RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
 The Need to Respire
Our body must continually bring in
oxygen into the body cells and get rid of
carbon dioxide.
Humans, animals and plants need air to
stay alive.
Air is found in Earth’s atmosphere, that
compost of gases. (Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Carbon, etc.)
 The Need to Respire
Respiration is the overall exchange of gases
among atmosphere, blood and cells.
Breathing: inspiration/ inhale and expiration/
exhale
External R.: exchange of O and CO2 between
air and blood with the lungs
Internal R.: exchange of O and CO2 between
blood and body cells.
Cellular R.: process in using oxygen to break
down sugar to produce ATP and releasing CO2
Note:
You can live without water for few
days and food more than a week
but you will die immediately
without air or if you stop breathing
for more than a few minutes.
Respiratory System
It has many different parts that work
together to help you breathe.
Each group of parts has many separate
components.
The respiratory system is the
organs and other parts of your
body involved in breathing, when
you exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
 Parts of the
Respiratory System
Mouth and  Trachea
Nose (windpipe)
Sinuses  Bronchial Tubes
Pharynx  Lungs
(Throat) Diaphragm
Ribs
Mouth and Nose
Openings that pull air from outside
your body into the respiratory system.
The air you breathe in is inhaled through nose
where it is filtered through the two openings called
nostrils.
Sneezing expels and helps prevent these particles
from entering the parts of the lower respiratory
system.
 Sinuses
 Hollow areas between the bones in
your head that help regulate the
temperature and humidity of the air
 Theyou inhale.
sinuses are air-filled spaces in the
skull. They are located behind the
forehead, nasal bones, cheeks, and eyes.
Healthy sinuses contain no bacteria or
other germs. Most of the time, mucus is
able to drain out and air is able to flow
Pharynx (Throat)
 The warmed, moistened and filtered air
moves through a muscular tube in your
throat called pharynx.
 Passage way of food
(esophagus) and air
(trachea).
 A tube that delivers air
from your mouth and
nose to the trachea.
Trachea (windpipe)
 A passage that connects your throat to your
lungs.
 The trachea is the long tube that connects
your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi.
 Your bronchi send air to your lungs. Your
trachea is a key part of your respiratory
system. The trachea is made of rings of
cartilage. It is lined with cells that produce
mucus. This mucus keeps allergens, dust
particles or other debris out of your lungs.
Bronchial Tubes
 Your bronchi (BRAWN-kai) are the
large tubes that connect to your
trachea (windpipe) and direct the air
you breathe to your right and left
lungs.
Bronchial Tubes
 They are in your chest. Bronchi is the
plural form of bronchus.
 The left bronchus carries air to your left
lung. The right bronchus carries air to
your right lung.
 Your bronchi are an essential part of your
respiratory system.
 As you breathe and your lungs expand,
your bronchi distribute the air within your
lung.
Lungs
 The lungs are a pair
of spongy, air-filled
organs located on
either side of the
chest (thorax).
 The lungs also contain elastic
tissues that allow them to inflate
and deflate without losing shape.
They're covered by a thin lining
called the pleura
 From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers
oxygen to all your organs and other tissues.
Muscles and bones help move the air you
inhale into and out of your lungs.
Diaphragm
Ribs
Diaphragm
 The diaphragm is a muscle that helps you
inhale and exhale (breathe in and out).
 This thin, dome-shaped muscle sits below
your lungs and heart.
 It’s attached to your sternum (a bone in the
middle of your chest), the bottom of your
rib cage and your spine.
 Your diaphragm separates your chest from
your abdominal cavity (belly).
Diaphrag
m
Ribs
 The rib cage is formed by the sternum,
costal cartilage, ribs, and the bodies of the
thoracic vertebrae.
 The rib cage protects the organs in the
thoracic cavity, assists in respiration, and
provides support for the upper extremities.
 During inspiration the ribs are elevated, and
during expiration the ribs are depressed.
 When you breathe out, your blood carries
carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body.
Other components that work with your lungs
and blood vessels include:
 Alveoli  Capillaries
 Bronchioles  Pleura
Alveoli
 Tiny air sacs at
the end of the
bronchioles (tiny
branches of air
tubes in the
lungs).
 The alveoli are where the lungs and the
blood exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide during the process of breathing in
Bronchioles
 Bronchioles are air passages inside the
lungs that branch off like tree limbs from
the bronchi—the two main air passages
into which air flows from the trachea
(windpipe) after being inhaled through the
nose or mouth.
 The bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs
called alveoli where oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged.
Capillaries
 Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that
exist throughout your body. They
transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to
cells in your organs and body systems.
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels
in your vascular system.
 Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Cilia
 Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like
motion to filter dust and other irritants
out of your airways.

Epiglottis
Tissue flap at the entrance to the
trachea that closes when you swallow
to keep food and liquids out of your
Cilia
 Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like
motion to filter dust and other irritants
out of your airways.

Epiglottis
Tissue flap at the entrance to the
trachea that closes when you swallow
to keep food and liquids out of your
CIRCULATORYSY
STEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• The circulatory system delivers oxygen
and nutrients to cells and takes away
wastes.

• The heart pumps oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood on different sides.

• The types of blood vessels include

arteries, capillaries and veins.
 The major parts of the circulatory
system are responsible for distributing
oxygen throughout our body. They
include:
 Blood
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
 Blood – It is a liquid that circulates through our body
and delivers essential substances like oxygen and
nutrients to the body’s cell.
 Red blood cells – carry oxygen
 White blood cells – make up part
of the immune system
 Platelets – prevent clotting
 Plasma – blood cells, nutrients, and
wastes float in this liquid.
 Heart
 It pumps the blood around the body.
 It sits inside the chest, in front of the lungs and
slightly to the left side.
 The heart is a double pump made up of four
chambers, with the flow of blood going in one
direction due to the presence of the heart valves.
 The contractions of the chambers make the sound of
a heartbeat.
Ride Side Of The Heart
 The right upper chamber (atrium) takes in
deoxygenated blood that is loaded with
carbon dioxide.
 The blood is squeezed down into the right
lower chamber (ventricle) and taken by an
artery to the lungs where the carbon
dioxide is replaced with oxygen.
Left Side Of The Heart
 The oxygenated blood travels back to the
heart, this time entering the left upper
chamber (atrium).

 It is pumped into the left lower chamber

(ventricle) and then into the aorta (an
artery).

 And the blood starts its journey around the

Blood Vessels
 It is the blood’s passageways and it has a
range of different sizes and structures,
depending on their role in the body.

 Artery, capillaries and Veins.

Arteries
 Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart
along the muscular arteries.
 Arteries divide like three branches until they are
slender.
 The largest artery is the aorta, which connects to
the heart and picks up oxygenated blood from
the left ventricle.
 The only artery that picks up deoxygenated blood
is the pulmonary artery which runs between the
Capillaries
 It is the smallest blood vessel among the
three.

 It is so small that blood cells can only

move through them one at a time.

 Oxygen and food nutrients pass from

these capillaries to the cells.
Veins
 Have one-way valves instead of muscles,
to stop the blood from running back the
wrong way.
 Generally, veins carry deoxygenated
blood from the body back to the heart
except for pulmonary veins that takes
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart.
 EXCHANGE OF
GASES BETWEEN
LUNGS AND BLOOD
 The actual exchange of gases occurs
between the blood and the alveoli. Alveoli
are the tiny out pocketing of the air sacs in
the lungs.
 Thus, the circulatory system ensures a
constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to
and from the cells via the blood, which is the
transporting medium for the removal of
wastes from them.
 At the same time, the respiratory system
ensures a constant supply of oxygen and the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
1.Common Cold
It is a contagious infection of the upper
respiratory tract and is usually the result of
a viral infection. Symptoms include
sneezing, runny nose because of excessive
nasal secretions, congestion, and mild
fever. It is advisable to seek treatment if
2. Influenza
It is a contagious illness caused by several
influenza viruses. Patients experience chills,
fever, severe headache, muscular pains, runny
nose, and general discomfort. It is a more
severe disease that can even lead to
pneumonia and for older people and children,
death. These include Influenza A(H1N1), which
caused worldwide pandemic and affected
millions in June 2009. In the Philippines,
3. Pneumonia
Refers to any infection of the lungs caused by bacteria,
virus, fungi, or protozoa in a rare condition. Its symptoms
include fever, chest pain, fluid in the lungs, and difficulty
in breathing. The disease causes inflammation of the lung’s
air sacs or alveoli, which become filled with pus or fluid.
Bacterial pneumonia leads to severe symptoms that last
longer than usual and likely can cause death if left
untreated. Chest X-rays accompanied by blood and sputum
tests can confirm the type of pneumonia.
4. Tuberculosis
It is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis,
which can spread via respiration droplets through
coughing, sneezing, or spitting phlegm. Inside the
lungs, the bacteria form small pump-like lesions called
tubercles. Known to commonly affect lungs, TB can
also spread to other parts of the body such as the
bones, joints, urinary tract, and the central nervous
system. Symptoms of a person with active TB include
a bad cough lasting for three weeks or more,
discolored or bloody sputum, weight loss, weakness or
fatigue, slight fever (usually in the afternoon), night
sweats, loss of appetite, and pain when breathing or
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

1. Asthma
It is a chronic and allergic
condition that makes the
breathing airways narrow
and swollen and causes
them to produce extra
mucus.
2. Bronchitis
It is the inflammation or swelling of the
breathing passages (Bronchial tubes), the
pathway between the nose and the lungs.
The disease is often caused by viral lung
infections but can also be triggered by
industrial pollutants and tobacco smoke. The
small passageways of air and its lining may
become inflamed, infected, narrower, and
clogged by mucus.
3. Emphysema
Emphysema is a long-term disease of
the lungs caused by prolonged exposure to
respiratory irritants like tobacco chemical
and air-pollutants such as factory fumes or
coal. This pulmonary disease damages the
alveoli of the lungs as well as the breathing
passages.
4. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the common causes of
leading cancer-related deaths among men
and women. It can be acquired through long
term exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking
allows more than 70 cancer-causing
chemicals to enter our bodies. These
“carcinogenic” chemicals can cause the
uncontrolled growth of malignant cells,
called tumors, which may take up space in
the lungs used for gas exchange.
Disorder of the Blood Vessels
1. Atherosclerosis is a specific type of
arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats,
cholesterol and other substances in and
on the artery walls.
This buildup is called plaque.
The plaque can cause arteries to narrow,
blocking blood flow.
The plaque can also burst, leading to a
2. Stroke
It is a disorder that results from the blockage
brought by the hardening of the arteries in
the brain or in the neck vessels leading to
the brain.

Three type of stroke:

Thrombotic Stoke- thrombus
Embolic Stroke- Embolic
Cerebral Hemorrhage- Hemorrhage
Disease of the Heart
1. Coronary Heart Disease
The inability of the blood to reach to coronary
arteries of the heart can lead to a disease known the
coronary heart disease.
2. Hypertension Heart Disease
Hypertension or elevated blood pressure results
from the tightening of the arterioles, the smallest
arteries of the body.
3. Rheumatic Hart Disease
This is usually occur s in children. Starts from
untreated bacterial infection caused by
Streptococcus pyogenas.
The bacterial toxin causes the body to trigger
an immune reaction and the patient suffers a
rheumatic fever.
Disorders of the Blood
1. Hemophilia
The blood does not clot properly.
People with this genetic condition are called
hemophiliacs or breeders.

If blood id lost, a complete transfusion is

necessary.
2. Anemia
A condition whenever the red blood cell count stays
persistently low, below four million.
It is a result of nutritional deficiencies, diseases or
injuries associated with organs for blood cell
formation.

Iron deficiency anemia- iron supplements

Pernicious Anemia- Folic Acid Supplement.
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