Doctrine

Especially after the Second World War, understanding air power became a high priority for military practitioners, policy-makers and theorists, with the United States leading the quest for sound ideas and concepts for most of the following five decades. In the late-1980s the United States Air Force took this issue so seriously that it established a very senior graduate school to provide critical education to officers considered likely to gain promotion into strategic posts. This article traces and assesses the development and role of the School for Advanced Air and Space Studies in order to determine why it originated and what influence, if any, it has actually had on American and other air power thinkers. The article concludes that, with its faculty and students at the heart of air power scholarship, some of their books serving as standard texts, and with students going into influential senior posts, the SAASS has lived up to and possibly exceeded the expectations of its founders. Indeed, it is hard to identify a more influential center of excellence in air power education than the SAASS, or even at this stage to find a peer.

Cet article s’intéresse au rôle des juristes qui publient des analyses sur des questions de droit relatives à l’avenir de l’outre‐mer à partir de 1946 jusqu’au début des années 60.
Nous avons pu ainsi mettre en évidence l’approche libérale de plusieurs spécialistes sur les questions ultramarines. Cette doctrine s’éloigne de la vision strictement coloniale, basée sur la notion de « domination », pour privilégier un modèle institutionnel relativement égalitaire entre la France et les territoires d’outre‐mer encore sous sa souveraineté. Elle réclame, sur ce point, l’application d’un véritable réformisme. Après avoir décrit la manière dont ces hommes ont transformé le « droit colonial » en « droit d’outre‐mer », nous nous sommes demandés comment ce groupe avait émergé et de quelle façon expliquer sa notoriété scientifique.
This article explores the role of lawyers who publish analysis on issues of law relating to the future of overseas from 1946 until the early 60s. We were able to bring to light the liberal approach of many specialists on overseas issues. This doctrine departs from the strictly colonial vision, based on the notion of "domination" to favor an institutional model relatively equal between France and overseas territories still under its sovereignty. It claims on this point, the application of a real reform. After describing how these men have transformed the “colonial law” in “overseas law”, we wondered how this group had emerged and how explained his scientific reputation.

Autor: Diogo Luiz Lima Augusto

Este livro tem o objetivo de analisar a doutrina política mobilizada pelo diplomata e escritor Diego Saavedra Fajardo. Trata-se, aqui, de investigar os códigos linguísticos que orientaram a priori as práticas letradas seiscentistas do tempo de Saavedra Fajardo, mas também as suas inventividades que , de uma forma ou de outra, contribuíram para subverter estes mesmos protocolos discursivos . Diego de Saavedra Fajardo nasceu em Múrcia, uma província no sudeste da Espanha, em 1584 e foi o mais importante diplomata em atuação durante o reinado de Felipe IV. Ademais, publicou vários tratados , panfletos e cartas que contribuem para a compreensão da ideia de política desenvolvida no século XVII. 

ISBN:
978-65-5939-000-7 (brochura)
978-65-88285-99-2 (eBook)

DOI: 10.31560/pimentacultural/2020.992

Employing the qualitative and historical analysis method, this paper overviews the Chinese nuclear doctrine and how it has evolved over the years with particular focus on the Chinese policy of ‘no-first use of nuclear weapons’ and its future. This paper argues that to understand the role assigned to the nuclear weapons in the Chinese defense policy, one must comprehend Chinese strategic thinking and where does nuclear weapons lie in this thinking. The paper further argues that for a better understanding of Chinese strategic thinking, it is imperative to be cognizant of the strategic language and vocabulary used by the Chinese strategic thinkers. The paper also analyses the command and control set up for the Chinese nuclear weapons and the American assessment of the Chinese nuclear capability. The argument put forth is that the American assessment of the Chinese nuclear capabilities is mostly exaggerated as it has security implications for American interests regionally and globally. ...

Quels sont les rapports entre Calvin, le calvinisme et Wesley a propos de la doctrine de l'assurance? Trois points de depart meritent d'etre commentes: 1°) Calvin refuse de lier le salut de l'homme avec les bonnes oeuvres et reaffirme le salut par la grâce seule. 2°) les descendants de Calvin ont relativise cet aspect pourtant essentiel de sa theologie en prouvant le merite des bonnes oeuvres. 3°) Wesley fait retour sur Calvin en assurant la primaute de la sola gratia. Finalement, les deux reformateurs sont proches en ce qui concerne l'operation divine dans l'ordre du salut et l'incapacite de l'humanite a y parvenir seule

The urgency of the problem under investigation is due to the fact that the Salafists, modern followers of Shaykh Ibn Taymiyy and Ibn 'Abdalvahhab, today are also presented in Tatarstan, which in turn affects in a certain way on the religious situation in the region. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze patterns of outstanding Salafi doctrinal literature in modern Tatarstan. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a systematic and comparative analysis which allows to carry out islamic study on the topic. In this article the concept of "Salafis, " is revealed, the Salafi Muslims categories, their theological differences with the traditional Muslim sects, the analysis of the Islamic Salafi doctrinal literature authors, published in today's Tatarstan are described. The results presented in the article indicate wide circulation of Salafi literature in Tatarstan in recent years, various types of such literature, and how its content is con...

In his article, “Equality as a Moral Ideal”, Harry Frankfurt argues against economic egalitarianism and presents what he calls the “doctrine of sufficiency.” According to the doctrine of sufficiency, what is morally important is not relative economic equality, but rather, whether somebody has enough, where “having enough” is a non-comparative standard of reasonable contentment that may differ from person to person given his/her aims and circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to show that Frankfurt’s original arguments in support for his doctrine of sufficiency have critical problems that Frankfurt himself does not properly recognize. In the end, I will argue that in order to solve these problems the doctrine of sufficiency cannot help but to incorporate certain prioritarian commitments – commitments which many would view as implying economic egalitarianism. This is embarrassing for a doctrine whose raison d’être was mainly to defeat economic egalitarianism.

Ce livre s'intéresse au pouvoir propre de la « mise en écrit » dans la constitution du droit, ainsi qu'à la place des formes d'écriture diverses dans les pratiques des juristes de l'époque moderne. Quel est le rapport existant entre une formation professionnelle et l'écriture ? Quel est celui que l'on peut établir entre la mise en écrit d'une règle et la constitution d'une norme ? Comment les différentes pratiques des juristes ont-elles contribué à produire la doctrine ? En quoi l'écriture du droit peut-elle ainsi constituer un « modèle » des pouvoirs, ou des limites, de l'action de l'écrit ? Il fallait réunir les travaux d'historiens du droit, d'historiens de l'Ancien Régime, de philosophes, de littéraires pour tenter de répondre à ces questions.

Retour sur cette publication : « Autour de L’écriture des juristes. Sur la question de l’action de l’écriture et du droit »,  Clio & Themis, n° 7, « Droit et littérature : quels apports pour l’histoire du droit ? », revue en ligne, http://www.cliothemis.com/Clio-Themis-numero-7

This article explores new pathways of understanding the theological doctrine of tawḥīd from a Sufi theological perspective. It is evident that Sufism has expanded the inherent meaning of tawḥīd from the relatively simple idea of the Oneness of God to the philosophically complex phenomenon that reality is best expressed through an absolute unity of all existence. Instead of engaging in a dialogue about this important doctrinal principle with only written texts, this article intends to combine both traditional sources but also the actual voice of one contemporary Sufi practitioner. This original approach aims to circumvent the tendency of a top-down approach to the study of religion, provide a grassroots perspective, and a concrete example of how a theoretical concept can be practically manifested in the life of ordinary believers. Such a contribution is important, for it adds to wider empirical studies of Sufism a localized example that underlines the importance of investigating reli...

The article concerns the reception of practical philosophy of Kant in general and the doctrine of the postulates of the practical reason in particular in Russia in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century. Author analyzes the views on Kant’s philosophy of the most representative Russian thinkers and attempts to answer the question why the way practical philosophy of Kant and his postulates of the existence of God and immortality of soul were interpreted in Russia was rather negative and hostile.

La Déclaration de Vienne, adoptée le 25 juin 1993 par la Conférence mondiale sur les droits de l’Homme, consacre juridiquement le principe d’indivisibilité des droits et libertés fondamentaux et son corollaire, l’absence de hiérarchie juridique entre ces mêmes droits et libertés. Cette consécration déclaratoire internationale a par ailleurs trouvé une résonance directe en droit canadien, à l’intérieur duquel la Cour suprême a très clairement intégré ce principe dans l’arrêt Dagenais, rendu un peu moins d’un an plus tard. Or, pour toute cohérente qu’elle puisse être sur un plan idéologique ou philosophique, l’élimination (ou l’interdiction) de toute hiérarchie juridique entre droits fondamentaux semble très peu susceptible d’être mise en œuvre concrètement. En effet, la nature toute particulière des objets de protection consacrés par les textes juridiques sur les droits fondamentaux, inextricablement liée à une certaine conception morale de la société, nous semble impliquer l'éta...

Objective: To analyze efficiency contracts, a contractual modality whose use was expanded by Law no. 14,133/2021, in its conceptual perspective and based on international experiences. Methodology: Qualitative post-positivist research, exploratory-descriptive, carried out from the analysis of Brazilian, French and American legislative texts and dogmatic bibliographic review of national and foreign doctrine that comment on similar legal figures in other legal systems. Originality or value: The work is original because it presents a proposal for a conceptual understanding of an institute that has been little applied in the Brazilian legal experience, whose possibility of use was expanded by the new public procurement law (Law no. 14,133/2021), and based on similar figures widely applied in countries like the United States and France. Conclusions: Efficiency contracts are an important tool used by public authorities internationally and its provision in the new public procurement law can...

The core interests, strategic guidelines of the United States and the priorities of the American president are also elaborated and expressed in the key documents of National Security and Defence Strategy, which are accurately scrutinized and analysed both by the allied and rival, challenging powers of the United States. Following the rather passive and restrained interest assertion of the Obama administration’s foreign and se-curity policies, the incumbent Trump presidency tends to show more power, resoluteness as well as quite unpredictable measures and controversial strategic framework in the ev-er-changing arena of international affairs. Many analysts claim that the new American administration tends to focus primarily on preserving the relative American economic and absolute military primacy, and the global status quo without any clear future vision or strategic set of objectives that would be desirable from a super-power. A question quite frequently emerges whether a Trump-doctr...

La jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada en matière maritime a conduit à la création de véritables enclaves fédérales. À partir d’une décision récente de ce tribunal en assurance maritime, l’auteur analyse les éléments de cette approche qui (1) nie le principe fédéral canadien, (2) attribue au Parlement canadien une compétence désormais illimitée dans le domaine maritime public et privé, (3) assimile la tradition civiliste et lui substitue au Québec en matière de droit maritime privé la common law et (4) de façon générale, rend le droit maritime incertain.

The disciplinary committee in public university carry a huge responsibilities to uphold justice to the employer as well as to the employee in handling the disciplinary cases. One of the hindrance faced by the committee is the issue on doctrine of condonation as a waiver. Thus, it is important to understand what is doctrine of condonation in order to identify, prevent, control and deal with it when used as a defense by the employee to prevent him from being punished by the authorities. Therefore, this paper will examine the definition of the doctrine of condonation, explain the protection under Statutory Bodies (Discipline and Surcharge) Act 2000 [Act 605] with regards to condonation, identifies the elements of a waiver by looking at the application of the doctrine by the court and the implications of the doctrine as a challenge in disciplinary cases in public universities. The methodology used is based on library research with an analysis of the legal acts, regulations and case law....

Objective: To analyze efficiency contracts, a contractual modality whose use was expanded by Law no. 14,133/2021, in its conceptual perspective and based on international experiences. Methodology: Qualitative post-positivist research, exploratory-descriptive, carried out from the analysis of Brazilian, French and American legislative texts and dogmatic bibliographic review of national and foreign doctrine that comment on similar legal figures in other legal systems. Originality or value: The work is original because it presents a proposal for a conceptual understanding of an institute that has been little applied in the Brazilian legal experience, whose possibility of use was expanded by the new public procurement law (Law no. 14,133/2021), and based on similar figures widely applied in countries like the United States and France. Conclusions: Efficiency contracts are an important tool used by public authorities internationally and its provision in the new public procurement law can...

Resumen: El presente trabajo se propone realizar un análisis jurisprudencial de la normativa pro­cesal en la Unión Europea aplicable a las cláusulas de jurisdicción insertas en conocimientos de em­barque. En este sentido, se estudian el art. 25 del Reglamento 1215/2012 y el art. 468 de la LENMAR, tratando los problemas procesales que ambos plantean. Por otro lado, se realiza un análisis a la luz de la jurisprudencia y doctrina anterior a la LENMAR para proyectar en el futuro la aplicabilidad real del mencionado art. 468. Este análisis se completa con una breve explicación inicial sobre el transporte de mercancías en régimen de conocimiento de embarque con el objeto de contextualizar la materia de estudio del presente trabajo.Palabras clave: cláusulas de jurisdicción, conocimiento de embarque, Reglamento 1215/2012, Ley de Navegación Marítima, art. 468 LNM.: The aim of this paper is to carry out a jurisprudential examination on the procedural Regulations applicable within the European...

It can safely be said that, realizing divine names and theiracknowledgment in hierarchy of existence,forms the basis of mysticism. Turning away from this notion means putting aside mysticism as a whole.It is within this degree of conduct that the mystical seekerexceeds the level of certain states and positions and reaches the level of cognition. Likewise, the topic of the relationship between divine names and different levels of existence is one of the basic issues of Kabbalisticmysticism.This is quite similar to the topics discussed in its counterpart in Islamic mysticism.In Kabbalistic Jewish mystical way, discussions about the kingdom of heaven,the functions of each angel assigned to different tasks in every heaven and the relationship between divine names known as "Sephirot" and each of the heavens, play significant parts inthe issue. From the perspective of Kabbalistic mystics, the realm of emanation of existence is divided into four main sections: Names of God, the T...

Depuis l’émergence du droit international en tant que discipline autonome au milieu du 18e siècle, la question de son fondement a toujours divisé les auteurs. Elle demeure à n’en pas douter une vexata quaestio. Le paradigme positiviste, s’enracinant dans le nominalisme occamien et dans la théorie de l’État et du droit naturel hobbesien, a emprunté la méthodologie physico-mathématique élaborée par Galilée et surtout Descartes. D’instinct, il s’est rallié au 19e siècle à la tradition volontariste pour laquelle le phénomène juridique se ramène aux actes de volonté des gouvernants. Le droit positif complètement désaxiologisé peut désormais faire l’objet d’une théorie pure. Le fondement du droit international se réduit ainsi à la seule volonté des États, volonté explicite dans le traité et implicite dans la coutume internationale. Cet article vise à montrer les limites de ce paradigme positiviste. Par un réexamen de la métaphysique dynamique d’Aristote, métaphysique de la puissance / act...

Certains ordres juridiques internes se sont reconnus une compétence dite « universelle » pour poursuivre et juger des crimes contre l’humanité, en conséquence même lorsque ces crimes sont commis à l’étranger par des étrangers. La fonction de juger se distancie alors de ses critères de rattachement traditionnels que sont le territoire et la nationalité. Mais, ce faisant, on doit aussi réinterroger les fondements du droit de punir.

Globalization of vital processes of mankind today is associated with an increase in the importance of education in matters of self-development of people. According to UNESCO definition, education is the process and outcome of improvement of skills and behaviour of the individual, due to which he or she reaches social maturity and personal growth. The current state of society requires the identification of new approaches to terminology in the management of educational sphere, which is the basis for belief, spiritual development of the individual, and also ensures the development of the intellectual potential of society. The rapid changes that have occurred in the last decade in the life of our country due to the socio-economic and political factors affected all aspects of social life, including the education system. Relevance of study processes occurring in education, is increasing as socium recognized that the transition to an information society where knowledge serves as the main social value leads to the increasing role of highly intelligent individual, able not only to accept previously accumulated scientific knowledge, but also to generalize, analyse, create a new form of advanced information technologies, services and products. That is why in recent years the reform processes are taking place in education and they aim at achieving the best world standards. Therefore, this article investigates the development and establishment of definitions of management of higher education.

Les agents économiques sont autant soucieux des régulateurs que des juges. Il est très difficile de mesurer la compétitivité des décisions de ceux-ci, en dehors des formules générales que l’on assène aisément sur la nécessité de rapidité, de prévisibilité et de sécurité. Mais ce sont des qualités que l’on demande à toute source de contrainte. En outre, concernant les décisions des juges et des régulateurs, la difficulté tient au fait qu’il est difficile de scinder une décision de la procédure qui la procède.
Quand on interroge les économistes, ils disent que l’essentiel est que l’agent sache à quoi s’en tenir, pour maîtriser ensuite ses coûts. Pour cela, il faut précisément que ces décisions, quelle que soit leur nature juridique, constituent une "jurisprudence".
Mais, en premier lieu, si l’on abord la question d’une façon générale, pour que l’on puisse parler de "jurisprudence", il faut qu’il y ait un corps de "doctrine". Ainsi, paradoxalement, les régulateurs ont davantage une jurisprudence qu’en produit le monde judiciaire, plus disparate. Retour ligne automatique
En second lieu, on ne peut avoir une vision si globale. Il convient de partir des cas. Ainsi, la jurisprudence de la chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation est-elle "compétitive" ? Son dogmatisme, qui la rend coûteuse, ne la rendait-elle pas prévisible ? Plus encore, un arrêt récent de la première chambre civile de la Cour de cassation qui récuse l’analyse économique du droit, revendiquant l’imperméabilité normative entre les deux ordres que sont l’économie et le droit, est-il compétitif ?
Allant de plus en plus finement, puisque le droit devient de plus en plus casuistique, c’est une à une qu’il faut prendre les décision. Par exemple, prenons 4 décisions récentes du second semestre 2013, de la Cour de cassation, du Conseil d’Etat et de l’Autorité des Marchés Financiers.

The concept known in Shiᶜite jurisprudence as wilāYat al-faqīh has been interpreted in various and contending ways over the course of time. In order for us to examine these differences, we need to establish a few points. First, although the Qurᵓanic revelation bears principally on issues of morality and piety, early Muslims deemed it essential to relate these issues to practical matters in the exercise of authority. Second, rulership in the Islamic community (ummah) was a prerogative of the Prophet, whose mode of governance was to blend the approximately six hundred verses of the scripture that dealt with social affairs with the customary law (ᶜurf) of Western Arabia. After the Prophet's death, it was necessary to add to this mix a third ingredient, namely, the interpretation, by those knowledgable in the law, of how the Prophet would have met unanticipated contingencies.