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All eyes are on the skies above Syria which have become the potential flashpoint for conflict between Russia and the West after Russian aircraft conducting airstrikes against anti-Assad rebels reportedly violated Turkish airspace, raising... more
All eyes are on the skies above Syria which have become the potential flashpoint for conflict between Russia and the West after Russian aircraft conducting airstrikes against anti-Assad rebels reportedly violated Turkish airspace, raising the possibility of NATO getting drawn into a rapidly escalating crisis.
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Feel lonely? What about reading books? Book is one of the greatest friends to accompany while in your lonely time. When you have no friends and activities somewhere and sometimes, reading book can be a great choice. This is not only for... more
Feel lonely? What about reading books? Book is one of the greatest friends to accompany while in your lonely time. When you have no friends and activities somewhere and sometimes, reading book can be a great choice. This is not only for spending the time, it will increase the knowledge. Of course the b=benefits to take will relate to what kind of book that you are reading. And now, we will concern you to try reading the baltic states from the soviet union to the european union identity discourse and power in the as one of the reading material to finish quickly.
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Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction I. Analyzing Foreign Policy in the Baltic Context II. Foreign Policy and Nation Building III. Estonian Foreign Policy after Enlargement IV. Latvian Foreign Policy after Enlargement V. Lithuanian... more
Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction I. Analyzing Foreign Policy in the Baltic Context II. Foreign Policy and Nation Building III. Estonian Foreign Policy after Enlargement IV. Latvian Foreign Policy after Enlargement V. Lithuanian Foreign Policy after Enlargement VI. Cooperation among the Baltic States VII. Baltic States and European Integration Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index About the Authors
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On July 31, while it remained unclear exactly how directly involved in the Ukrainian crisis Russia is, the British media ominously reported that Nato had been deemed unready to fight a war with Russia.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), once again saved from potential irrelevance, has come to the fore in the West’s reaction to the Ukraine crisis. In the aftermath of its withdrawal from Afghanistan, not to mention the... more
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), once again saved from potential irrelevance, has come to the fore in the West’s reaction to the Ukraine crisis. In the aftermath of its withdrawal from Afghanistan, not to mention the international armed intervention in Libya to oust the Gaddafi regime in 2011, NATO’s role in European defence and security was again being questioned.
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The dangerous skies over Syria have now earned their reputation. The Turkish foreign ministry has confirmed that its forces had shot down a fighter aircraft near the Turkish border with Syria. The Russian foreign ministry confirmed soon... more
The dangerous skies over Syria have now earned their reputation. The Turkish foreign ministry has confirmed that its forces had shot down a fighter aircraft near the Turkish border with Syria. The Russian foreign ministry confirmed soon afterwards that it has lost an SU-24 over Syria.
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So often we come across edited collections which talk around a subject, but offer little in narrative. This collection offers a strong, methodical narrative concerning national identity in Russian culture. The editors have brought... more
So often we come across edited collections which talk around a subject, but offer little in narrative. This collection offers a strong, methodical narrative concerning national identity in Russian culture. The editors have brought together a wide range of contributions that are ...
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words of the author, ‘if diplomacy is defined as international relations conducted by peaceful negotiations, then war can be seen as its failure’ (p. 35): a definition which has a very contemporary ring to it. The next two chapters deal... more
words of the author, ‘if diplomacy is defined as international relations conducted by peaceful negotiations, then war can be seen as its failure’ (p. 35): a definition which has a very contemporary ring to it. The next two chapters deal with various aspects of the emerging Soviet state in the diplomatic world, detailing the strong initial links between the Comintern and the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; the work of the Council of Ambassadors; the effect of the purges on the personnel of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs; and the important role of trade and economic development in the promotion of diplomacy between all the world’s great powers of the period:
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The European minority rights regime is a construction by states for states and as we see in Chapter 3, state preferences are key determining factors in the regime’s effectiveness. Nevertheless, as highlighted in Chapter 4, there exists a... more
The European minority rights regime is a construction by states for states and as we see in Chapter 3, state preferences are key determining factors in the regime’s effectiveness. Nevertheless, as highlighted in Chapter 4, there exists a tension within the prominent minority rights narrative that pits state against minority. This narrative runs that states are the holders of ultimate authority over the territory on which they sit while minorities naturally seek to change the nature of this authority, at the least, or reject it altogether, at the most. The end of the Cold War witnessed a great deal of border changes and unfulfilled claims. Some of these claims still exist today in the former Yugoslavia, such as Kosovo, and the former Soviet Union, such as those breakaway regions in Moldova, Georgia and Azerbaijan. Thus, first and foremost, the European minority rights regime was established to maintain these boundaries as far as they could be maintained. For instance, there was very little outcry in the international system to the dismantlement of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. At the same time, that from the beginning that ethno-nationalism was best checked by democratic institutions and principles (not just elections). And in this way, Central and Eastern Europe states would be required to meet certain criteria to accede to the Council of Europe firstly and the European Union and NATO secondly.
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The British government has published its Strategic Defence and Security Review – a document setting out how it plans to fund military operations.
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Following the end of the Cold War minority rights became an important part of democratization in Central and Eastern Europe. With minority rights a condition in the EU‟s Copenhagen criteria of 1993, post-communist states were compelled to... more
Following the end of the Cold War minority rights became an important part of democratization in Central and Eastern Europe. With minority rights a condition in the EU‟s Copenhagen criteria of 1993, post-communist states were compelled to deal with minority issues as part of accession procedures. In the absence of EU acquis on minority rights, the OSCE and the Council of Europe have also played a role in monitoring candidates‟ compliance with the „minority condition‟ in the context of the 2004 and 2007 rounds of EU enlargement. This inter-organizational cooperation on minority rights constitutes the European minority rights regime. The aim of this paper is to explore the significant role of experts working for the three organisations who represent an epistemic community on minority rights in Europe. In doing so, we seek to expand Haas‟ (1992) conceptual framework on epistemic communities in two ways. First, we point to the variable influence of members within the epistemic community and build on Verdun‟s (1999) suggestion that the concept should allow for a potential hierarchy of experts. Second, we suggest that the concept needs to pay greater attention to the issue of a „consensual knowledge base.‟ Even though there is no international consensus on what constitutes a „national minority‟, we argue that an epistemic community can operate in contested policy issues when experts base their policy recommendations on a shared set of norms. In addition to these conceptual refinements, we show how an epistemic community helps drive an international regime. In this case, the epistemic community on minority rights helps the regime function as a process based on three constitutive elements: standard setting; standard implementation; and standard expansion. The article contributes to the literature on epistemic communities; international regimes; European organisations; and minority rights protection in Europe.
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Today, the dominant paradigms of land warfare in the United Kingdom stand at a crossroads. For decades, the British Army’s vision of manoeuvre has sought to balance US concepts of digital transformation with more limited UK financial... more
Today, the dominant paradigms of land warfare in the United Kingdom stand at a crossroads. For decades, the British Army’s vision of manoeuvre has sought to balance US concepts of digital transformation with more limited UK financial resources. Now, this old paradox presents new challenges for the British Army as it attempts to rejuvenate its warfighting capabilities in a fashion fit for the future. Here, the collective obsolescence of most of the British Army’s major conventional platforms—from main battle tanks and infantry fighting vehicles to artillery systems and communication suites—simultaneously represents both a rare opportunity and an unparalleled risk. This chapter examines the continuing evolution of UK doctrine through professional debates over concepts and capabilities. It concludes that British military manoeuvre ultimately remains the product of uncomfortable trade-offs between conceptual innovation and strategic ambition on the one hand, and material reality and bud...
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This collection of papers is a product of the CHACR workshop held to investigate a Whole Force Approach to delivering military capability. It contains a summary of the day’s discussions together with essays submitted in advance of the... more
This collection of papers is a product of the CHACR workshop held to investigate a Whole Force Approach to delivering military capability. It contains a summary of the day’s discussions together with essays submitted in advance of the event and in some cases subsequently revised. With the exception of the Keynote Address by the Chief of the General Staff, this collection of papers is published on a ‘Chatham House’ basis and as such is not attributable to any one individual but is offered as a collection of ‘individual views’. Contribution by: Prof. David Galbreath.
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A fragile peace agreement is in place in Ukraine – but the task of determining whether or not it is holding is proving to be a fraught one indeed.
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The majority of people in the UK and most other European members of NATO say they no longer support the key principle of the alliance: namely that an armed attack on one must be regarded as an attack on all.
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Raymond Odierno, head of the US Army, has revealed that he has concerns about the UK’s commitments to defence and international security, telling the Daily Telegraph that cuts to the UK defence budget have made him doubt its ability to... more
Raymond Odierno, head of the US Army, has revealed that he has concerns about the UK’s commitments to defence and international security, telling the Daily Telegraph that cuts to the UK defence budget have made him doubt its ability to fulfil its commitments to the US as a military ally.
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Having presented the relevant theoretical discussions relating to international regimes in the previous chapter, we now set out more explicitly our dependent and independent variables. The central objective of the book is to explain the... more
Having presented the relevant theoretical discussions relating to international regimes in the previous chapter, we now set out more explicitly our dependent and independent variables. The central objective of the book is to explain the effectiveness of the European minority rights regime. Based on the promotion of minority rights protection in the context of EU enlargement, we seek to uncover how successful the regime has been in solving problems relating to national minorities in post-communist CEE. First, we discuss the scholarly debates relating to regime effectiveness as the dependent variable in research on international regimes. Ultimately, an effective regime is one which governs actor behaviour and resolves the political problem at hand. Thus, our book seeks to determine whether issues relating to minority rights have been resolved, and to identify the factors that have helped or hindered the realization of an effective regime. Second, we address four potential explanatory variables for regime effectiveness, identified as 1) the impact of international norms, 2) the effect of IO mechanisms, 3) the nature of interorganizational overlap and 4) state preferences for policy implementation. We then discuss our selection of cases to illustrate regime effectiveness and our methodology as a process-tracing approach.
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At its latest meeting in Germany, the group of nations known as the G7 – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US – has decided to continue sanctions against Russia, and to deepen them if events in Ukraine get worse.
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The president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, has called for a European Union counter-intelligence agency that would protect EU institutions – the commission, council and parliament, among others – against espionage
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Chapter looks at European force transformation in the context of European integration
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Willima D. Prigge is a contributing author, The Strange Death of Latvian National Communism. Book Description: Taking its cue from the 90th anniversary commemorations of November 2008, this work explores the relationship between state and... more
Willima D. Prigge is a contributing author, The Strange Death of Latvian National Communism. Book Description: Taking its cue from the 90th anniversary commemorations of November 2008, this work explores the relationship between state and nationhood during the three phases to date in Latvia\u27s existence as a territorial entity: the sovereign statehood of 1918-1940; the Soviet and Nazi occupations of 1940-1944 and the ensuing half-century within the USSR; and the post-1991 period, which has seen the restoration of independence on the basis of legal continuity from the inter-war period and - latterly - accession to the European Union. The aim in relation to all three eras is to go beyond the often essentialising contours of Cold War and post-Cold War debates and reveal the underlying complexities and ambiguities of political and social development.https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/hppr_book/1002/thumbnail.jp
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The world today is facing some serious global challenges: creating sustainable development in the face of climate change, safeguarding rights and justice, and growing ethical markets, for a start. All of these challenges share some... more
The world today is facing some serious global challenges: creating sustainable development in the face of climate change, safeguarding rights and justice, and growing ethical markets, for a start. All of these challenges share some connection with science and technology – some more explicitly than others.
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David Cameron has said that he is looking at potentially increasing the use of drones, spy planes and special forces in its fight against Islamic State. The prime minister says this equipment has become vital to “keeping us safe” and is... more
David Cameron has said that he is looking at potentially increasing the use of drones, spy planes and special forces in its fight against Islamic State. The prime minister says this equipment has become vital to “keeping us safe” and is now top of his defence shopping list. This just days after the UK agreed to invest 2% of GDP in defence, in line with NATO standards, for the rest of the decade.
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Jens Stoltenberg, secretary general of NATO, has said the organisation is “ready and able to defend all allies, including Turkey against any threats”. This followed incursions into Turkish airspace by Russian planes. On the same day, UK... more
Jens Stoltenberg, secretary general of NATO, has said the organisation is “ready and able to defend all allies, including Turkey against any threats”. This followed incursions into Turkish airspace by Russian planes. On the same day, UK defence secretary, Michael Fallon announced that around 100 British troops would be deployed to the Baltic region.
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Minority rights are central to many debates in and across Europe, particularly where policymaking is concerned with the ever-present risk of ethnic tension and conflict in the region. Research carried out by Professor David Galbreath... more
Minority rights are central to many debates in and across Europe, particularly where policymaking is concerned with the ever-present risk of ethnic tension and conflict in the region. Research carried out by Professor David Galbreath (University of Bath) and Dr Joanne McEvoy (University of Aberdeen) critically examines how minority rights are thought about, discussed, and acted on by key European organisations; particularly given the on-going process of EU enlargement. Their central argument is that although debates are often framed in terms of deepening integration, enhancing democracy and respecting human rights, the research shows that the overriding concern of European organisations involved with this agenda has been the protection of minority rights to reduce the likelihood of regional instability. Whilst policy priorities are weighted towards, and therefore largely restricted to, mitigating the risks of immediate conflict rather than empowering minorities, the deeper root caus...
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The “demilitarised zone” (DMZ) is a 4km-wide swath of land that cuts across the Korean peninsula from east to west. Highly militarised on both sides, with soldiers from both countries guarding their respective sides, it’s filled with... more
The “demilitarised zone” (DMZ) is a 4km-wide swath of land that cuts across the Korean peninsula from east to west. Highly militarised on both sides, with soldiers from both countries guarding their respective sides, it’s filled with landmines and barbed wire meant to make it virtually impossible to cross.
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World leaders are beginning to converge on Newport in Wales for two days to reflect on NATO’s aims and objectives, ahead of the organisation’s main summit on Thursday and Friday.
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To gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationships of elite/citizen preferences and strategies—and its consequent impact on the perceived role of their countries in the greater international system—it is necessary to put an... more
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationships of elite/citizen preferences and strategies—and its consequent impact on the perceived role of their countries in the greater international system—it is necessary to put an emphasis on interactions within and across contrasting areas of the formerly communist world. Until recently, the systematic investigation of foreign policy-making processes has been a relatively neglected dimension within the general domain of post-communist studies. During the mid-to-late 1990s, various scholars addressed ideological redefinition in post-communist states. Other scholars have addressed the foreign policy trajectory of the newly independent states from the perspective of governance, institutional structure, and state capacity. Among the analytic tools that have been adopted to evaluate the international activities of post-communist states in recent years is the burgeoning concept of “multi-vector” foreign policy. However, due to the vast ...
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International regimes continue to develop in international politics across different issue areas ranging from trade to the environment, human rights and security. In IR scholarship international regimes have been described as a ‘hot... more
International regimes continue to develop in international politics across different issue areas ranging from trade to the environment, human rights and security. In IR scholarship international regimes have been described as a ‘hot topic’ (Donnelly 1986) and a ‘growth industry’ (Levy et al. 1995). Recent work identifies the ‘emerging density and complexity’ of international regimes (Alter and Meunier 2009, p.13). In this chapter we situate our case study within the rich and fairly complex international regimes literature and the extensive European integration literature. First, we discuss the debates in the scholarly literature to clarify what we mean by an international regime. Second, we turn to explore the genesis of our case which is arguably found in the human rights regime established in post-war Europe. Third, we discuss the shift from human rights to minority rights following the end of the Cold War. This shift heralded the formation of the European minority rights regime. Fourth, in order to help explain the formation of the regime we return to the theoretical literature to consider the main causal factors set out in regime analysis: interests, power and knowledge. We suggest that while these three perspectives provide some insights for the formation of our case, they go only so far. In particular, we argue that these three causal factors have limited utility in explaining the operation of the European minority rights regime.
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This chapter explores IO influence on regime effectiveness at two levels: norms and mechanisms. First, we need to consider the impact of European minority rights norms on the regime. Having set out the norms and standards in Chapter 4, we... more
This chapter explores IO influence on regime effectiveness at two levels: norms and mechanisms. First, we need to consider the impact of European minority rights norms on the regime. Having set out the norms and standards in Chapter 4, we seek to determine the extent to which they have helped alleviate minority grievances. Following on from the hypothesis set out in Chapter 3, we ask: to what extent have the norms been considered salient, legitimate or appropriate at the domestic level? Can we consider the norms to ‘fit’ the situation on the ground? Second, we need to consider the ways in which IOs promote minority rights and the effects of these mechanisms on the regime. This involves an assessment of membership conditionality and normative pressure. In particular, is EU conditionality effective in bringing about change? Have the Council of Europe and the OSCE been successful in persuading domestic elites to better protect national minorities? Ultimately, have mechanisms used by the European organizations increased regime effectiveness by inducing policy change and ultimately policy implementation in improving the situation of national minorities?
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In assessing the success of the European minority rights regime we need to ask whether problems relating to national minorities in CEE have been eradicated or ameliorated as a result of the regime. Returning to the reasons for the... more
In assessing the success of the European minority rights regime we need to ask whether problems relating to national minorities in CEE have been eradicated or ameliorated as a result of the regime. Returning to the reasons for the establishment of the regime in the 1990s, we have argued that regime formation was the result of efforts on the part of European organizations to respond to ethnic conflict. With the end of the Cold War, a shift took place from a focus on universal human rights to the promotion of minority rights in Europe. The fear that minority rights left unaddressed would exacerbate ethnic tensions informed the objectives of international organizations including the EU, the Council of Europe and the OSCE. Thus, these three European organizations turned to addressing minority group grievances to help prevent the resurgence or ignition of conflict in vulnerable areas in post-communist CEE. On the basis that the prevention of the spread of conflict was the primary objective of the European minority rights regime, we can assert that the regime has indeed been effective. Yet we can also argue that the regime has not been wholly effective in the sense that there are residual issues relating to national minorities in Europe. The regime has not eradicated completely minority issues from political debate in an enlarged EU. As Marc Weller (2008, p.1) points out, there is still no coherent minority policy within the EU and minority ‘issues remain intensely controversial’.
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Minority rights conditionality has been seen by scholars as a key part of the EU enlargement process. While the focus on minority rights has largely been discussed in terms of democracy and even human rights, this article argues that... more
Minority rights conditionality has been seen by scholars as a key part of the EU enlargement process. While the focus on minority rights has largely been discussed in terms of democracy and even human rights, this article argues that conditionality was a result of the securitization of minorities rather than part of an agenda to protect or empower. In this article, we look at the methods of desecuritization as factors of ‘narratives, norms and nannies’. In response to Paul Roe’s conclusions about the impossibility of desecuritizing societal security, we examine whether the EU, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe have the ability to change the societal dynamics among ethnic groups in such a way as to make the desecuritization of societal security more likely. Overall, we illustrate how a focus on ‘deconstructivist’ and ‘constructivist’ approaches to societal security has failed to make European organizations important transformati...
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The European Union, the OSCE and the Council of Europe have all been engaged in promoting minority rights protection in CEE. As the three European organizations have all had some responsibility for minority rights, it is important to... more
The European Union, the OSCE and the Council of Europe have all been engaged in promoting minority rights protection in CEE. As the three European organizations have all had some responsibility for minority rights, it is important to consider whether overlap has existed in terms of their functional scope and whether this overlap has had an impact on the effectiveness of the European minority rights regime. In Chapter 3 we posited that overlap has existed among the three organizations in their shared promotion of minority rights. Thus, IO overlap is our third potential explanatory variable for regime effectiveness. We need to uncover whether interorganizational overlap has led to a positive or negative impact on the regime. Has this overlap meant consensus on minority rights among the European organizations or has it led to competition over the organizations’ respective remits?
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... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests,... more
... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. ...
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Galbreath, DJ, 2006. The Baltic States and the European Neighbourhood Policy: Maximising the voices of small nations. In: Tiirmaa-Klaar, H., ed. Baltic Outlooks on European Foreign and Security Policy. Tallinn: Tallinn University Press,... more
Galbreath, DJ, 2006. The Baltic States and the European Neighbourhood Policy: Maximising the voices of small nations. In: Tiirmaa-Klaar, H., ed. Baltic Outlooks on European Foreign and Security Policy. Tallinn: Tallinn University Press, pp. 102-126. ... This repository does not ...
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has been a vocal critic of stalled and failing transitions to democracy in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Since the Paris Summit in 1990, the organization has been... more
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has been a vocal critic of stalled and failing transitions to democracy in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Since the Paris Summit in 1990, the organization has been working towards developing a ...
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Enjoying control over knowledge production, epistemic communities are central to international politics in guiding decision-maker learning. Yet, we do not understand fully the extent of epistemic community influence on diverse issue areas... more
Enjoying control over knowledge production, epistemic communities are central to international politics in guiding decision-maker learning. Yet, we do not understand fully the extent of epistemic community influence on diverse issue areas and the ways in which they drive international regimes. To illustrate an epistemic community’s impact, we investigate the role of experts in the EU, the OSCE and the
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Once the catalyst for independence movements in the late Soviet period, environmentalism in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania has become greatly influenced by the processes of social, political, and economic transition. With the rise of the... more
Once the catalyst for independence movements in the late Soviet period, environmentalism in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania has become greatly influenced by the processes of social, political, and economic transition. With the rise of the schizophrenic response of toleration ...
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Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russia: Re-emerging Great Power. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, xii þ 229 pp., £50.00 h/b. ... Michael Korinman & John Laughland (eds), Russia: A New Cold War? London: Vallentine Mitchell Academic... more
Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russia: Re-emerging Great Power. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, xii þ 229 pp., £50.00 h/b. ... Michael Korinman & John Laughland (eds), Russia: A New Cold War? London: Vallentine Mitchell Academic Publishers, 2008, viii þ396 pp., £19.95 ...
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ProCite field[10]: Encyclopedia of Government and Politics
A common theme in historical and contemporary warfare is the role of militias. Militias, both pro-government and rebel, act beyond their sponsors or else they would be understood as part of the armies that go to war. We think of militias... more
A common theme in historical and contemporary warfare is the role of militias. Militias, both pro-government and rebel, act beyond their sponsors or else they would be understood as part of the armies that go to war. We think of militias as being paramilitaries, para-meaning approximate but not collocated with the military. Paramilitaries are ordinarily recruited and resourced differently. They are also ordinarily tactically different, playing a role in front line warfare where the intensity may be high, but were the position is fast changing or distributed in local areas. As the conflict literature will show, militias, or paramilitaries, are a common feature of any conflict and thus it is no surprise that we see their use in Ukraine. For the conflict in Ukraine, we use the term paramilitaries to indicate those forces that are fighting at the front line for both the Kyiv government and rebels in Donetsk and Luhansk, with these being considered 'pro-Russian' and even include Russian citizens. Relying on the pro-government militias literature, we show how militias on both sides play an important role in the conflict but also pose the biggest threat to a sustainable peace.
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Minority rights conditionality has been seen by scholars as a key part of the EU enlargement process. While the focus on minority rights has largely been discussed in terms of democracy and even human rights, this article argues that... more
Minority rights conditionality has been seen by scholars as a key part of the EU enlargement process. While the focus on minority rights has largely been discussed in terms of democracy and even human rights, this article argues that conditionality was a result of the securitization of minorities rather than an agenda to protect or empower. In this paper, we look at the minority rights conditionality through the prisms of security, democracy and regional integration and examine how these narratives have been shaped by European organizations. In response to the conclusions of Paul Roe about the inability to desecuritize societal security, we look at whether these organizations have the ability to change the societal dynamics to make the desecuritization of societal security more likely to occur. Overall, we illustrate how the focus on regional stability has linked both democracy and regional integration to the securitization of minorities reinforcing a status quo rather than a mandate for protect and empowerment. The resulting conclusion is further evidence of the inability to desecuritize societal security.
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A generation after the First Persian Gulf War, and in the wake of a decade of counterinsurgency operations and irregular warfare, this edited collection explores how the concept of the Revolution in Military Affairs continues to shape the... more
A generation after the First Persian Gulf War, and in the wake of a decade of counterinsurgency operations and irregular warfare, this edited collection explores how the concept of the Revolution in Military Affairs continues to shape the way militaries think about, plan and fight wars. The contributors grant particular attention to the ways in which advances in military technology, thinking and doctrine – particularly by Western militaries - were understood and reacted to by a variety of different actors across the globe. Collectively, they consider the implications for the future of warfare as we approach an uncertain geopolitical future.
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Looking at a cross-section of different countries, this volume assesses how their armed forces have responded to a changing international security context. The book investigates two main themes. First, how the process of military... more
Looking at a cross-section of different countries, this volume assesses how their armed forces have responded to a changing international security context. The book investigates two main themes. First, how the process of military ‘transformation’- in terms of technological advances and new ways of conducting warfare - has impacted on the militaries of various countries. These technologies are hugely expensive and the extent to which different states can afford them, and the ability of these states to utilise these technologies, differs greatly. Second, the volume investigates the social dimensions of military transformation. It reveals the expanding breadth of tasks that contemporary armed forces have been required to address. This includes the need for military forces to work with other actors, such as non-governmental agencies and humanitarian organisations, and the ability of armed forces to fight asymmetric opponents and conduct post-conflict reconstruction tasks. The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan exemplified how important the relationship between technological and social transformation has become.
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The invasion of Iraq and the subsequent attempt to engineer a democratic state highlights the strengths and limitations of democratization studies to explain why, where, and how democracy occurs. This article argues that the way power is... more
The invasion of Iraq and the subsequent attempt to engineer a democratic state highlights the strengths and limitations of democratization studies to explain why, where, and how democracy occurs. This article argues that the way power is played out globally and locally determines the nature of democratic success or failure. Traditionally, democratization studies has focused on internal structures and agents of change. However, Iraq indicates that democratization is more complex than traditional comparative politics approaches have ascribed it. In this article, there are two key propositions. Firstly, global power-holders do not hold the exclusive ability to bring about democratization, but the drive for democratization is shaped by the display of power and disputes over global authority at least as much, if not more, than national-level politics. Secondly, the display of power internally determines two key dimensions of democratization: state capacity and societal security. This article relies on the example of Iraq to illustrate the shortcomings of the traditional approach to democratization and calls on a reinvigorated interdisciplinary approach to why democratization succeeds or fails.
The issue of national minorities in post-Cold War Europe has warranted considerable scholarly attention with regard to security, democratization and regional integration. The literature has focused on how European integration compelled... more
The issue of national minorities in post-Cold War Europe has warranted considerable scholarly attention with regard to security, democratization and regional integration. The literature has focused on how European integration compelled host states to comply with obligations to protect a national minority within their borders. Missing from this debate, however, is a more comprehensive analysis of whether European integration has had an effect on the wider geopolitical relationship between the host state and the kin state over national minorities. Has European integration served to dampen or to intensify the salience of nationalist politics between host and kin states? To address this gap the range of host state–kin state relations in Central and Eastern Europe is explored corresponding to whether both states are EU members (at least one may be a candidate country) compared with when one state remains external to the EU for the foreseeable future. It is argued that, despite much of the Europeanization literature, European integration can have an amplifying effect on nationalism regardless of whether kin states are existing members, acceding states or outside the process altogether.
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Whether by population, territory or economic impact, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are small states. In 1940 and 1944, smallness meant forced incorporation into the Soviet Union. From 1991, the Baltic states sat between two geopolitical... more
Whether by population, territory or economic impact, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are small states. In 1940 and 1944, smallness meant forced incorporation into the Soviet Union. From 1991, the Baltic states sat between two geopolitical spaces: one Russian and one European. After years of occupation, the Baltic states were keen to overcome their size and the dangers that are inherent in being small. Thus, in 2004 Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania returned to Europe and the ‘West’, a position they had held prior to the Second World War. Membership in the EU and NATO provides both opportunities and constraints, yet organizational membership also allows the Baltic states to pursue geopolitical gamesmanship in the post-Soviet area vis-à-vis the Russian Federation. Relying on Baldur Thorhallson's concepts of action capacity and vulnerability, we illustrate how the Baltic states have gone beyond what has been expected of small states in international politics by engaging the ‘West’ to negotiate with the ‘East’.
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Following the end of Cold War, the European political community and its international organisations set out on a new course to substantiate minority rights as a fundamental principle of democratic Europe. Coming from the perspectives of... more
Following the end of Cold War, the European political community and its international organisations set out on a new course to substantiate minority rights as a fundamental principle of democratic Europe. Coming from the perspectives of regional stability, ...
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... The World Trade Organization (2007) by Bernard Hoekman (World Bank) and Petros Mavroidis (Columbia University) The African Union Challenges of globalization, security and governance by Samuel M. Makinda (Murdoch University) and Wafula... more
... The World Trade Organization (2007) by Bernard Hoekman (World Bank) and Petros Mavroidis (Columbia University) The African Union Challenges of globalization, security and governance by Samuel M. Makinda (Murdoch University) and Wafula Okumu (McMaster University ...
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The invasion of Iraq and the subsequent attempt to engineer a democratic state highlights the strengths and limitations of democratization studies to explain why, where, and how democracy occurs. This article argues that the way power is... more
The invasion of Iraq and the subsequent attempt to engineer a democratic state highlights the strengths and limitations of democratization studies to explain why, where, and how democracy occurs. This article argues that the way power is played out globally and locally determines the nature of democratic success or failure. Traditionally, democratization studies has focused on internal structures and agents of change. However, Iraq indicates that democratization is more complex than traditional comparative politics approaches have ascribed it. In this article, there are two key propositions. Firstly, global power-holders do not hold the exclusive ability to bring about democratization, but the drive for democratization is shaped by the display of power and disputes over global authority at least as much, if not more, than national-level politics. Secondly, the display of power internally determines two key dimensions of democratization: state capacity and societal security. This article relies on the example of Iraq to illustrate the shortcomings of the traditional approach to democratization and calls on a reinvigorated interdisciplinary approach to why democratization succeeds or fails.
In real-world bureaucratic encounters the Weberian goal of perfect impersonal administration is not completely attained and unfairness sometimes results. Theories of bias attribute unfairness to social characteristics such as income,... more
In real-world bureaucratic encounters the Weberian goal of perfect impersonal administration is not completely attained and unfairness sometimes results. Theories of bias attribute unfairness to social characteristics such as income, education, ethnicity, and gender. A random theory characterizes unfairness as the result of idiosyncratic conditions that give everyone an equal probability of being treated unfairly regardless of their social characteristics. In Latvia, bias would be expected on grounds of ethnicity as well as social characteristics, since its population is divided politically by citizenship, language, and ethnicity as well as socioeconomic characteristics. Survey data from the New Baltic Barometer shows that a majority of both Latvians and Russians expect fair treatment in bureaucratic encounters and multivariate statistical analysis confirms the random hypothesis. Insofar as unfair treatment occurs it tends to be distributed according to idiosyncratic circumstances rather than being the systematic fate of members of a particular social group. The evidence indicates that the professional norms and training of service deliverers are more important in bureaucratic encounters than individual attributes of claimants, even in a clearly divided society.
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Latvia’s transition from Soviet republic to restored nation-state has been most clearly seen in the transition to democracy and the market economy. Externally, however, the Baltic State has had to negotiate complex challenges in both the... more
Latvia’s transition from Soviet republic to restored nation-state has been most clearly seen in the transition to democracy and the market economy. Externally, however, the Baltic State has had to negotiate complex challenges in both the local and wider security complex. In this essay I argue that the development and evolution of Latvian foreign policy illustrates a transition to post-existential politics and illuminates the nature of geo-politics in the Baltic subregion in general. Initially, Latvia had to create a foreign policy agenda with limited resources such as knowledge and capacity. The 1995 Latvian foreign policy guidelines formally established the move to the ‘West’ generally as well as membership of the EU and NATO specifically. The guidelines show that the nature of insecurity in the region was by and large dictated by Russian dominance and political transition. With the accession into the EU and NATO, we can see that Latvia’s foreign policy objectives have shifted away from balancing in the subregion to integration in the larger security architecture. This includes fulfilling the niche capabilities in the North Atlantic infrastructure as well as engaging with other post-Soviet States as they move towards the ‘West’. Furthermore, Latvia’s objectives have moved beyond the subregion to include military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. Overall, I argue that a review of Latvia’s foreign policy development illustrates the evolving nature of cooperation and conflict on the threshold between East and West.
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Publikationsansicht. 31926688. Ethnic heterogeneity and democratic consolidation : overcoming the paradox in Estonia / (2000). Galbreath, David J. Abstract. Thesis (MA)--University of Memphis, 2000.. Includes bibliographical references... more
Publikationsansicht. 31926688. Ethnic heterogeneity and democratic consolidation : overcoming the paradox in Estonia / (2000). Galbreath, David J. Abstract. Thesis (MA)--University of Memphis, 2000.. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-59). Details der Publikation. ...
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Taking its cue from the 90th anniversary commemorations of November 2008, this work explores the relationship between state and nationhood during the three phases to date in Latvia's existence as a territorial entity: the... more
Taking its cue from the 90th anniversary commemorations of November 2008, this work explores the relationship between state and nationhood during the three phases to date in Latvia's existence as a territorial entity: the sovereign statehood of 1918-1940; the Soviet ...
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With their post-Soviet history and conflictual relationship with the Russian Federation, the Baltic States sought entry into the European Union (EU) for more political clout, economic stability and geopolitical reinforcement. However,... more
With their post-Soviet history and conflictual relationship with the Russian Federation, the Baltic States sought entry into the European Union (EU) for more political clout, economic stability and geopolitical reinforcement. However, what Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania discovered was a great deal more complex and less coherent political community than they had hoped. This paper looks at how the Baltic States
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Page 184. 12 International organizations, party politics and the promotion of minority rights in the Baltic states David J. Galbreath 1 Introduction The accession process preceding the 2004 enlargement of the European Union ...
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... Disappointment and disenchantment are the dominant themes in the first three chapters of this section. Amy Bryzgel explains and contrasts the work of two performance artists that served as critiques of the late Soviet and post-1991... more
... Disappointment and disenchantment are the dominant themes in the first three chapters of this section. Amy Bryzgel explains and contrasts the work of two performance artists that served as critiques of the late Soviet and post-1991 eras. ...
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... As an identity-building phenomenon, this book asserts that nationalism has sustained the modern intellectual and grounded moral sensibilities. ... They had also predicted the challenges and dangers of xenophobia, ethnic and religious... more
... As an identity-building phenomenon, this book asserts that nationalism has sustained the modern intellectual and grounded moral sensibilities. ... They had also predicted the challenges and dangers of xenophobia, ethnic and religious intolerance, ideological zeal, and the ...
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Latvia's progress from a former Soviet republic to a European Union (EU) member state illustrates an amazing willingness to overcome authoritarianism, Sovietization, and Russification for democratization, marketization, and... more
Latvia's progress from a former Soviet republic to a European Union (EU) member state illustrates an amazing willingness to overcome authoritarianism, Sovietization, and Russification for democratization, marketization, and Westernization. One of the most ...
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Abstract This paper explores the nationalising policies of Estonia and Latvia in the wake of independence restoration from the incorporation into the Soviet Union. As in all newly independent postcommu‐nist states, the national question... more
Abstract This paper explores the nationalising policies of Estonia and Latvia in the wake of independence restoration from the incorporation into the Soviet Union. As in all newly independent postcommu‐nist states, the national question consumed the initial stages of ...
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... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests,... more
... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. ...
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Galbreath, DJ, 2006. The Baltic States and the European Neighbourhood Policy: Maximising the voices of small nations. In: Tiirmaa-Klaar, H., ed. Baltic Outlooks on European Foreign and Security Policy. Tallinn: Tallinn University Press,... more
Galbreath, DJ, 2006. The Baltic States and the European Neighbourhood Policy: Maximising the voices of small nations. In: Tiirmaa-Klaar, H., ed. Baltic Outlooks on European Foreign and Security Policy. Tallinn: Tallinn University Press, pp. 102-126. ... This repository does not ...
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Research Interests:
Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russia: Re-emerging Great Power. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, xii þ 229 pp., £50.00 h/b. ... Michael Korinman & John Laughland (eds), Russia: A New Cold War? London: Vallentine Mitchell Academic... more
Roger E. Kanet (ed.), Russia: Re-emerging Great Power. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, xii þ 229 pp., £50.00 h/b. ... Michael Korinman & John Laughland (eds), Russia: A New Cold War? London: Vallentine Mitchell Academic Publishers, 2008, viii þ396 pp., £19.95 ...
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... Thirdly, much of the field work was supported by external funding. David Galbreath would like to thank the Carnegie Trust of Scotland, the British Academy, the University of Aberdeen College of Arts and Social Sciences as well as the... more
... Thirdly, much of the field work was supported by external funding. David Galbreath would like to thank the Carnegie Trust of Scotland, the British Academy, the University of Aberdeen College of Arts and Social Sciences as well as the School of Social Sciences. ...
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Research Interests:
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... http://cac.sagepub.com/content/41/4/443 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0010836706069613 2006 41: 443 Cooperation and Conflict David J. Galbreath Latvian Foreign Policy after Enlargement : Continuity... more
... http://cac.sagepub.com/content/41/4/443 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0010836706069613 2006 41: 443 Cooperation and Conflict David J. Galbreath Latvian Foreign Policy after Enlargement : Continuity and Change ... DAVID J. GALBREATH ...
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Page 154. 10 Latvia Managing post-imperial minorities David J. Galbreath and Nils Muinieks Introduction Latvia's progress from a former Soviet republic to a European Union (EU) member state illustrates an amazing willingness ...
... Alternatively, preliminary Address correspondence to David J. Galbreath, Department of Politics and Interna-tional Relations, University of Aberdeen, Dunbar Street, Aberdeen AB24 3UD, UK. E-mail: d.galbreath@abdn.ac.uk ... 110 David... more
... Alternatively, preliminary Address correspondence to David J. Galbreath, Department of Politics and Interna-tional Relations, University of Aberdeen, Dunbar Street, Aberdeen AB24 3UD, UK. E-mail: d.galbreath@abdn.ac.uk ... 110 David J. Galbreath and Jeremy W. Lamoreaux ...
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... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests,... more
... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. ...
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... is based on the premise that 'effective participation of national minorities in public life is ... Social Integration Minister Nils Muinieks, Latvia experienced a major shift in support for the ... Minority Rights in... more
... is based on the premise that 'effective participation of national minorities in public life is ... Social Integration Minister Nils Muinieks, Latvia experienced a major shift in support for the ... Minority Rights in Education: Lessons for the European Union from Estonia, Latvia, Romania and ...
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Abstract This paper explores the nationalising policies of Estonia and Latvia in the wake of independence restoration from the incorporation into the Soviet Union. As in all newly independent postcommu‐nist states, the national question... more
Abstract This paper explores the nationalising policies of Estonia and Latvia in the wake of independence restoration from the incorporation into the Soviet Union. As in all newly independent postcommu‐nist states, the national question consumed the initial stages of ...
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Abstract. Few would deny that the Soviet occupation has had an effect on post-restoration policy making and implementation in Latvia. Indeed, many commentators of post-Soviet politics insist that we must come to terms with the Soviet to... more
Abstract. Few would deny that the Soviet occupation has had an effect on post-restoration policy making and implementation in Latvia. Indeed, many commentators of post-Soviet politics insist that we must come to terms with the Soviet to understand the post-Soviet. In our view, the ...
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... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests,... more
... Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. Reference: Galbreath, DJ, 2005. Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States: Interests, Influence and Identities in Estonia and Latvia. ...