San Bilal

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Publication Date: Sep 7, 2021

Publication Name: Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

Research Interests:
Economics, International Economics, and International Trade

Publisher: Nomos

Publication Date: 2008

Publication Name: Nomos eBooks

Research Interests:
Business, International Economics, Humanities, International Trade, Political Science, and European Union

Publication Date: 2007

Research Interests:
Business, International Trade, Political Science, European Union, Negotiation, and 3 moreDevelopment, Waiver, and WTO/GATT

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The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) concluded by the European Union (EU) with regional blocs of African countries (and certain individual African countries) are supposed to do more than just boost trade between the EU and African... more

The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) concluded by the European Union (EU) with regional blocs of African countries (and certain individual African countries) are supposed to do more than just boost trade between the EU and African countries. They are meant to promote sustainable development and poverty reduction, including through supporting regional integration processes in Africa, promoting the gradual integration of African economies into global markets and enhancing African countries’ ability to leverage trade opportunities for economic growth. Given the internationalisation of production processes, with 70% of global trade involving intermediate goods or services, increased participation in regional and global value chains has become a crucial part of African countries’ economic transformation and sustainable development strategies. It is therefore relevant to consider how EPAs might affect the ability of African producers and services providers to integrate into such value chains.

Key messages
The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) negotiated between the EU and regional blocs of African countries are meant to promote the gradual integration of African economies into global markets, including by supporting African businesses to increase their participation in regional and global value chains.
However, these EPAs do not significantly alter market access conditions relevant to many African producers and services providers, and are thus unlikely to have major direct impacts, either positive or negative, on their prospects for participating in regional and global value chains.
EPAs could have beneficial indirect impacts on African producers and services providers by encouraging investment and by facilitating support to interventions and initiatives that boost the capacity of African businesses to participate in regional and global trade, but such support will not automatically materialise through the conclusion of EPAs.
There is thus need for development partners and other actors to complement EPA implementation with support for value chain development initiatives and awareness-raising and capacity building to ensure African business can take advantage of EPA-related opportunities, and for the establishment and use of effective mechanisms to monitor EPA impacts.

https://ecdpm.org/dp213

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25459.73768

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper 213

Research Interests:
Development Studies, European Union, Africana Studies, Pro Poor Value Chain Development, Trade Policy of European Union, and International trade agreements

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Poor or inappropriate policies, governance and institutional structures have commonly been blamed for the resource curse that plagues so many developing countries. Instead of focusing on mainly technical remedies, more effort should be... more

Poor or inappropriate policies, governance and institutional structures have commonly been blamed for the resource curse that plagues so many developing countries. Instead of focusing on mainly technical remedies, more effort should be dedicated to designing reforms that are incentive-compatible with key stakeholders that can drive or hinder such reforms, and to promoting initiatives that can enhance domestic incentives towards a pro-development path in resource-rich countries. When properly managed, natural resources can effectively contribute to sustainable and equitable development. Yet too often, resource-rich countries have failed to capitalise on the benefits and transformative potential of their natural endowment. The poor performance of some resource-rich countries can be explained by a number of economic factors, including possible negative effects through the terms of trade, the cyclical long term price fluctuation of commodities, short term high price volatility of commodities, the crowding out of manufacturing and the Dutch disease, according to which the natural resources sector grows at the expense of manufacturing, and associated notably with real exchange rate appreciation. Poor macroeconomic management and budgetary processes, as well as the absence of coherent long-term strategic approaches, policies and mechanisms are other common factors. Power relations and institutional settings also often explain the resource curse. Natural resources create rents, which affect incentives and behaviour of political and economic actors. Political elites play a central role in the collection and allocation of these rents and the distribution of revenues generated directly and indirectly by the exploitation of natural resources. Accordingly, they may pursue self-interest objectives rather than development goals in the management of natural resources, and thus capture these rents. Economic actors are also more likely to engage in wasteful rent-seeking activities, thus diverting resources away from the productive sector. Rents in turn affect the economic structure, political framework, institutional setting and power relations within a country, particularly where patronage prevails. Foreign partners, governments or companies, in the pursuit of their own interests, have also at times contributed to reinforce these negative tendencies and the associated resource curse. The competition for the control and allocation of natural resources and the revenues they generate may lead to political instability, conflicts and authoritarian regimes. In other words, power relations, politics and governance matters a great deal!

Issue: 3

Volume: 6

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

Research Interests:
European Studies, Sustainable Development, Africa, European Union, Private Sector Development, and 2 moreDevelopment Finance and International Development Cooperation

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Key messages: • Sub-Saharan Africa will need to create 18 million jobs each year until 2035, to accommodate young labour market entrants. • The AU-EU Summit of November 2017 was right: this is a top priority, for Africa, and for... more

Key messages: • Sub-Saharan Africa will need to create 18 million jobs each year until 2035, to accommodate young labour market entrants. • The AU-EU Summit of November 2017 was right: this is a top priority, for Africa, and for development cooperation. • The EU has the desire and the instruments needed to support the efforts African countries themselves will need to lead. • But the EU needs an approach which is smarter and better targeted: a rapier not a blunderbuss. • Supporting structural transformation is the long term priority, helping the creation of new jobs in sectors with higher productivity, with special attention to youth and women, and making low carbon development central. • Quality education and business-oriented skills development are needed, better linked to investment promotion. • However, the informal sector also needs support. • And special programmes, including more social protection, are needed for the most vulnerable. • Every country needs a strategy – but different countries need different strategies. European Think Tank Group Policy Brief https://ettg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ETTG-Paper.pdf http://ecdpm.org/publications/why-eu-must-do-better-supporting-african-job-creation/

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25543.80801

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: European Think Tank Group (ETTG) Policy Brief

Volume: 7

Page Numbers: 33-35

Issue: 4

Page Numbers: 22-23

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: International Trade Forum, ITC Magazine

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Trade, Trade Policy, and Brexit

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In the European Commission proposal for the next long-term budget 2021-2027 of the European Union (EU), the proposed Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) Regulation introduces an innovative unified... more

In the European Commission proposal for the next long-term budget 2021-2027 of the European Union (EU), the proposed Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) Regulation introduces an innovative unified financial architecture to crowd in private sector investment outside the EU, based on three pillars: the European Fund for Sustainable Development-plus (EFSD+), a unified budgetary guarantee-the External Action Guarantee (EAG), and financial assistance. The EFSD+ is conceived as a flexible mechanism, but some of its features remain too sketchy. These features could be not only much better specified but also better connected to a range of important issues, such as climate objectives, gender equality and women's empowerment principles, youth focus, linkages to business environment, geographical balance, targeting of fragile and poorer countries, specification of investment windows, provision of grievance mechanisms, and addressing tax governance issues. The governance of the EFSD+ could also be much more elaborated. The current proposal delegates great power to the European Commission on shaping these questions during the implementation of the EFSD+. Careful attention should also be given to systemic issues related to the EU architecture for investment outside the EU. This includes the place and role of the European Investment Bank (EIB) as the EU bank, unspecified in the proposed regulation. It also relates to the coherence and synergy of the EFSD+ proposal with broader reform ambitions for the EU architecture for external investment. Building on an open and flexible system, the European Commission proposal for the EFSD+ and EAG is an important step in the right direction towards a more effective EU financial architecture. It benefits from the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and NDICI momentum, an opportunity which should not be missed. The EU has an opportunity to show it can innovate in a responsive manner to changing times and increasing challenges. This requires collective efforts, within the EU, but also in partnership with multilateral institutions and initiatives, and most of all partner developing countries. Ensuring that major concerns are addressed in the NDICI Regulation should thus be a priority if the EU is to use in a timely fashion the opportunity of leveraging its next budget for more effective sustainable development finance.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22946.89286

Publication Date: 2019

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper No.243

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Development, Sustainable Development, European Union, and Sustainable finance

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The negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states to replace the trade provisions of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA) has been... more

The negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states to replace the trade provisions of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA) has been controversial and given rise to many (sometimes wild) claims about the likely development effects. Until now such arguments have been speculative because the final details of the agreements were unknown. But now, following the conclusion of a full EPA with the CARIFORUM region and interim EPAs (IEPAs) with some African and Pacific states, it is possible for the first time to analyse what has actually been agreed and to assess the potential development effects. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the African IEPAs as they stand in early 2009. It also establishes the negotiations that remain to be completed and the challenges facing Africa in implementation, some of which require support from Europe. It provides both a summary of the principle features of very complex documents and also the foundations for the many follow-up studies that will be needed to look in more detail at specific country, sectoral and other specific features of the IEPAs.

Research Interests:
Development Economics, International Economics, Political Economy, International Business, International Trade, and 4 moreInternational Political Economy, Foreign Direct Investment, International Economic Relations, and Regional Integration

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Objectives, interpretations, practices and incentives of public and private partners are often diverse, leading to the question of who leads whom, and how? Closer convergence of incentives, actions and understanding of possible... more

Objectives, interpretations, practices and incentives of public and private partners are often diverse, leading to the question of who leads whom, and how? Closer convergence of incentives, actions and understanding of possible multi-stakeholder partnerships is necessary to achieve sustainable development. The future of partnerships within the post-2015 development agenda must build on a greater recognition of developing countries own strategies to drive and finance their own structural transformation. Private investments and finance are likely to be the key engine for growth but there needs to be greater focus on sustainable and inclusive outcomes harnessed to the developing countries’ own development agenda.

Research Interests:
Sustainable Development, Africa, European Foreign Policy, European Union, and Development Finance

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Making policies work It is high time for the remaining member states of the European Union (EU,) who have not yet done so, to ratify the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The first ones have already been concluded with some African,... more

Making policies work It is high time for the remaining member states of the European Union (EU,) who have not yet done so, to ratify the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The first ones have already been concluded with some African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in 2007. This is the case, for instance, for the interim EPAs with respectively Cameroon, Côte d&#39;Ivoire and Ghana, which are considered in this paper. These free trade agreements have generated controversial discussions for years and may not be perfect. But they have not only maintained, but also secured and improved the preferential access of these countries to the EU, vital for some of their major exports. The EPAs have not led to the feared negative impacts that some had predicted. Their potential benefits, however, are highly dependent on the way they are used and the reform dynamics and support measures that accompany their effective implementation. The EU, with the EPAs and beyond, intends to stimulate local and regional economic transformation pathways by stimulating domestic production and promoting value addition for local, regional, and international value chains, in particular with the EU. In doing so, increasing attention is given to sustainability, inclusive and gender dimensions, as is the case for sustainable forestry and cocoa initiatives in Cameroon, Côte d&#39;Ivoire and Ghana. Development assistance, in the form of not only traditional aid, such as technical assistance, but also blended finance and guarantees, as well as policy dialogues, multi-stakeholder engagement and improvement of the investment climate, are key pillars of the EU support. Such a comprehensive approach is critical, not only for the implementation of the EPAs, but especially to accompany African own reform and transformation processes. This includes the African Continental Free Trade Area and other regional integration dynamics, as well as the response to the COVID-19 crisis, with the aim to build back better, greener and in a more sustainable, inclusive and gender-sensitive way. ECDPM Discussion Paper No.304, September 2021

Publication Date: 2021

Research Interests:
Development Studies, ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS, Trade Policy, Free trade agreements, EU trade policy, and International Trade and Development

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The Council of the European Union (EU) finally adopted long-awaited conclusions to set clear directions on how to enhance the European financial architecture for development (EFAD). Strengthening the EFAD is timely, given the devastating... more

The Council of the European Union (EU) finally adopted long-awaited conclusions to set clear directions on how to enhance the European financial architecture for development (EFAD). Strengthening the EFAD is timely, given the devastating health and socioeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the high climate and environmental ambitions of the EU, and the need to mobilise more developmental resources for greater sustainable and more inclusive impact, in particular in poorer, more fragile and vulnerable countries. While containing all the right words, the Council Conclusions fall short of the needed ambitions. More can and must be done to enhance European development finance in times of COVID-19. It is high time to come up with significant concrete reform proposals and actions. ECDPM Talking Points 21 June 2021 https://ecdpm.org/talking-points/beauty-contest-over-high-time-reform-european-financial-architecture-development/

Publication Date: 2021

Research Interests:
European Studies, EU development policy, Development Finance, International Development Cooperation, EBRD, and European Investment Bank

The global scale of the COVID-19 crisis threatens micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises, which dominate employment around the world — especially in lowest-income countries. At a time when business as usual will not suffice,... more

The global scale of the COVID-19 crisis threatens micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises, which dominate employment around the world — especially in lowest-income countries. At a time when business as usual will not suffice, shareholders and leadership should act decisively to unleash the potential of DFIs. Here are four suggestions: 1. Blend and guarantee more, 2. Increase DFIs’ capital, 3. Collaborate and syndicate more, 4. Team up with local actors. An innovative way to unleash the collective DFIs’ potential to do more for MSMEs, combining some of the above features, would be to set up a joint MSME financing facility as a new vehicle. The pandemic and its economic effects pose fundamental challenges to DFIs and their shareholders. It will not be enough simply to put more capital into the existing DFI system. The depth and the duration of the crisis require building real and proactive collaboration within that system and a much stronger capacity to manage risk for greater scale and impact. We encourage DFIs and their shareholders to support this ambitious approach by signing up to the Tri Hita Karana Statement on The Role of DFIs, MDBs and Shareholders in Building Back Better in the Wake of Covid-19. devex.com Opinion piece https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-how-can-dfis-do-more-to-help-msmes-survive-covid-19-98566

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
Finance, Development Economics, SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Development Finance, Development Banking, and 2 moreCOVID-19 PANDEMIC and Economic effects of COVID-19

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Bilal_et_al_18_11_20_devex.com_Opinion_How_can_DFIs_do_more_to_help_MSMEs_survive_COVID_19_devex.pdf

Limited fiscal space in many developing countries demands collective efforts and EU leadership to help improve their macro-economic conditions and attract more investments for a higher impact and sustainability for recovery from COVID-19.... more

Limited fiscal space in many developing countries demands collective efforts and EU leadership to help improve their macro-economic conditions and attract more investments for a higher impact and sustainability for recovery from COVID-19. Recovery from COVID-19 will require the capacity to mobilise sustainable, green, inclusive and gender-sensitive investments to achieve sustainable development goals. Given the dramatic socio-economic consequences of the protracted pandemic crisis, efforts to build back better must be carried out collectively, in a cooperative and inclusive manner. Given the limited fiscal space of many developing countries, collective efforts to help improve their macro-economic conditions, and in particular more forcefully addressing their unsustainable debt vulnerabilities, has become ever more urgent. So has the need to tackle illicit financial flows, which deprive developing countries from much-needed resources for recovery. The EU is well placed to take the lead in these endeavours. International and national financial institutions for development, including those in Europe, have stepped up their efforts to respond to the crisis. But to truly unleash their potential to leverage private finance at the right scale, in a truly countercyclical and more impactful manner, their approaches must be adjusted, building on better practices and encouraging innovation in a cooperative and collaborative manner based on local needs, dynamics and actors. There too, the EU has the potential to play a more catalytic role, mobilising its wide array of instruments and institutions in a more coherent and complementarity manner, and in partnership with developing countries, notably in Africa, so as to stimulate sustainable, transformative and inclusive investment at the right scale. Elcano Royal Institute, ARI 142/2020 http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari142-2020-bilal-collaborative-efforts-to-stimulate-sustainable-investment-for-covid-19-recovery-in-developing-countries

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
Development Economics, Fiscal Policy and debt Management, EU development policy, Poor Countries' External Debt (HIPC), COVID-19 PANDEMIC, and Economic effects of COVID-19

Trade and investment promotion tools such as the Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) can contribute to making better use of trade policies and agreements to deliver real results for consumers, workers and businesses, with respect for the planet and human rights. https://ecdpm.org/great-insights/square-pegs-round-holes-trade-policy/potential-trade-investment-europe-network/ European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM)

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
EU development policy, Economic Diplomacy, European Union external relations, Private Sector Development, International Development Cooperation, and Trade and Investment Promotion

The primary research question addressed herein is how development finance organizations are adapting to country conditions. The paper provides recommendations for enhanced local approaches, which would in turn, lead to expanded financing... more

The primary research question addressed herein is how development finance organizations are adapting to country conditions. The paper provides recommendations for enhanced local approaches, which would in turn, lead to expanded financing opportunities. Many blended finance projects have strong local ownership, responding directly to local demands, resulting from broad consultations, and entailing explicit positive spill-overs at the local level. These provide opportunities to learn from good practice. The analysis also reveals that while all blended finance projects stem from local development considerations, they may be generated from external institutions or follow a standardized approach, and with insufficient considerations for local context and dynamics. They may also be client-driven, but with little consultation with local stakeholders. Recommendations The research identified numerous areas where DFOs can do more to provide financing in developing countries, particularly taking into account local contexts and conditions. These recommendations are not exhaustive but point to areas where enhanced efforts can lead to greater development impact. Organizational Insights: If not already in place, DFOs should make policy on local context explicit and intentional, following from good global practice. If not already the norm, DFOs should develop country or sub-regional strategies that are aligned to national development strategies and avoid adhoc investment choices. Insights on Partnering with Local Actors: DFOs should deepen partnering arrangements with local DFIs, national development banks, Sovereign Investment Funds (SIFs) and local pension funds to better scale-up activities and tailor to the local context. Additional country-specific research is needed on the extent that local investors, institutional investors, financial institutions are being crowded in to blended finance operations. Where local DFIs or development banks do not exist, DFOs should explore options for providing technical know-how and financial support to create new local institutions. Blended Financing Insights: There is a clear need to increase the gross and proportional amount of finance in local currency. Efforts to improve the capacity of issuing local currency securities have shown results, yet the demand for cost-effective foreign exchange (FX) solutions to mitigate foreign currency risk for international investors far exceeds the supply. More research is needed on what instruments are best suited to local approaches or which instruments are most effective at crowding in capital in local currency. This note has been prepared as a background knowledge document to inform the peer-to-peer learning events of the Group of 20 (G20) Compact with Africa (CwA), in collaboration with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Knowledge Brief for G20 CwA Peer Learning Event September 12, 2019, in Abidjan, Côte d&#39;Ivoire. https://acetforafrica.org/publications/multi-country-studies/strengthening-the-local-dimension-of-blended-finance/

Publisher: African Center for Economic Transformation

The expansion of European small and medium enterprises beyond EU borders will not only be important for competitiveness, economic growth and innovation, but also for the promotion of EU values and interests, including environmental sustainability and social inclusion. This is even more important in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it hits the economy hard and European economic isolation is unlikely to help turn the economic tide. Initiatives to promote business, trade and investment such as the Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) can contribute to making better use of trade policies and agreements to achieve concrete results for consumers, workers and businesses – all while respecting the planet and people. The network’s role in the EU’s sustainable trade agenda has become increasingly significant in recent years, but its potential remains largely untapped. Three ways to make better use of the EEN are: (1) extend its geographical scope, including in Africa; (2) strengthen its social and environmental criteria and support, to serve both EU values and economic interests, in line with the European Green Deal; and (3) reinforce the network to use trade opportunities more effectively, better identify trade challenges and collect feedback from businesses when it comes to formulate trade policies. There is also a need to better connect initiatives that promote business, trade and investment and development cooperation activities with low-income countries outside of Europe. Development cooperation funding could help local business support organisations to join EEN and empower their work. The driver behind all this should be EU institutional coordination. This joined-up thinking and working for sustainable trade is fully in line with the priorities and directions taken by the incumbent European Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen. https://ecdpm.org/bn115

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
Development Studies, European Foreign Policy, EU development policy, Economic Diplomacy, EU Foreign Policy, and Private Sector Development

Alors que les tensions commerciales et pressions protectionnistes se propagent sur la scène internationale, l’Afrique en prend le contre-pied en établissant la plus grande zone de libre-échange du monde par le nombre de ses membres, la... more

Alors que les tensions commerciales et pressions protectionnistes se propagent sur la scène internationale, l’Afrique en prend le contre-pied en établissant la plus grande zone de libre-échange du monde par le nombre de ses membres, la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECA). Une fois mise en œuvre, la ZLECA pourrait remodeler les relations économiques en Afrique et entre l&#39;Afrique et ses principaux partenaires commerciaux. Pour les cinq États membres de l&#39;Union du Maghreb arabe (UMA) - Algérie, Libye, Mauritanie, Maroc et Tunisie – la ZLECA offre des possibilités de renforcer leur commerce extérieur avec l&#39;Afrique. A moyen et long terme, la création de la ZLECA pourrait également avoir un impact sur ses relations commerciales et d&#39;investissement avec l&#39;Union européenne (UE), de loin le principal partenaire commercial des pays du Maghreb. Mais même à court terme, et avant sa mise en place effective, la ZLECA offre déjà à l&#39;UE de nouvelles possibilités de s&#39;engager avec le Maghreb (et l’Afrique subsaharienne) sur des questions liées au commerce et à l’investissement.

Publication Date: 2019

Research Interests:
African Studies, International Relations, Development Studies, International Trade, European Foreign Policy, and 8 moreDevelopment in the Middle East and North Africa, Regional Integration, Economic Diplomacy, African Union, MENA region, Free trade agreements, North African studies, and AfCFTA

As the 25th Conference of the Parties (COP25) in Madrid calls for the full operationalisation of the Paris Agreement, Europe is committing to green its policies both within and beyond the European Union (EU). Boosting green finance will... more

As the 25th Conference of the Parties (COP25) in Madrid calls for the full operationalisation of the Paris Agreement, Europe is committing to green its policies both within and beyond the European Union (EU). Boosting green finance will be critical. European top financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), which are in a position to advance the European agenda, are joining the battle to curb climate change. This decision follows calls for a Climate Bank at the European level and the recommendation by the High-Level Group of Wise Persons that the EU should adopt a common approach to its external financial architecture and establish a single entity, the so-called European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank. Although global climate financing has increased by 60% over the period 2013-2018, this is not enough. Besides, more resources should be dedicated to climate adaptation, which has been neglected, in particular by European finance institutions. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), including EIB and EBRD, allocated only 30% of their 2018 climate financing to adaptation. EBRD and EIB allocated as low as 11.8% and 7.6% respectively to adaptation in developing countries. The consequences of climate change, including droughts, floods, plummeting biodiversity and the loss of human lives, are undermining low-income and fragile countries&#39; development prospects. EU efforts to boost its climate action and finance should encompass not only the vital mitigation endeavour, but also greater attention to climate adaptation, as a means to foster climate justice and to achieve the SDGs also in low-income countries, and in Africa in particular. The new European Green Deal will have to live up to this challenge. EU Horizon 2020 project CASCADES, https://ecdpm.org/publications/boosting-eu-climate-finance-mitigate-more-without-neglecting-adaptation-poorer-countries/

Publication Date: 2019

Research Interests:
African Studies, Development Studies, Climate Change, European Foreign Policy, Climate Change Adaptation And Mitigation Strategies, and 7 moreDevelopment Finance, Least Developed Countries, Climate Finance, Cliamte Change Adaptation, EIB, European Investment Bank, and Green Deal

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has set off to become the EU climate bank, after having pioneered the green bonds market over a decade ago. Now, in this new leading role, the bank is asking institutions, civil society and the general... more

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has set off to become the EU climate bank, after having pioneered the green bonds market over a decade ago. Now, in this new leading role, the bank is asking institutions, civil society and the general public to share their views, to be integrated into the EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap. We joined the discussion and put forward eight concrete recommendations on how the EIB can better support climate change efforts in Africa. https://ecdpm.org/talking-points/eight-ways-european-investment-bank-help-tackle-climate-change-africa/

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, European Foreign Policy, Climate Finance, and 2 moreEIB and European Investment Bank

Because of the coronavirus pandemic, Africa’s private sector is facing a very large recession, the likes of which has not been seen for 25 years. This is putting more than 20 million jobs and many livelihoods at risk and pushing millions... more

Because of the coronavirus pandemic, Africa’s private sector is facing a very large recession, the likes of which has not been seen for 25 years. This is putting more than 20 million jobs and many livelihoods at risk and pushing millions into poverty. The authors of this paper argue that development finance institutions are uniquely placed to provide financial support and lead the eventual recovery. European Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and their shareholders must step up with additional resources and use their links with the domestic banking sector and their competencies to channel liquidity to Africa’s private sector. Also, European DFIs support millions of jobs in Africa, often highly productive ones that have strong interlinkages with the rest of the economy. These direct and indirect jobs must be protected in the recession as they will be crucial to Africa’s bounce-back. For that, European DFIs need to immediately boost the liquidity support for investee firms, increase their risk tolerance, relax debt servicing requirements where necessary, provide scarce foreign exchange when needed, come up with innovative support mechanisms including credit guarantees to deliver countercyclical support, and set up a bounce-back better and recapitalisation vehicle to inject equity into otherwise viable firms hit by the crisis. This will require new capital, increased risk tolerance, temporary suspension of minimum return requirements and new credit lines and guarantees from donors of between € 2-5 billion. This will allow European DFIs not only to protect the jobs they support but also to prevent the loss of jobs in otherwise viable firms. https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Saving-Jobs-During-Pandemic_te-Velde-et-al_15-April-2020.pdf

Publisher: Overseas Development Institute

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
African Studies, Development Economics, SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, EU development policy, Private Sector Development, and 5 moreDevelopment Finance, Development Banking, Blended Finance, COVID-19 PANDEMIC, and Economic effects of COVID-19

Publication Date: 2018

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Economics, Sustainable Development, Africa, European Union, and 2 moreInternational Development Cooperation and Economic Transformation

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) overarching objective is to foster peace, sustainable development, freedom and social justice, and the eradication of poverty for the people of Southern Africa, by creating the enabling... more

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) overarching objective is to foster peace, sustainable development, freedom and social justice, and the eradication of poverty for the people of Southern Africa, by creating the enabling environment for deep regional integration and cooperation. The vision is clear and ambitions are high. Yet, progress is slow. It is with the aim of addressing this issue that the Council decided to hold a Strategic Ministerial Retreat on 12-14 March 2017, to review the state of affairs of SADC and identify remedies to speed up progress towards ‘The SADC We Want’. A number of institutional challenges have often been identified for SADC, including issues such as the lack of supranational SADC institutions, the vulnerability of institutions to power games, the influence of external partners, the lack of funding, the lack of non-state actor involvement, the lack of Parliamentary scrutiny, the vagueness of mandate and procedures, the inflexible decision-making procedure by consensus, and the incoherence of overlapping regional initiatives. While these provide some possible pointers for institutional reforms, it is important to keep in mind some guiding principles and observations about institutional arrangements. Discussions around institutional settings, and more generally about regional integration processes, tend to be quite prescriptive, with many preconceived ideas about what regional integration should or should not be, and what institutions are desirable or not. In reality, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’, best practice model of institutional configuration for regional integration, or one predetermined trajectory that needs to be followed. Analysing the dynamics of integration in Africa, Vanheukelom et al. (2016) identify several key findings of particular pertinence for institutional reforms. They note that while regional organisations adopt institutional forms to foster regional integration, these institutions often do not serve their stated functions. Focusing on institutional functions rather than forms should thus be at the heart of any institutional reform process. They have also warned about the tendency for actors to pretend that major reforms are being undertaken where there is a strong degree of dependency on external funders. In such circumstances, member states are incentivised to signal their support for regional policies, programmes and institutions even when implementation is not a domestic priority, as illustrated by numerous examples in different RECs. In this context, the position of larger member states and coalitions of member states tend to play a major role in shaping (i.e. driving or hindering) regional outcomes. Coalitions of stakeholders, civil society actors or businesses, can also become important factors influencing regional dynamics. The tendency in many RECs, as in SADC, to focus mainly on state actors with little active involvement of non-state actors may also explain some of the problems in pursuing effective regional integration. Besides, integration dynamics are very sector or thematic specific, and can be perceived very differently in each country. Given the broad scope of sectors and integration issues on the SADC agenda, some will have more traction than others, depending on the sector characteristics and specific institutional and interest dynamics within each country around each issue. Finally, the availability and allocation of resources to pursue the broad regional agenda also dictates the dynamics and speed of progress of the different thematic areas. In this respect, the role of donors in terms of the quantity and quality of support they provide to regional organisations such as SADC presents opportunities but also profound challenges depending on whether donors support home grown institutional reforms or drive the process. What does it mean for the SADC institutional reform? First, institutions should not be designed or reformed in a vacuum. This means that institutional adjustments are not a technical, or merely capacity issue, but first and foremost a political process, which requires political leadership, meaning take political responsibility for making choices and prioritising in the face of resources scarcity. Second, institutional arrangements and processes should not be considered in an ideal form, but should respond to realities, at the regional and national levels. This means that SADC institutions should respond to the interests and incentives of the SADC Member States. They should also accommodate financial constraints. Besides, overdependence on external support raise the risk of donors driving rather than supporting reforms, reducing the ownership and ultimately the commitment of regional leaders to their own institutions. Third, institutional arrangements should foster a greater connection with key domestic stakeholders in the SADC Member States, building on their incentives and interests, so as to harness their…

Publication Date: 2017

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Southern Africa, Regional Integration, Sadc, Southern African Development Community, and Political Economy of Trade and Regional Integration

The European Union (EU) has committed to ambitious energy-related objectives that shall contribute to inclusive, sustainable development. It therefore has put a number of financial instruments in place that support energy access in... more

The European Union (EU) has committed to ambitious energy-related objectives that shall contribute to inclusive, sustainable development. It therefore has put a number of financial instruments in place that support energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond traditional grants (still the bulk of EU funding), the EU increasingly uses its Official Development Assistance (ODA) to leverage loans and private investments from Development Finance institutions (DFIs) and the private sector, as also envisioned in the recently agreed European External Investment Plan (EIP). Through blended finance and smart technical assistance, there is a huge potential to develop and finance more energy projects that are currently (perceived) too risky and do not attract purely private investment. The EIP, through its 3-pillar approach and the setting of a dedicated &#39;sustainable energy&#39; investment window, offers the opportunity to boost public and private investments in a more coherent, coordinated, and differentiated manner, and to foster impact investments, including towards the poor and enhancing their access to energy. Blending is however not a silver bullet, as it only works in certain areas and conditions, and cannot compensate for a lack of bankable and economically viable projects, particularly in less developed areas, where access rates are usually the lowest and the private sector is least interested and attracted. There will therefore be a continued need for i) grant funding for not fully economically viable projects, including when reaching some of the remote and poorest areas, ii) the right mix of public and private support instruments depending on context and need, and iii) more patience to see results. Besides, while many of the policy documents and instruments, most notably the EC&#39;s Africa Investment Facility and ElectriFI, make specific reference to enhancing access to energy, there is little information on results and impact, in particular for remote areas and poor segments of the population. The lack of transparency and data makes it often difficult to identify best practice and lessons learnt.The EIP also offers an opportunity for the EC to reconsider its monitoring and reporting results framework, and adapting expectations on impact, over a longer time horizon. ECDPM Discussion Paper 218 http://ecdpm.org/publications/eu-financial-instruments-access-energy-sub-saharan-africa/

Publication Date: 2017

Research Interests:
European Studies, Africa, Energy, Rural Development, European Union, and 6 morePublic Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, Poverty and Inequality, Development Finance, International Development Cooperation, and European Union Development Cooperation

In recent years and in the aftermath of the world financial crisis, economic slowdown in Europe has encouraged European governments and the European Union (EU) to set up support programmes and instruments that can stimulate national... more

In recent years and in the aftermath of the world financial crisis, economic slowdown in Europe has encouraged European governments and the European Union (EU) to set up support programmes and instruments that can stimulate national economies and help create the jobs needed to tackle both (youth) unemployment and crumbling growth rates. By providing access to (trade) finance and mitigating risk, the ambition is to help enterprises to expand and grow internationally, as “foreign exposure by these companies can increase enterprise competitiveness, provide access to foreign markets and resources, create new opportunities for exports, and generate profits” (UNCTAD, 2015). Key messages Promoting trade and investment along sustainable principles is one of the means to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To this end, what are the potential synergies between development finance institutions (DFIs) and export promotion agencies (ECAs) in promoting sustainable and responsible investments? DFIs and ECAs follow different institutional mandates and objectives to promote investments and exports. But they tend to engage with similar clients and in similar markets. Besides, the sustainability principles required by DFIs and those of ECAs do tend to converge. Potential for synergy and cooperation thus seems obvious. Yet, DFI-ECA collaboration until now has been rather limited, due to various challenges that need to be overcome, relating to issues such as differing policies, approaches, operating procedures, credit and pricing parameters, tenor and currency preferences, and transaction eligibility criteria. There is a need for a better understanding of the respective business practices and priorities of DFIs and ECAs. More systematic efforts are therefore needed to enhance the cooperation and synergy between DFIs and ECAs. This must also be steered by policymakers, so as to foster a more conducive institutional and policy environment and provide the right incentives for each institution to cooperate, building on their respective comparative advantages, towards enhanced sustainability.

Publication Date: 2016

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Sustainable Development, European Union, Development Finance, Export Promotion, and 2 moreEuropean development policy and Trade and Investment Promotion

Publication Date: 2013

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Political Science, Political Economy of Development, Mining, Economic Transformation, and 3 moreIncentive, Political economy of regulation, and Extractive industries

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In the European Commission proposal for the next long-term budget 2021-2027 of the European Union (EU), the proposed Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) Regulation introduces an innovative unified... more

In the European Commission proposal for the next long-term budget 2021-2027 of the European Union (EU), the proposed Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) Regulation introduces an innovative unified financial architecture to crowd in private sector investment outside the EU, based on three pillars: the European Fund for Sustainable Development-plus (EFSD+), a unified budgetary guarantee-the External Action Guarantee (EAG), and financial assistance. The EFSD+ is conceived as a flexible mechanism, but some of its features remain too sketchy. These features could be not only much better specified but also better connected to a range of important issues, such as climate objectives, gender equality and women&#39;s empowerment principles, youth focus, linkages to business environment, geographical balance, targeting of fragile and poorer countries, specification of investment windows, provision of grievance mechanisms, and addressing tax governance issues. The governance of the EFSD+ could also be much more elaborated. The current proposal delegates great power to the European Commission on shaping these questions during the implementation of the EFSD+. Careful attention should also be given to systemic issues related to the EU architecture for investment outside the EU. This includes the place and role of the European Investment Bank (EIB) as the EU bank, unspecified in the proposed regulation. It also relates to the coherence and synergy of the EFSD+ proposal with broader reform ambitions for the EU architecture for external investment. Building on an open and flexible system, the European Commission proposal for the EFSD+ and EAG is an important step in the right direction towards a more effective EU financial architecture. It benefits from the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and NDICI momentum, an opportunity which should not be missed. The EU has an opportunity to show it can innovate in a responsive manner to changing times and increasing challenges. This requires collective efforts, within the EU, but also in partnership with multilateral institutions and initiatives, and most of all partner developing countries. Ensuring that major concerns are addressed in the NDICI Regulation should thus be a priority if the EU is to use in a timely fashion the opportunity of leveraging its next budget for more effective sustainable development finance.

Publication Date: 2019

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Development, Sustainable Development, European Foreign Policy, European Union, and 6 moreEU development policy, Development Finance, Sustainable finance, Development Banking, Blending, and Blended Finance

La prise en charge des défis de développement contemporains et la promotion du développement durable dans l&#39;esprit du Programme d&#39;action à l&#39;horizon 2030 des Nations Unies passeront forcément par la mobilisation... more

La prise en charge des défis de développement contemporains et la promotion du développement durable dans l&#39;esprit du Programme d&#39;action à l&#39;horizon 2030 des Nations Unies passeront forcément par la mobilisation d&#39;investissements privés plus porteurs d&#39;effets. Pour s&#39;attaquer aux causes profondes de la migration, créer des emplois décents et favoriser une croissance durable et inclusive, l&#39;Union européenne (UE) a lancé fin 2017 son Plan d&#39;investissement extérieur (PIE). Celui-ci va s&#39;appuyer sur plus de dix années d&#39;expérience de l&#39;UE en matière de financement mixte (au travers notamment des mécanismes régionaux de mixage) pour utiliser l&#39;aide de manière plus « intelligente » et plus stratégique et stimuler des investissements privés durables, en déployant un nouveau mécanisme de garantie, une assistance technique sur mesure et des actions spécifiques en faveur du climat d&#39;investissement. Mais ce qui importe surtout, c&#39;est que l&#39;UE compte y parvenir au travers d&#39;une démarche globale et intégrée, qui conjugue les appuis financiers et non financiers pour combler les lacunes actuelles et accroître l&#39;efficacité et la cohérence globales de l&#39;appui communautaire. Le PIE entend satisfaire le besoin d&#39;une ambition plus forte en termes d&#39;atténuation des risques et d&#39;amplification des effets sur le développement au travers du financement mixte, en particulier dans les pays moins développés et plus fragiles. Pour ce faire, il exploitera le potentiel des entités de financement du développement (principalement mais pas uniquement européennes), en leur fournissant des outils supplémentaires (financement mixte, garanties, assistance technique) afin de faire plus et mieux, tout en créant un environnement plus porteur. Cinq secteurs prioritaires se verront attribuer des fenêtres d&#39;investissement spécifiques : les énergies renouvelables, le financement des micros, petites et moyennes entreprises, l&#39;agriculture durable, les villes durables et la numérisation au service du développement durable. Le PIE arrive à point nommé. Pour réussir, il devra toutefois produire des effets systémiques qui aident les institutions européennes et leurs partenaires à travailler de façon plus cohérente et plus complémentaire.

Publication Date: 2018

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Studies, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, and 2 moreDevelopment Finance and International Development Cooperation

Mobiliser les investissements pour la transformation structurelle en Afrique est l’un des thèmes clés que l’Union africaine (UA) veut discuter lors du 5ème Sommet UA-UE en Côte d’Ivoire les 28 et 29 novembre. En effet, cela pourrait bien... more

Mobiliser les investissements pour la transformation structurelle en Afrique est l’un des thèmes clés que l’Union africaine (UA) veut discuter lors du 5ème Sommet UA-UE en Côte d’Ivoire les 28 et 29 novembre. En effet, cela pourrait bien étayer les autres domaines d’intervention proposés en matière de gouvernance, de paix et de sécurité et d’investissement dans le capital humain. Le Sommet n’aura de sens que s’il initie de nouveaux efforts concrets de la part de l’Afrique et de l’Europe pour mobiliser plus efficacement des investissements durables pour la transformation de l’Afrique, en s’appuyant sur des intérêts communs, pour le bénéfice de tous. ECDPM Talking Point 27.11.2017

Publication Date: 2017

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Studies, Africa, European Union, African Union, and 3 moreDevelopment Finance, Economic Transformation, and European Union Development Cooperation

Migration is a local reality. People may migrate voluntarily, but migration can also be an imperative necessity. Approximately 30 million people are currently considered refugees or internally displaced people, two-thirds of whom live in... more

Migration is a local reality. People may migrate voluntarily, but migration can also be an imperative necessity. Approximately 30 million people are currently considered refugees or internally displaced people, two-thirds of whom live in urban areas. Forced migration and refugee inflows into cities are taking place within the broader context of global urbanisation. And large camps such as Zaatari in Jordan and Dadaab in Kenya are increasingly considered as cities in their own right. KEY MESSAGES 1. Temporary displacement should be thought of as long term 2. Most displaced people and refugees live in towns and cities – either because that is where they have moved, or because long-term camps become like towns. 3. Both humanitarian and development actors need to engage more forcefully with the urban aspects of displacement. 4. The private sector will be at the heart of a comprehensive response, and will need new norms, standards and regulation. 5. The EU has set a progressive policy framework and now needs to deliver.

Publication Date: 2018

Research Interests:
European Studies, Refugee Studies, International Migration, Migration Studies, Development Finance, and 2 moreInternational Development Cooperation and Sustainable Urbanisation

Blended finance is emerging as one of the means to mobilise more effectively commercial capital to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement-stimulating impactful investment, quality job creation and inclusive... more

Blended finance is emerging as one of the means to mobilise more effectively commercial capital to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement-stimulating impactful investment, quality job creation and inclusive economic growth. To accomplish these objectives, blended finance operations must respond to local needs and realities. While all blended finance projects stem from local development considerations and land at the local level, they commonly stem from a client-driven and deal-oriented approach, which might be generated from an external or more standardised approach. As a result, many blended finance operations do not take local context and dynamics enough into consideration. Drawing on the experiences of some development finance institutions (DFIs) and multilateral development banks (MDBs), this paper considers several dimensions of the local context and illustrates them by highlighting some of the principles, approaches and practices that could serve as useful guidance to anchor blended finance to local realities. This requires direct responses to well-identified local demands based on broad consultations, strong local ownership, development of local (private and public) institutions and markets, and explicit positive spillovers at the local level-related to sector and economy-wide transformations, such as an improved investment climate. DFIs and MDBs need to enhance their understanding of local political economy dynamics, including power relations, market and institutional structures, to assess better vested interests, drivers of change and domestic constraints. The coordination between donor agencies and DFIs and MDBs is paramount to anchor their actions to local context and actors. While diversity of approaches should prevail, comprehensive frameworks and integrated approaches can help address the many dimensions of local engagement in blended finance. https://ecdpm.org/dp259

Publication Date: 2019

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Development Finance, Multilateral Development Banks, Development Banking, Blending, and Blended Finance

The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development places new emphasis on the need to mobilise financial resources to achieve the 17 universal sustainable development goals (SDGs). The ambition is to ‘move from billions to trillions’,... more

The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development places new emphasis on the need to mobilise financial resources to achieve the 17 universal sustainable development goals (SDGs). The ambition is to ‘move from billions to trillions’, mobilising much higher resources in the pursuit of sustainable development (MDBs, 2015). Contrary to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aid is no longer at the centre of a transformative development agenda. Blending Official Development Assistance (ODA) with other sources of finance is one of the forms taken to stimulate and leverage private investments and finance for sustainable development. It is because of its high ambitions that the EIP has been heralded “a new chapter in EU development cooperation”, or more simply, blending 2.0. Living up to the expectation will be the exciting challenge. Key messages: Blending ODA with other sources of finance is one of the forms taken to stimulate and leverage private investments and finance for sustainable development. It is by no means a magic bullet, and should be used with great caution, so as to prevent unwarranted subsidy to private sector and market distortion, and waste of scarce ODA. So far, blending efforts and approaches have been rather fragmented and different among key stakeholders. Despite similar rationales for blended finance, the principles, modalities and practices (not to mention definition) do vary among European financing institutions, and MDBs/DFIs. To enhance the coherence and effectiveness of its external investment support for sustainable development, in line with the SDGs, the EU is establishing the External Investment Plan (EIP): a ‘onestop-shop’, to promote sustainable private investments with a view to also tackling some of the root causes of migration in Africa and the EU Neighbourhood. To live up to its ambitions, a number of challenges need to be overcome, related to the EIP’s focus, design and politics, and synergy with other initiatives. It will notably require: to better monitor sustainability outcomes; to maximise effective additionality and leveraging; and stimulate development reform dynamics.

Publication Date: 2016

Research Interests:
Sustainable Development, European Union, Private Sector Development, Investment Promotion, Development Finance, and 3 moreEuropean development policy, Europen Studies, and European Union Development Cooperation

This paper has provided a brief outline mapping of DFI response to the Covid-19 crisis and current challenges. Building on this, policy recommendations are proposed with the aim of triggering a debate around these critical issues. Given... more

This paper has provided a brief outline mapping of DFI response to the Covid-19 crisis and current challenges. Building on this, policy recommendations are proposed with the aim of triggering a debate around these critical issues. Given the early stages of the crisis, feedback on these initial ideas is welcome. The key recommendations for DFIs and shareholders to best speed up sustainable and resilient recovery in developing economies, provide countercyclical finance to the most vulnerable, and meet their development mandates are as follows: - Adopt measures and processes allowing DFIs to respond to the protracted Covid-19 crisis in a more countercyclical, sustainable and impactful way, tackling the gender and inequality dimensions of the recovery; - Undertake activities in riskier, more fragile, and low income environments targeted at actors and countries more severely hit by the crisis. Use a combination of financing mechanisms appropriate to each institution, such as accepting lower risk-adjusted returns, stretching balance sheets, and benefiting from enhanced guarantee mechanisms or capital increase, and when appropriate with the support of blended concessional finance; - Increase support and exposure to private sector and in particular MSMEs, with a focus on sustainability, gender and building resilience (without compromising on other types of financing); - Focus even more on building stronger and innovative local partnerships, including with national and regional development banks, emerging market sponsors, local financiers, etc.; - Enhance the capacity for innovation to build project pipelines, in synergy with local actors and donors, partnering with other DFIs, that work in LICs and serve poor and vulnerable populations; - Concentrate efforts on the systemic effects of interventions on the recovery, beyond the immediate impact of single transactions. This could include building back better, by improving the investment climate in developing economies, and preserving already achieved gains. - Pursue opportunities for syndication, risk-sharing mechanisms, alliances and cooperation with other DFIs and development financiers. This may include, as appropriate to individual institutions or groups of institutions, special purpose vehicles and financial structures to be added to the DFI toolkit, which would contribute to stretch DFI capital, take risk off-balance-sheet, make more projects bankable, and facilitate investment, in particular to address at scale the critical situation of MSMEs and firms in LICs. As one option, shareholders could consider allocating additional risk-tolerant capital to an MSME COVID-19 facility that would help interested DFIs manage more risk and mobilize more private finance through the use of subordinated instruments like guarantees and equity. This could be done by leveraging and expanding existing facilities that have the right capabilities, and when appropriate with the support of blended concessional finance. - Focus on opportunities that a more efficient and expanded use of blended finance, including with concessional support, can bring, notably to mobilise sustainable private finance at scale for greater sustainable and transformative impact. https://assets.ctfassets.net/4cgqlwde6qy0/2UIDzHLqOh58RKeuHqejft/6a934d233516039a7c239014ce466b6d/THK_Report_on_Covid-19_and_Blended_Finance_21-10-2020.pdf

Publisher: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Publication Date: 2020

Research Interests:
Development Economics, Development Studies, SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Development Finance, Development Finance Institutions, and 4 moreMultilateral Development Banks, Development Banking, COVID-19 PANDEMIC, and Economic effects of COVID-19

The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the United Nations (UN) in New York in September 2015 and of the Paris Agreement in December 2015 has put the sustainability and climate change ambitions and concerns at... more

The adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the United Nations (UN) in New York in September 2015 and of the Paris Agreement in December 2015 has put the sustainability and climate change ambitions and concerns at centre stage of the international agenda. International trade is recognised as an important means of implementation to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and specific targets. For a long time, the European Union (EU) has been committed to the promotion of human rights and sustainability, including in its international relations, and has been a strong advocate of the SDGs. Human rights clauses in EU policy have found some of their origins in the EU partnerships with the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP), as articulated in the Lomé Conventions and the succeeding Cotonou Partnership Agreement. Human rights and sustainability clauses have then increasingly been introduced in the EU trade policy regime, in its general system of preferences (GSP) and its free trade agreements (FTAs), and have become one of the key pillars of the new EU trade strategy, Trade for All, introduced in October 2015. This paper analyses the content of the sustainable development and human rights dimensions of the recently concluded EPA by the EU with the East African Community (EAC), the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) and a group of countries from the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and compares them with the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) EPA, the most comprehensive EPA concluded so far. Key messages: Sustainability and human rights dimensions are at the centre stage of the international (2030 Agenda) and EU agenda, including in trade relations. These are part of recent EU FTAs and the EU-ACP EPAs, as well as EU Partnerships such as the Cotonou Agreement. There are some concerns that African EPAs may not have strong enough provisions on sustainability and human rights, and that reference to the Cotonou Agreement may not be relevant after its termination in 2020. While provisions on sustainability differ among EPAs, leading to some legal uncertainty, basic principles on human rights and sustainability remain valid beyond 2020. The various dimensions of EPAs should also be taken into account when considering sustainability. Particular attention must be paid to institutional settings, dialogues, review and monitoring, aid and accompanying measures, multi-stakeholders approaches, responsible business initiatives, rendezvous and revision clauses, all most relevant for the sustainability impact of EPAs.

Publication Date: 2016

Research Interests:
Human Rights, Sustainable Development, Africa, Environmental Policy and Governance, European Union-Africa relations, and 5 moreEuropean development policy, ACP countries, Trade Policy of European Union, EU-ACP TRADE RELATIONS, and International Trade Agreements

Publication Date: 2016

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Studies, International Business, European Union, Private Sector Development, and 4 moreEuropean Business, European Union development policy, European development policy, and European Union Development Cooperation

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http://www.tradeforum.org/news/Brexit-trading-uncertainties-for-third-countries/ What Brexit means for trade relations between third countries, the UK and the EU

Publisher: International Trade Forum

Publication Date: 2018

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Trade, Trade Policy, and Brexit

The negotiation of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the African, Carribean and Pacific (ACP) states to replace the trade provisions of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA) has been... more

The negotiation of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the African, Carribean and Pacific (ACP) states to replace the trade provisions of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA) has been controversial and given ...

Publisher: odi.org.uk

Publication Date: 2000

Research Interests:
Development Economics, International Economics, Political Economy, International Business, International Trade, and 4 moreInternational Political Economy, Foreign Direct Investment, International Economic Relations, and Regional Integration

Le Plan d’investissement extérieur (PIE) de l’Union européenne (UE) propose un cadre de stimulation des investissements privés attrayant et différent, plus propre que les pratiques actuelles à favoriser une croissance durable et inclusive... more

Le Plan d’investissement extérieur (PIE) de l’Union européenne (UE) propose un cadre de stimulation des investissements privés attrayant et différent, plus propre que les pratiques actuelles à favoriser une croissance durable et inclusive et à créer des emplois décents. Il pourrait incarner un changement de paradigme majeur dans la politique de développement de l’UE et influencer le positionnement de l’UE après 2020, au moment où celle-ci cherche à conférer une valeur stratégique à son aide et à son influence politique afin de mobiliser les investissements privés de manière totalement intégrée. La concrétisation de ces aspirations louables soulève néanmoins plusieurs défis au niveau de la mise en oeuvre : i) opérationnaliser l’approche intégrée à trois piliers du PIE ; ii) mieux impliquer les entités de financement du développement (européennes) dans l’agenda de l’UE et les ODD ; iii) concilier l’impact sur le développement, les niveaux de risque et les impératifs de décaissement avec la nécessité d’afficher rapidement des résultats ; iv) adopter un mécanisme efficace et transparent pour suivre et mesurer les résultats ; v) favoriser la complémentarité et la cohérence avec d’autres instruments et initiatives ; vii) mieux prendre en compte la dynamique de l’économie politique sur le terrain. Le principal écueil à surmonter sera donc celui de l’inertie institutionnelle, une tendance naturelle que pourrait accentuer l’attitude plutôt conservatrice de nombreuses entités financières, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit de développement. Il faudrait donc immédiatement s’atteler à cinq points pour éviter de retomber sur les pratiques habituelles: 1) mieux tenir compte des expériences de financement mixte (de l’UE) et les leçons qui ont pu en être retirées ; 2) assurer la complémentarité et l’articulation avec d’autres acteurs, stratégies et instruments ; 3) avoir de meilleures principes et pratiques de suivi et d’évaluation, de même que des critères prudents d’éligibilité et de sélection des projets ; 4) assurer les liens avec le contexte et les dynamiques de l’économie politique et leur intégration ; 5) mieux intégrer les stratégies et les institutions (de financement) africaines. S’atteler à ces cinq points permettrait sans doute au PIE de changer la donne en développant une réserve de projets durables et en étant un trait d’union efficace entre l’appui financier et non financier.

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Note d'information No.102

Research Interests:
European Studies, Sustainable Development, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, and 2 moreDevelopment Finance and International Development Cooperation

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Publication Date: 2016

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Studies, International Business, European Union, Private Sector Development, and 4 moreEuropean Business, European Union development policy, European development policy, and European Union Development Cooperation

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Publication Date: 2017

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Publication Date: 2019

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Publisher: Nomos

Publication Name: Entwicklungszusammenarbeit im Recht der Europäischen Union - The Law of EU Development Cooperation

Research Interests:
Business

The traditional perception on development in industrialised countries has been one centred on the notion of assistance. Rich nations (“the North”) can accompany and support the development efforts of poorer nations (“the South”). The... more

The traditional perception on development in industrialised countries has been one centred on the notion of assistance. Rich nations (“the North”) can accompany and support the development efforts of poorer nations (“the South”). The quest has been to find how to best provide such support. Which programmes and policies would be most effective? How to ensure sustainability of the effort and the outcomes? How to best engage developing countries to this endeavour?

Publication Date: 2012

Research Interests:
Political Science

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Sub-Saharan Africa will need to create 18 million jobs each year until 2035, to accommodate young labour market entrants.1 Whilst population growth is expected to flatten or be negative in other regions, the African population is expected... more

Sub-Saharan Africa will need to create 18 million jobs each year until 2035, to accommodate young labour market entrants.1 Whilst population growth is expected to flatten or be negative in other regions, the African population is expected to increase substantially. In addition, many people are underemployed. The AU-EU Summit of November 2017 was right: this is a top priority, for Africa, and for development cooperation. GDP growth is often regarded as a key driver of employment growth. The good news is that GDP growth in sub-Saharan Africa has been fairly strong, at around 4.5% annually since 2000. In 2018, 6 out of the 10 fastest growing economies are likely to be in Africa.2 However, the poor have benefitted less from growth than in any other world region.3 In the past decade, job creation has lagged behind working-age population growth by a third. Lack of productive employment A rapier not a blunderbuss: Why the EU must do better in supporting African job creation

Publication Date: 2018

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Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Publication Name: Revisiting EU-Africa Relations in a Changing World

The Council of the European Union (EU) finally adopted long-awaited conclusions to set clear directions on how to enhance the European financial architecture for development (EFAD). Strengthening the EFAD is timely, given the devastating... more

The Council of the European Union (EU) finally adopted long-awaited conclusions to set clear directions on how to enhance the European financial architecture for development (EFAD). Strengthening the EFAD is timely, given the devastating health and socioeconomic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the high climate and environmental ambitions of the EU, and the need to mobilise more developmental resources for greater sustainable and more inclusive impact, in particular in poorer, more fragile and vulnerable countries. While containing all the right words, the Council Conclusions fall short of the needed ambitions. More can and must be done to enhance European development finance in times of COVID-19. It is high time to come up with significant concrete reform proposals and actions.

ECDPM Talking Points 21 June 2021
https://ecdpm.org/talking-points/beauty-contest-over-high-time-reform-european-financial-architecture-development/

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30934.98884

Publication Date: 2021

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

Research Interests:
European Studies, EU development policy, Development Finance, International Development Cooperation, EBRD, and European Investment Bank

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Making policies work It is high time for the remaining member states of the European Union (EU,) who have not yet done so, to ratify the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The first ones have already been concluded with some African,... more

Making policies work It is high time for the remaining member states of the European Union (EU,) who have not yet done so, to ratify the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The first ones have already been concluded with some African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in 2007. This is the case, for instance, for the interim EPAs with respectively Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, which are considered in this paper. These free trade agreements have generated controversial discussions for years and may not be perfect. But they have not only maintained, but also secured and improved the preferential access of these countries to the EU, vital for some of their major exports. The EPAs have not led to the feared negative impacts that some had predicted. Their potential benefits, however, are highly dependent on the way they are used and the reform dynamics and support measures that accompany their effective implementation. The EU, with the EPAs and beyond, intends to stimulate local and regional economic transformation pathways by stimulating domestic production and promoting value addition for local, regional, and international value chains, in particular with the EU. In doing so, increasing attention is given to sustainability, inclusive and gender dimensions, as is the case for sustainable forestry and cocoa initiatives in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Development assistance, in the form of not only traditional aid, such as technical assistance, but also blended finance and guarantees, as well as policy dialogues, multi-stakeholder engagement and improvement of the investment climate, are key pillars of the EU support. Such a comprehensive approach is critical, not only for the implementation of the EPAs, but especially to accompany African own reform and transformation processes. This includes the African Continental Free Trade Area and other regional integration dynamics, as well as the response to the COVID-19 crisis, with the aim to build back better, greener and in a more sustainable, inclusive and gender-sensitive way.

ECDPM Discussion Paper No.304, September 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34290.43209

Publication Date: 2021

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper No.304

Research Interests:
Development Studies, ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS, Trade Policy, Free trade agreements, EU trade policy, and International Trade and Development

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The unprecedented scale of the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic calls for greater empowerment of international, European and regional financial institutions for development, development finance institutions (DFIs) and public... more

The unprecedented scale of the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic calls for greater empowerment of international, European and regional financial institutions for development, development finance institutions (DFIs) and public development banks. They all need to step up their efforts, to ‘build back better’, in a greener, more inclusive and gender-sensitive manner. This paper suggests ways to do that, adjusting the current business model of financial institutions for development to align and coordinate European investments for development.

The European Union (EU) and its member states are well placed to help ‘build back better’ by building on their strategic approaches, (financial) institutions, instruments and initiatives. To unlock this potential, however, it is important to further strengthen the European financial architecture for development (EFAD), in particular by enhancing coordination, joint and complementary investments and approaches among European financial institutions and with other development actors and institutions.

The paper recommends the creation of enhanced European co-investment vehicles and investment platforms, embedded in the EU’s overall framework, and it explores the focused use of Team Europe and new Team Europe-Partner countries and regions (starting with Africa) for sustainable investment.

RESPECT project (EU H2020)
ECDPM Discussion Paper No.294, March 2021
https://ecdpm.org/dp294

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15722.24003

Publication Date: 2021

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper No.294

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Sustainable Development, Development Finance, Sustainable finance, European Union Development Cooperation, and Development Policies and Strategies

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Research Interests:
Finance, Development Economics, SMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Development Finance, Development Banking, and 2 moreCOVID-19 PANDEMIC and Economic effects of COVID-19

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Limited fiscal space in many developing countries demands collective efforts and EU leadership to help improve their macro-economic conditions and attract more investments for a higher impact and sustainability for recovery from... more

Limited fiscal space in many developing countries demands collective efforts and EU leadership to help improve their macro-economic conditions and attract more investments for a higher impact and sustainability for recovery from COVID-19.

Recovery from COVID-19 will require the capacity to mobilise sustainable, green, inclusive and gender-sensitive investments to achieve sustainable development goals. Given the dramatic socio-economic consequences of the protracted pandemic crisis, efforts to build back better must be carried out collectively, in a cooperative and inclusive manner. Given the limited fiscal space of many developing countries, collective efforts to help improve their macro-economic conditions, and in particular more forcefully addressing their unsustainable debt vulnerabilities, has become ever more urgent. So has the need to tackle illicit financial flows, which deprive developing countries from much-needed resources for recovery. The EU is well placed to take the lead in these endeavours. International and national financial institutions for development, including those in Europe, have stepped up their efforts to respond to the crisis. But to truly unleash their potential to leverage private finance at the right scale, in a truly countercyclical and more impactful manner, their approaches must be adjusted, building on better practices and encouraging innovation in a cooperative and collaborative manner based on local needs, dynamics and actors. There too, the EU has the potential to play a more catalytic role, mobilising its wide array of instruments and institutions in a more coherent and complementarity manner, and in partnership with developing countries, notably in Africa, so as to stimulate sustainable, transformative and inclusive investment at the right scale.

Elcano Royal Institute, ARI 142/2020 http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/ari142-2020-bilal-collaborative-efforts-to-stimulate-sustainable-investment-for-covid-19-recovery-in-developing-countries

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27830.52801

Publication Date: 2020

Publication Name: Elcano Royal Institute, ARI 142/2020

Research Interests:
Development Economics, Fiscal Policy and debt Management, EU development policy, Poor Countries' External Debt (HIPC), COVID-19 PANDEMIC, and Economic effects of COVID-19

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The European Union (EU) has committed to ambitious energy-related objectives that shall contribute to inclusive, sustainable development. It therefore has put a number of financial instruments in place that support energy access in... more

The European Union (EU) has committed to ambitious energy-related objectives that shall contribute to inclusive, sustainable development. It therefore has put a number of financial instruments in place that support energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond traditional grants (still the bulk of EU funding), the EU increasingly uses its Official Development Assistance (ODA) to leverage loans and private investments from Development Finance institutions (DFIs) and the private sector, as also envisioned in the recently agreed European External Investment Plan (EIP). Through blended finance and smart technical assistance, there is a huge potential to develop and finance more energy projects that are currently (perceived) too risky and do not attract purely private investment. The EIP, through its 3-pillar approach and the setting of a dedicated 'sustainable energy' investment window, offers the opportunity to boost public and private investments in a more coherent, coordinated, and differentiated manner, and to foster impact investments, including towards the poor and enhancing their access to energy. Blending is however not a silver bullet, as it only works in certain areas and conditions, and cannot compensate for a lack of bankable and economically viable projects, particularly in less developed areas, where access rates are usually the lowest and the private sector is least interested and attracted. There will therefore be a continued need for i) grant funding for not fully economically viable projects, including when reaching some of the remote and poorest areas, ii) the right mix of public and private support instruments depending on context and need, and iii) more patience to see results. Besides, while many of the policy documents and instruments, most notably the EC's Africa Investment Facility and ElectriFI, make specific reference to enhancing access to energy, there is little information on results and impact, in particular for remote areas and poor segments of the population. The lack of transparency and data makes it often difficult to identify best practice and lessons learnt.The EIP also offers an opportunity for the EC to reconsider its monitoring and reporting results framework, and adapting expectations on impact, over a longer time horizon.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11507.63526

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper No. 218

Research Interests:
European Union, Development Finance, and Energy Access and Development

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11618.73928

Publication Date: 2016

Publication Name: ECDPM Synthesis Report

Research Interests:
African Studies, Africa, Regional Economic Integration in Africa, and Political Economy of Trade and Regional Integration

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When the Cotonou Partnership Agreement was established in 2000, succeed- ing two Yaoundé Conventions and four Lomé Conventions, it called for fundamental changes in the longstanding non-reciprocal trade preferences that had governed the... more

When the Cotonou Partnership Agreement was established in 2000, succeed- ing two Yaoundé Conventions and four Lomé Conventions, it called for fundamental changes in the longstanding non-reciprocal trade preferences that had governed the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) and European Union (EU) economic and political relationship for almost forty years. Two main reasons motivated this change. First, the impact of these unilateral preferences was rather disappointing: the share of ACP trade in EU market was continuously falling, and most countries did not manage to use these preferences to diversify their economic structures. Secondly, the preferences were not compatible with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as they discriminated against non-ACP developing countries. For the first time, ACP countries were required to negotiate reciprocal, though asymmetric trade agreements, i.e. the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with a major (developed) trading partner, the EU, despite the fact that their own regional integration agenda was still largely in the making. This chapter provides an analysis of three recently concluded European Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between Europe and African regional groupings and countries. It explains the rationale behind and the process of EPA negotiations and provides a state of play of the trade regimes governing the relationship between the EU and African regions and countries, highlighting the key elements of the recently concluded EPAs and their likely implications for market integration and, more broadly, for regional integration.

Publication Date: 2016

Publication Name: In Gutowski A., Knedlik T., Osakwe P.N., Ramdoo I. and Wohlmuth K. (Eds), Africa's Progress in Regional and Global Economic Integration - Towards Transformative Regional Integration, African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol.8 Publisher: Lit Verlag

Research Interests:
European Studies, Sustainable Development, Africa, European Union, ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS, and 4 moreInternational Trade and Poverty, Regional Integration and International trade, European Union Trade Policy, and International trade agreements

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) operations in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) take place under the ACP-EU partnership agreement, the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA). The EIB’s activities in the ACP are aimed at contributing... more

The European Investment Bank (EIB) operations in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) take place under the ACP-EU partnership agreement, the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA). The EIB’s activities in the ACP are aimed at contributing to the objectives of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement, supporting projects that yield sustainable social, economic and environmental benefits. Under the CPA, the EIB administers the operations made under the ACP Investment Facility (IF), focused on private sector, as well as the loans made under its own resources, mainly infrastructure projects, guaranteed by EU Member States.

The purpose of the study is to identify what aspects of the CPA have been critical for EIB operations in ACP countries. Over the last months, these questions have served to guide numerous bilateral interviews with officials from the EIB (headquarters and in the field), the EU and Member States, the ACP Group, African government and regional officials, state/parastatal companies, private sector actors, and civil society organisations.

Key messages:

With operations both inside (90%) and outside (10%) the EU, the European Investment Bank (EIB) activities are well placed to contribute to the SDGs. Their universal dimension is closely aligned to EIB core activities, e.g. infrastructure investments, climate financing and private sector support. The EIB’s legal mandate to operate in the ACP is the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA), which expires in 2020.
Considering EIB operations beyond 2020, this study looks at aspects of the CPA that have been critical for EIB operations in ACP countries. While under the External Lending Mandate, the EIB needs bilateral framework agreements to operate in non-ACP countries outside the EU, the CPA allows the EIB to operate under a single legal framework.
The CPA’s main innovation is the ACP Investment Facility (IF), which supports the private sector, and its Impact Financing Envelope (IFE), targeting higher development impact while bearing greater risks. Yet, EIB operations face many challenges, e.g. limited field presence, country coverage, alignment with EU and ACP priorities, and mostly, how to best reconcile risk, financial return and development impact.
Strategic and political decisions need to be taken for EIB operations to continue post-2020, including a new mandate for the EIB in the ACP. Options are a continuation, possible extension (financially/ geographically) and possible merge of the IF and IFE, further establishment of funds-of funds, increased EIB capacity and greater synergy with other relevant actors as well as with EU, ACP and international actions along the 2030 Agenda.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32380.54407

Publication Date: 2016

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper 196

Research Interests:
European Studies, Sustainable Development, Investment Promotion, Development Finance, European development policy, and 3 moreEuropean Union Development Cooperation, European Investment Bank, and EU-ACP relations

In promoting sustainability and human rights dimensions through EU trade deals like EPAs, dedicated attention must be paid to institutional settings, dialogues, review & monitoring, aid and accompanying measures.

Issue: 6

This study takes a closer look at three European private sector support programmes – EuroMed Invest, AL-INVEST in Latin America, and the Enterprise Europe Network – with a strong focus on matchmaking, two of which represent development cooperation and one of which has explicitly commercial objectives. The study aims to better understand their potential to serve development interests while trying to seek an answer to the following research question: what are the lessons to be learnt from development and commercial EU matchmaking instruments to engage business for development?

This case study is not intended to be an assessment or evaluation of those matchmaking instruments, but rather aims at a better understanding of their objectives, synergies and differences as well as challenges and limitations. This can help to inform policy makers, those implementing and managing the projects and final beneficiaries to make better use of such instruments as well as better leverage private sector activities for development objectives. It additionally provides insights into whether the considered examples can be replicated in sub-Saharan Africa.

Key messages
The lines between EU development cooperation and commercial objectives in business matchmaking support programmes are increasingly blurred and despite an institutional division of labour among DGs, underlying objectives and approaches are similar.
The EU aims to include its own commercial intentions in development cooperation approaches. But some programmes have moved towards a more classical private sector development approach. Others have been ahead of EU policy, using ODA funding to foster economic cooperation and business exchange.
To date, commercial matchmaking particularly focused on regions outside Sub Saharan Africa. DG GROW’s Enterprise Europe Network recently welcomed Cameroon and Nigeria, exemplifying a potential changing mindset towards Sub Saharan Africa.
There is a need to more consistently include principles of development and sustainability across commercial and development cooperation matchmaking instruments that ensure inclusiveness; sustainability; and adequate results and measurement indicators.

Publication Date: 2016

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper 188

Research Interests:
European Studies, Development Studies, International Business, European Union, Private Sector Development, and 4 moreEuropean Business, European Union development policy, European development policy, and European Union Development Cooperation

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Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Publication Date: Sep 7, 2021

Publication Name: Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks

Research Interests: Economics, International Economics, and International Trade<div>()</div>

Publisher: Nomos

Publication Date: 2008

Publication Name: Nomos eBooks

Research Interests: Business, International Economics, Humanities, International Trade, Political Science, and European Union<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2007

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12973.26088

Publication Date: 2023

Publication Name: ECDPM Guide

Research Interests: Climate Change, Sovereign Debt, Public Debt, Development Finance, and Debt For Nature Swap<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2023

Publication Name: ECDPM Commentary

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36143.51364

Publication Date: 2023

Publication Name: ECDPM Briefing Note No.173

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16010.85447

Publication Date: 2023

Publication Name: ECDPM Briefing Note No.169

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20537.13924

Publication Date: 2023

Publication Name: ECDPM Commentary

Research Interests: Development Studies and Development Finance<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2016

Publication Name: ECDPM Briefing Note No.90

Research Interests: Development Studies, Sustainable Development, Public Private Partnerships, and Private Sector Development<div>()</div>

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25459.73768

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper 213

Research Interests: Development Studies, European Union, Africana Studies, Pro Poor Value Chain Development, Trade Policy of European Union, and International trade agreements <div>()</div>

Issue: 3

Volume: 6

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM GREAT insights Magazine

Publication Date: 2017

Research Interests: Development Studies, International Trade, Africa, and Brexit<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

Research Interests: African Studies, Development Studies, Sustainable Development, Africa, and Economic Transformation<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28284.85126

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11507.63526

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Discussion Paper 218

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34995.73763

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: ECDPM Paper prepared for the SADC Strategic Ministerial Retreat - “The SADC We Want”, 12-14 March 2017, Kingdom of Swaziland

Research Interests: Development Studies, Southern Africa, Regional Integration, Sadc, Southern African Development Community, and Political Economy of Trade and Regional Integration<div>()</div>

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Talking Points

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25543.80801

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: European Think Tank Group (ETTG) Policy Brief

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Briefing Note No.101

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Briefing Note No.102

Research Interests: European Studies, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, Development Finance, and International Development Cooperation<div>()</div>

Issue: 2

Volume: 7

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM GREAT insights Magazine

Research Interests: European Studies, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, Development Finance, and International Development Cooperation<div>()</div>

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26512.05122

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: European Think Tank Group (ETTG)

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36578.38088

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM Information Note No.102

Issue: 3

Volume: 7

Page Numbers: 33-35

Publication Date: 2018

Publication Name: ECDPM GREAT insights Magazine

Research Interests:
Economics, International Economics, and International Trade

Research Interests:
Business, International Economics, Humanities, International Trade, Political Science, and European Union

Research Interests:
Climate Change, Sovereign Debt, Public Debt, Development Finance, and Debt For Nature Swap

Research Interests:
Development Studies and Development Finance

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Sustainable Development, Public Private Partnerships, and Private Sector Development

Research Interests:
Development Studies, European Union, Africana Studies, Pro Poor Value Chain Development, Trade Policy of European Union, and International trade agreements

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Trade, Africa, and Brexit

Research Interests:
African Studies, Development Studies, Sustainable Development, Africa, and Economic Transformation

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Southern Africa, Regional Integration, Sadc, Southern African Development Community, and Political Economy of Trade and Regional Integration

Research Interests:
European Studies, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, Development Finance, and International Development Cooperation

Research Interests:
European Studies, European Union, Public Private Partnerships, Private Sector Development, Development Finance, and International Development Cooperation

Research Interests:
International Trade and Brexit

Research Interests:
African Studies, Development Studies, International Development Cooperation, and Brexit

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Trade, Trade Policy, and Brexit

Research Interests:
Development Studies, International Development, Sustainable Development, European Union, and Sustainable finance

Research Interests:
Sustainable Development, Private Sector Development, and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Sustainable Development, and Development Finance

Research Interests:
Development Studies, Human Rights, and Development Finance

Research Interests:
Development Studies and Development Finance