of micro-physics, we cannot use the method of relativity quantum theory
of field to deal with. We can only calculate them by non-relativity quantum mechanics. Under the conditions of
low speeds, these methods are very effective. We cannot say they are imprecise. More important is that these
problems have no the symmetries of Lorentz transformation in essence, we cannot impose relativity on them.
7. The Lorentz Transformations of High Order Perturbations Normalization
Processes in Quantum Theory of Field
7.1. The Lorentz Transformation of Lamb Shift
The high order perturbation processes of quantum theory of fields contain infinite and need to be renormalized.
The normalization may introduce the symmetry violation of Lorentz transformation. At first, we take the Lamb
shift of hydrogen atom’s energy levels as examples. By the normalization calculation, the Lamb shift is [6]
=
∆En
here
n
4α 2 m0 3 1 5
ln
− − + ⋅n ∇ 2V ( x )
2
2
8 5 6
ε
3m
0
n
+
iα 2
4πm
βα ⋅∇ (1 r )
n
n
(84)
is the wave function of bound electron in hydrogen atom. For the ground state’s electron, we have
r
=
1
−
1
=
e α
3/ 2
πα
1
πα 3/ 2
611
x2 + y 2 + z 2
exp −
α
(85)
X. C. Mei
By transforming it to moving reference frame, we get
2
′
′
− 1 ( x + Vt ) + y ′2 + z ′2
exp
(86)
1
α
1−V 2
πα 3/ 2
New wave function depends on time and relative speed without Lorentz invariability. Operators ∇ 2V ( x ) and
are not symmetrical
α ⋅ ∇ (1 r ) are not invariable too. Both average values n ∇ 2V ( x ) and n βα ⋅ ∇ (1 r )
n
n
under the Lorentz transformation. So the Lamb shift has no relativity.
1
→
7.2. The Lorentz Symmetry Violations Caused by Integral Transformations
In the normalization processes of high order perturbations, following integrals are involved
f (k )
∞
∫
d4k
(k − l )
−∞
2
k µ − lµ + c
∞
and
+ b2
∫d k
4
−∞
(k − l )
2
+ b2
(87)
2
here k = ( k , ik0 ) , k=
k 2 − k02 and d 4 k = dk1dk2 dk3 dk0 . As we known that k y and k z are Lorentz invariable, bud k x and k0 are not. By using the Jacobi’s formula, we have
∂k x ∂k ′ x ∂k0 ∂k ′0
1
dk x′ dk0′
=
∂k0 ∂k x′
∂k ∂k0′
V
dk x dk0
=
1−V 2 V 1−V 2
dk x′ dk0′ dk x′ dk0′
=
1−V 2 1 1−V 2
(88)
So d 4 k is still the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation. Because k 2 =
k 2 − k02 =
−m 2 is also Lorentz invariable, (87) is unchanged under the Lorentz transformation.
However, the direct calculation of (87) is difficult. In order to complete the integrals, we need to move the
original point of coordinate,
then introduce transformation k0 → ik0 and obtain dk1dk2 dk3 dk0 → idk1dk2 dk3 dk0
as well as k 2 → k 2 + k02 =
K 2 . By introducing four-dimensional spherical coordinates [4]
k1 =
K sin Φ sin θ cos ϕ
k0 =
K cos Φ
k2 =
K sin Φ sin θ sin ϕ
k3 =
K sin Φ cos ϕ
(89)
we get
d 4 k K 3 sin 2 Φ sin θ dKdθ dϕ
=
(90)
In this way, for same simple situations, (87) can be integrated. For example
∞
d4k
∫=
k 2 + b2
−∞
∞
iπ 2
Jn
=
2b 2
Let K L′ is the Lorentz transformation of
∫
−∞
(
d4k
=
n
k 2 + b2
)
iπ 2
( n − 1)( n − 2 ) b2( n − 2)
(91)
K , we have
2
2
m ( u x′ + V ) + (1 + u x′V )
+ k ′2 + k ′2
k = K → K′ =
y
z
1 − u ′2 1 − V 2
2
2
2
2
L
(
)(
)
(92)
1+V
1+V
4V
k ′2 +
k ′2 +
k x′ k0′ + k y′2 + k z′2 ≠ k x′2 + k y′2 + k z′2 +=
k0′2 K ′2
2 x
2 0
1−V
1−V
1−V 2
So k 2 is not the invariable quantity of Lorentz transformation, (87) and (91) are not invariable again. Because (87) and (91) appears in the common normalization processes of high order perturbations commonly, the
calculation methods of normalizations violate the Lorentz invariability generally. Let’s take several examples
below.
=
2
2
7.3. The Lorentz Transformation of Mass Normalization
The probability amplitude of mass normalization is [6]
=
S( )
i ( 2π ) δ 4 ( p − p2 ) u2 ( p2 ) Au1 ( p1 )
f
4
2
i
612
(93)
X. C. Mei
1
(1 + x ) dx
e2 m π 2
4
+
i
k
2
d
∫
∫
4
2
2 2
( 2π ) 2
0 k +m x
=
A
(
1
1+ x
3
d4 k
4
∫ d k ∫ dx =
∫
2
2 k 2 + m2
0
k 2 + m2 x 2
(
(
)
)
2
x 2 (1 + x ) dx
1
)
+ 2m 2 ∫ d 4 k ∫
2
0
(94)
(k
2
+ m2 x 2
)
(95)
3
By introducing k0 → ik0 and considering k 2 → K 2 , we have
∞
∫
−∞
d4k
(k
2
+ m2
)
2
∞
K 2 + m2
K 2 dK 2
m2
2
π
lim
→ iπ 2=
+
=
− 1 iπ 2 D
i
∫ 2 22
2
2
2
K →∞
K +m
m
0 K +m
(
1
2m 2 ∫ d 4 k ∫
0
x 2 (1 + x ) dx
(k
2
(96)
)
)
+ m2 x 2
x 2 (1 + x ) dx
1
→2m 2 ∫ d 4 K ∫
2
0
(K
2
+ m2 x 2
)
3
5 2
(97)
iπ
=
2
D in (96) is linearly infinite, but (97) is finite. Because =
d 4 k id 4 K → id 4 K ′ is Lorentz invariable, but
2
K → K L′ is not according to (92), we have
∞
∞
K ′ 2 dK ′ 2
d4 k
2
2
(98)
∫ 2 2 2 → iπ ∫ 2 2 2 ≠iπ D
−∞ ( k + m )
0 (K′ + m )
L
2
1
2m 2 ∫ d 4 k ∫
0
x 2 (1 + x ) dx
(k
2
+m x
2
2
)
x 2 (1 + x ) dx
1
→2m 2 ∫ d 4 K ′ ∫
2
(K′
2
L
0
+m x
2
2
)
3
≠
5 2
iπ
2
(99)
The probability amplitude of mass normalization has no invariability of Lorentz transformation.
7.4. The Lorentz Transformation of Vacuum Polarization
The probability amplitude of vacuum polarization is [6]
S( ) + S(
2
f
4)
=
e 2 ( 2π )
8
i
×δ
4
∫d
4
k u3 ( p3 ) γ µ u1 ( p1 ) D (2)
f , µν ( k ) u4 ( p4 ) γ ν u2 ( p2 )
(100)
( p1 − p3 − k ) δ ( k + p2 − p4 )
4
D (2)
) δ µν D f ( k ) + D f ( k ) Π (2)
f , µν ( k=
µν ( k ) D f ( k )
1
=
Π (µµ) ( k ) 16e 2 ∫ d 4 p ∫ dy
2
(1 − y ) ( p 2 + 2m2 − ( p ⋅ k ) ) ( 2 ( p ⋅ k ) − k 2 )
(( p − ky )
0
2
(101)
(
( )
=
3 CD −f 1 ( k ) + Π (f ) k 2 D −f 1 ( k )
3
+ m + k y (1 − y )
2
2
)
2
)
(102)
here C is infinite, we have
α
5
− D+
C=
3π
6
(103)
By taking several simplifications, including
⋅k)
( p=
2
pµ pv k µ kv →
1 2 2
p k
4
(104)
we obtain
( )
=
Π (f ) k 2
2
1
2
2
2
4
−
−
e
p
y
y
y
y
16
d
d
1
2
1
( ) (
) 2 2 2
∫ ∫
24π 7
0
p + m + k y (1 − y )
α
(
Let p0 → ip0 and p → K , the integral of (105) is
2
2
613
(
)
3
0
(
)
(105)
4
p 2 + m 2 + k 2 yz (1 − y )
dz 3 p 2 + 4 m 2
1
+∫
)
X. C. Mei
i 2α 1 dy y ( 2 y − 1)( 2 y − 3)
2
Π (f ) k 2 =5 ∫
2
2
3 ( 2π ) 0 m + k y (1 − y )
( )
(106)
Similarly, because d 4 p → id 4 K is invariable but p 2 → K L′2 ≠ K ′2 is not under the Lorentz transformation.
So (105) is not invariable. We cannot obtain (106) from (105) after Lorentz transformation. Besides, (102) contains p ⋅ k . If we take p0 → ip0 in (102), correspondingly, we should let k0 → ik0 in (105), so that k 2 in
(105) and (106) is not Lorentz invariable again. But this point was neglected in the current theory of normalization.
7.5. The Lorentz Transformation of Third Order Vertex Angle Process
The amplitude of third order vertex angle process is [6]
S(
f
3)
=
−e ( 2π ) δ 4 ( p2 − p1 − k1 ) u2 ( p2 ) Λ µ( 2) ( p1 , p2 ) u1 ( p1 ) aν ( k1 )
4
i
(107)
Lγ µ , we get
Set Λ (µ ) ( p1 , p2 ) =
2
2
1
2
1
iα
4
m (4 − 4 x − x ) −
d
d
L=
k
x
x
⋅
∫
2
2 2 3
2
2π3 ∫
0
k +m x
k + m2 x 2
(
)
(
)
2
(108)
1
1
dx 11
iα
xm 2 (4 − 4 x − x 2 ) α
4
D
=
+ 3 ∫ d 4 k ∫ dx
=
−
+
∫
3
2
2
2
4π 2π
4π
2
0
0 x
k +m x
αD
(
)
Similarly, d k → id K is Lorentz invariable but k → K L′2 ≠ K ′2 is not. We have
4
4
2
L′ ≠
1
α
dx 11
D − 4∫ +
4π
2
0 x
(109)
The normalization of the third order vertex angle process is not invariable under Lorentz transformation.
It notes that this kind of symmetry violation is caused by the calculation method of integral transformation
p0 → ip0 . If we do not introduce this transformation, there is no symmetry violation. We should to ask whether
or not the symmetry violation is essential? The problem is that if we do not let p0 → ip0 , the integral cannot be
completed so that concrete results cannot be obtained to compare with experiments. We should consider the
integral transformation as a part of normalization calculation. Because the results of normalizations are consistent with experiments, in this meaning, we may say that the calculation method which leads to Lorentz symmetry violation has the practical meaning in physics.
In summary, three basic normalizations processes of electromagnetic interaction violate the symmetry of Lorentz transformation. The conclusion is also suitable for other interaction theories.
8. Discussion
By the analysis above, we see that the principle of relativity cannot hold in the interaction theories of micro- particles at all! But why physicists did not find this problem up to now? This question is worthy of our thought.
When Einstein put forward special relativity in 1905, science community has not yet reached common understanding about whether or not atoms exist, not to mention quantum mechanics and elementary particle physics. It
was the matter after relativity was accepted widely when it was applied in elementary particle physics. Phy- sicists believed relativity was correct, so that Lorentz symmetry violation in micro-physics was neglected consciously or unconsciously. Speaking in other words, the problems of Lorentz symmetry violations in microparticle physics were handled vaguely. However, as long as we get to the bottom of matter, the problems still
emerge from the water.
In special relativity, the invariability principle of light’s speed and the principle of relativity are independent
each other. But in some situations, they are connected. The Lorentz formula is deduced based on the invariability
principle of light’s speed. According to the principle of relativity, the Lorentz formula has relative significance
only. Meanwhile, the principle of relativity declares that the forms of physical motion equations do not change
with reference frames. To reach this aim, physical quantities should be transformed in covariant forms. As shown in
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X. C. Mei
(41) and (42), covariance is for general physical quantities and Lorentz transformation is for space-time coordinate. Both are different concepts, but we often do not distinguish them.
Besides, in order to keep the motion equation of spinor field unchanged, we should introduce spinor transformation. However, as shown in (36), spinor transformation is not covariant. That is to say, in order to make the
motion equation of quantum mechanics unchanged, covariance is not enough. The problem is very complex actually. It is proved in this paper that even though spinor transformation is considered, the interaction theories of
micro-particles have yet no relativity.
On the other hand, the invariability principle of light’s speed has obtained a lot of verifications, especially in
the experiments of high energy accelerators. For example, the experiment to measure light’s speed in the process
that high energy proton decays into meson and photon in CERN in 1964. However, the principle of relativity is
only a kind of belief without really strict verification. Because common experiments only involve low speed motions, similar to Galileo, modern physicists make their judgments according to common experiments. They belies
that the principle of relativity is alright.
So the real situations may be that the effectiveness of the invariability principle of light’s speed coves the ineffectiveness of the principle of relativity. In fact, up to now days, physicists have never made practical measurements in the moving reference frame with high enough speed to verify the principle of relativity. The Michelson interference experiment seems to prove that the absolute motion of the earth cannot be measured. However, in relativity, we use the invariability of light’s speed to explain the Michelson interference experiment. In
this meaning, the Michelson interference experiment only verifies the invariability principle of light’s speed,
without verifying the principle of relativity.
Ironically, many pioneers of relativity including Michelson, Lorentz, Poincare and March and so on did not
accept Einstein’s relativity. What they opposed was the principle of relativity, rather than the invariability principle of light’s speed. The reason was that the principle of relativity leads to various logic paradoxes. In fact, it is
the problem of experiment whether or not the invariability principle of light’s speed can hold. If there is no the
principle of relativity, we can still reach the Lorentz transformation based on the invariability principle of light’s
speed. In this case, the Lorentz transformation becomes absolute, just as Lorentz himself considered it. All formulas of special relativity are still effective, but become absolute ones. The effects of special relativity also become absolute ones.
However, it is mainly a logic problem whether or not the principle of relativity is tenable. So it is easy to cause
arguments. Since Einstein established special relativity one hundred years ago, criticism has never stopped. The
arguments are so violent and last so long time that it is unwonted in the history of science. The arguments are
concentrated on the space-time paradox problems just as length paradox and time paradox which are often specious. Correctness and mistakes are mixed together so that it is difficult to obtain correct judgment. Because
these problems do not belong to the main stream of physical research at present time, physicists do not pay attention to them again.
A dramatic change appeared in 1960’s when CMBR was founded. The isotropy of CMBR provided a choice of
absolutely static reference frame for physics. The principle of relativity is not a problem of logic again. It became a problem which can be verified through experiments and observation of astronomy. In fact, the Sagnac
effect found in 1912 had indicated that the relativity of motion was impossible. The time comparison experiments of microwave communications through satellite between Xian and Tokay achieved in 2001 also revealed
the same conclusion [7]. But what can really provide an absolutely static reference frame for physics is just the
isotropy of CMBR. Because it contradicts the relativity principle of motion directly, physics is in an awkward
position at present.
On the other hand, all arguments about relativity principle such as space-time paradox, Sagnac effect, and the
isotropy of CMBR are macro-phenomena. But macrocosm is composed of micro-particles. If the physical laws
of micro-particles have relativity, physicists have reason to believe the principle of relativity. But if the physical
laws of micro-particles have no invariability under the Lorentz transformations, physicists have no reason to
stick to the relativity principle of motion again.
The proofs in this paper are clear and certain without any speciousness. So there is only a way for physics.
That is to give up the principle of relativity but reserve the invariability principle of light’s speed. In this way, all
formulas of special relativity can be reserved but we need to explain them in absolute forms. The author will
discuss this problem later.
About three hundred years ago, Newton established classical mechanics. Newton thought that absolute space
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X. C. Mei
existed, but he did not know where it was. Modern cosmology found absolute reference frame for physics. Particle physics will also provide its judgment for absolute motion. Both macro-physics and microphysics reach
united conclusion again.
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Chou, G.X. (1980) Introduce to Quantum Theory of Field. Science Publishing Company, Beijing, 125, 166, 171, 203.
[2]
Luo, C.X. (1986) Introduce to Quantum Theory of Field. Publishing Company of Shanxi Normal University, Xi’an,
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[3]
Cai, S.S. and Hu, Y. (1985) Classical Electrodynamics. Publishing Company of Fudan University, Shanghai, 398.
[4]
Zhou, J.Y. (1986) Quantum Mechanics. Science Publishing Company, Beijing, 602.
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Zhou, S.X. (1962) Quantum Mechanics. High Education Publishing Company, Beijing, 239.
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Zhu, H.Y. (1960) Quantum Theory of Field. Science Publishing Company, Beijing, 228, 259, 298, 300, 305.
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Sun, H.W. and Li, Z.G. (2001) Space Navigation Measurement Technology. 55-58.
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