Employment Creation

The poor been provided with financial services like credit, insurance, savings, and investment as employment creation and poverty reduction technique has earned much importance in the country for the past decade. This article examines microfinance institutions' role in poverty reduction, employment creation, and income-generating activities in Ghana. Again, it determines whether the institution has helped in the reduction of poverty, improving the standard and condition of living of its clients/customers. Primary and secondary data were used. A total of 90 respondents were interviewed made up of customers with questionnaires and was analyzed using SPSS. From the investigation, the article found out that microfinance institutions have highly impacted positively and significantly on customers in the form of income generation, employment creation, reducing poverty, increasing the standard of living and household's well-being of the customers. Also, the emanated results from the questionnaires administered reveal a favorable relationship between microfinance, poverty reduction and employment creation since most of the beneficiaries attested to a level of improvement in their businesses through the loans they receive and also improvement in their living standards and conditions since they became part of the microfinance program. Aside from the positive impacts, the institution is not without problems/issues affecting its operations and growth. These problems/issues include Risk problem, regulatory issues, capacity building problem, and problems of information gathering and dissemination which if stakeholders address properly, the microfinance institution will continue to contribute meaningfully towards employment creation, reducing poverty and increasing incomes across the world not only in Ghana.

Abstract
This paper examined the impact of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) on employment generation. The study made use of primary data obtained from 345 respondents from selected communities in Ilorin East, West and South Local Governments respectively in Kwara State through the copies of questionnaire administered. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and a linear regression model. The outcome of the empirical investigations showed that the Global System for Mobile Communication indeed contributed immensely in providing several jobs, especially in the informal sector, and income for the individual household members who were either unemployed or underpaid in their former jobs. The findings of this study suggests that if Government could replicate the deregulation policy of the telecommunication sector in other sectors of the economy, it would go a long way in providing more employment opportunities.
Keywords: GSM, Employment, Income, Mincer earnings model

The research was about an assessment on the extent of the contribution of foreign direct investments (FDIs) on the economic development of Zambia in general and Copperbelt in particular by the Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) in Chingola. The survey findings revealed a positive trend in the magnitude and growth rates of factors that underpin the economic benefits of foreign direct investment in the domestic economy, such as increased employment creation, technology transfer or transfer of skills through on-the-job training, education, Government revenue, export earnings, and other economic multiplier effects and contributions to Gross Domestic Product-GDP averaging K6.2 billion when other companies were included (ZDA report 2013). Thus, KCM showed a favourable pattern and positive impact of the host economy as well as some negative impact. The study took into consideration whether liberalisation of the Zambian economy and privatisation succeeded in attracting FDIs to Zambia or not. It also found out factors that had played a role in attracting FDIs, analysed the good and bad effects on the development of the country. The information was obtained as a result of literature review and from conducting interviews through the administration of questionnaires and personal interviews with 500 respondents The study also tried to establish the extent to which FDIs alleviated poverty in Zambia through the creation of jobs and infrastructure development especially to the impoverished villagers and the poor living in urban areas.

Nigeria, as a country has numerous business and investment potentials that are in a position to upgrade the level of potentiality among Nigerian youths. On the same vein, SMEs activities are capable of making a positive impact on the economy of nations and the quality of life of the people inclusive, the youths. This study investigated the role of SMEs in unemployment reduction and youth idleness in Nasarawa State Nigeria. Methodologically, a survey research design was employed for the study and four hundred (400) persons were selected out of the total research population, cluster sampling technique was used to select various group representation and simple random selection technique was adopted in attending to the respondents. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection, simple percentage and regression analysis were employed in data analysis. The study revealed that SMEs plays a significant role in youth idleness reduction and self-development in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. However, the study concludes that the role of SMEs is an indispensable, strategic and sustainable tool toward value creation among individuals through employment creation, self-development, reduction of idleness among the youths and many more of such positive developments will surface in due course if necessary environments are built for the smooth operation of SMEs in Nigeria as a whole.

This paper presents part of the research effort under the project named " LOcal products Festivals and Tourism development in the cross-border cooperation Greece-Bulgaria " (The LOFT Project), funded under the European Cooperation Territorial Programme " Greece-Bulgaria 2007-2013 ". The main goals of the project refer to: (1) promotion of local cultural events directly linked to local production by building on synergies between existing local festivals and implementing a set of actions to form and sustain a network of festival organisers; and (2) further development and promotion of local products and occupations. The cross border region of Greece-Bulgaria offers a large number of annual fairs associated with local products. Some of these events are local, other attracts visitors from a wider region. Most of them are dedicated to agricultural or farming products though there are some related to traditional handicrafts (e.g. weaving) and resources (e.g. wood production). These events usually entail a local celebration and represent a valuable tool for reinforcing the branding of local production as well as a pillar for attracting tourists. They contribute to the preservation, development and promotion of the local products and occupations, as well as " bridging culture and tradition with economic activities at regional level " (Dimitrov, P. & Stoilova, D., 2014:221-222). This paper has the objective to thoroughly present the local products and occupations in the project research area of Rila and Rhodopes region and trace their development over the years as well as reveal the resource potential for sustainable tourism development and economic growth of the region. The authors have tried to classify these products and occupations according to their stage of preservation and development.

The Indonesian Parliament 2019-2024 has some legislation agendas namely the carry-over for the bill and the omnibus law of the Employment Creation Act and the Empowerment MSMEs Act. Therefore, this paper examines the arrangement of the legislation carry-over and politics of law of the omnibus law of these laws. Carry-over is applied in this period based on Article 71A The Act Number 15 of 2019, for the sustainable of the laws making. The bill in the Indonesian Parliament Prolegnas of the previous period which has discussed the inventory list of issues can be carried out to the Indonesian Parliament for this period, by approving and set the bills that have fulfilled the requirement in the arrangement of the Prolegnas 2020-2024 and the annual priority bills. The mechanism of carrying over needs to be regulated further so that the Regulation of the Indonesian Parliament Number 2 of 2016 concerning the Procedure for the Forming of the National Legislation Program needed to be revised. Carry-over legislation needs to apply the concept of the omnibus law so that there is harmony with the political will to simplify the regulation and deregulation. The politics of law of the omnibus law in the Act of Employment Creation and the Act of Empowering MSMEs started when the President expressed the political will to enact both laws which functioned as an omnibus law by forming a law for simplification and deregulation the laws and regulations related to the right of work and development MSMEs. This political will needs to be followed up with political of law in the Indonesian Parliament starting from the planning of the National Legislation Program to the establishment of the act. The omnibus law can be applied to other bills.

Purpose/objectives: The aim of this article is to look at the experiences, problems and the potential contribution of employment creation programmes in alleviating the unemployment problem in other African countries through the construction of public infrastructure through the use of labour-intensive methods. The article then describes the problems and experiences that have been encountered in South Africa in relation to employment creation through the construction of public infrastructure. Problem investigated: In South Africa the levels of unemployment and poverty are extremely high and unemployment is one of South Africa's most pressing problems. At the same time there is a lack of capacity and skills at institutional, community and individual levels. Labour-intensive programmes generate more direct and indirect local employment opportunities and income by using locally available inputs (materials, simple tools and local labour) and thus creating a greater demand for local products and services than do high-technology programmes reliant on imported technology and equipment. Design/Methodology/Approach: Drawing on research on labour-intensive, public works programmes and projects, the paper is mainly a literature review. From a theoretical perspective supported by experience elsewhere in Africa, there are reasons for considering that properly formulated employment creation programmes based on the use of labour-intensive methods could be established to construct and maintain the required physical infrastructure, thus creating employment, skills and institutional capacities. The article closes with some recommendations for the future programmes success. Findings/Implications: The article attributes the failure of projects and programmes in South Africa to different factors which must be avoided in future in order for projects and programmes to be successful in South Africa. Investment in infrastructure has a huge potential to redress the high unemployment and poverty levels in South Africa and also to correct the skill shortages. Originality/Value: This article challenges the project-based approach and recommends a programme-based approach which is long-term as to address the problem of unemployment and skills shortages in South Africa. Conclusion: Public works programmes and projects in South Africa should change as the policy environment changes, from relief, emergency to a long-term structured employment-generation programme. The approach should link economic growth, employment and investment policies.

The research was about an assessment on the extent of the contribution of foreign direct investments (FDIs) on the economic development of Zambia in general and Copperbelt in particular by the Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) in Chingola. The survey findings revealed a positive trend in the magnitude and growth rates of factors that underpin the economic benefits of foreign direct investment in the domestic economy, such as increased employment creation, technology transfer or transfer of skills through on-the-job training, education, Government revenue, export earnings, and other economic multiplier effects and contributions to Gross Domestic Product-GDP averaging K6.2 billion when other companies were included (ZDA report 2013). Thus, KCM showed a favourable pattern and positive impact of the host economy as well as some negative impact. The study took into consideration whether liberalisation of the Zambian economy and privatisation succeeded in attracting FDIs to Zambia or not. It also found out factors that had played a role in attracting FDIs, analysed the good and bad effects on the development of the country. The information was obtained as a result of literature review and from conducting interviews through the administration of questionnaires and personal interviews with 500 respondents The study also tried to establish the extent to which FDIs alleviated poverty in Zambia through the creation of jobs and infrastructure development especially to the impoverished villagers and the poor living in urban areas.

Peaceful, stable, equitable, sustainable and prosperous development is a common ambition for all. But it seems even more pressing, and yet often more illusory in conflict-affected and fragile states. The complex environment in fragile countries means that there is no simple, let alone unique, solution towards sustainable peace and prosperity. Instead, it is more about intertwined processes and inter-connected factors.

With a rapidly growing population – more than half of this growth by 2050 expected to be in Africa – job creation is a top priority. Yet, there is no quick fix or simple recipe for providing increasing employment opportunities, in particular to an expanding youth work force, and even more so in fragile and conflict-prone contexts.

This is a paper analysing the employment situation in Zambia as at 2013 and attempting to inform a Parliamentary Committee of the National Assembly of Zambia on the salient relevant issues to legislation formulation on employment in the country. The paper is an advisory note.