Physiolo

NOTES
gy
Table of
content
Physiology
Topic 1: the human breathing system
Topic 2: Mechanism of how the
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
work together
Topic 3: Circulatory System
Topic 4: human heart
Topic 5: heart rate
Topic 6; Negative Effects of
Cigarette smoking on the Circulatory
and Respiratory Systems
Topic 7: Prevention Respiratory and
The human
breathing
Respiratory system
Respiratory system is made up
of the organs in the body that help
us to breath. Just remember that
the word respiration is linked to
breathing.

Circulatoey system
Circulatory system is
responsible for distributing
materials throughout the body.
Take note that circulation mean
transportation or movement in
circles.

Both systems are essentially meant for

each other. The common purpose could
not be attained without the other
 The air we breathe goes through the
nose, nasal passages, and then
through the trachea or windpipe,
which separates into two branches,
called bronchial tubes or bronchi,
one entering each lung. The bronchi
subdivide many times inside the
lungs, analogous to the branching
pattern of grapes, finally becoming
hair like tubes called bronchioles. In
the last part of the terminal
What is Human
bronchioles areRespiration
tiny bubble-like
bunch of structures called alveoli or
The human respiratory system allows one
air sacs.
to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases,
inspiration and expiration:
Inspiration- the process of taking
in air
Expiration- the process of
blowing out air

main stem = trachea

two large branching stems =
bronchi
little stems = bronchioles
individual grapes = alveoli
From the nose and mouth, oxygen
travels to the trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and then into the The other parts of the breathing
alveoli. system will not be able to carry
out their corresponding functions
as well, and the whole respiratory
system will be affected.
Air first enters your lungs and
then into the left part of your
heart. It is then driven by your
heart into the bloodstream, all
the way through your body. The
{Respiratory heart pumps blood, which
transports essential nutrients,
System} oxygen, and other chemicals to
The human respiratory system every cell in your body. Once it
allows one to obtain oxygen, reaches the cells, oxygen
eliminate carbon dioxide. processes the nutrients to release
Breathing consists of two phases, energy. Carbon dioxide is given
inspiration and expiration off during this process. The
blood delivers carbon dioxide
Diaphragm – a lage flat into the right
The portion
balloonsof your
muscle that separates the heart, fromexpand.
which it is pumped
lungs from the stomach to the lungs. “TheCarbon
pressuredioxide
inside
area and that is used in leaves yourthebody through
balloon the
is lowered
breathing lungs when you byexhale.
increasing the
 The parts of the constructed lung model space inside the bottle.
represents the following: The outside air then
plastic bottle - chest cavity enters through the
straw – bronchi tube, which makes the
Balloons – lungs two balloons inside
Lager balloon - diaphragm the bottle "chest"
expand.”
  The two balloons loosen up and return to
their original size.
“The air pressure inside the bottle is increased
by decreasing the space inside the bottle. The
inside air then exits trough the tube, which
makes the two balloons inside the bottle
If one of return The
the to their original size.”
balloons is pricked, it movement of
will not inflate the
anymore because the diaphragm
air will escape. cause the air
to go in and
Concept out of the
lungs.
 When you breathe in, or inhale,  Inhale – diaphragm muscle
the diaphragm muscle contracts. contracts. Diaphragm down and
Inhaling moves the diaphragm expands the chest cavity.
down and expands the chest cavity.
Simultaneously, the ribs move up Exhale – diaphragm muscle
and increase the size of the chest
relaxes. Diaphragm, ribs and chest
cavity. There is now more space
cavity returns to their original
and less air pressure inside the
place/normal size.
lungs. Air pushes in from the
outside
 When where there is aout,
you breathe higher
or air
pressure. It pushes
exhale, the into the
diaphragm lungs
muscle
where there
relaxes. Theisdiaphragm
a lower airand
pressure.
ribs
return to their original place. The
chest cavity returns to its original
size. There is now less space and
greater air pressure inside the
lungs. It pushes the air outside
where there is lower air pressure.
Mechanism of
how the
Respiratory and
Circulatory Respiratory System- The group

Systems work
Oxygen- The gas that your of organs in your body that are
body needs to work and responsible for taking in Oxygen
function. and breathing out the Carbon

together
Carbon
Dioxide- The
Dioxide which is the waste product
Nose/Nasal Cavity- Where
of cellular respiration.
Oxygen first enters your body.
waste
product (gas) Tiny hairs help filter the air and air
that is is moistened and heated by your
produced nose. Your Nose leads into your
Sinus- A cavity in the bones of
through Nasal Cavity.
your skull that helps moisten
Mouth/Oral
respiration of Cavity- Oxygen/air and heat the air that you breath.
can also
people and enter through your Mouth
but it is not filtered. Your Mouth
animals. Pharynx/T
Trachea/Windp
opens up into your Oral Cavity. hroat-
Bronchi Tubes- ipe- A tube like
Gathers air
Each tube (one per pathway that
from your
lung) splits up into connects your
Nasal and
many smaller tubes throat to your
Oral
called Bronchiole, Alveoli- Tiny Bronchi Tubes
air-sacs at the Cavities and
like branches on a and lungs. Air Diaphragm-
Bronchiole- Keep end of your passes it to
tree. Alveolar Duct. passes through The muscle
splitting up until your
membrane that
They fill up with it when it
they reach your Trachea.
Oxygen and are travels from the helps you
Alveoli. surrounded by breath in and
Capillaries.
Pharynx to the
Capillaries- Tiny blood streams (around one cell wide) that out by
Bronchi
surround your Alveoli. They take Oxygen out of our Lungs and Tubes. changing the
Fun facts
 At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10
liters of air each minute.
 The right lung is slightly larger than the left.
 The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per
hour.
 The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600
kilometers if placed end to end.
 We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing.
This is the water vapor we see when we breathe onto
glass.
 A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15
times a minute.
Air first enters your lungs and
 The breathing rate is faster in children and women than
then into the left part of your heart.
in men.
It is then driven by your heart into
the bloodstream, all the way
through your body. The heart
pumps blood, which transports
essential nutrients, oxygen, and
other chemicals to every cell in
your body. Once it reaches the
cells, oxygen processes the
nutrients to release energy. Carbon
dioxide is given off during this
process. The blood delivers carbon
dioxide into the right portion of
your heart, from which it is
 The human respiratory systempumpedallows one to obtain
to the lungs. oxygen,
Carbon
eliminate carbon dioxide dioxide leaves your body through
 The circulatory system functions the with
lungsother
whenbody
you systems
exhale. to
deliver different materials in the body. It circulates vital elements
such as oxygen and nutrients. At the same time, it also transports
 Blood flow
through heart
• Blood from the body travels intp the right
atrium, moves into lungs in the pulmunary
arteries.
• The blood then pics up oxygen and travel
back to the heart into the left atrium
through the pulmunary veins
• The blood then travel through the to the
left ventricle and exits the body through
aorta...
Start --- VEINS
–> RIGHT ATRIUM
–> RIGHT “The heart pumps the
VENTRICLE blood that transports the
–>LUNGS inhaled oxygen to every
–> LEFT ATRIUM cell of the body. Carbon
–> LEFT dioxide is given off in
VENTRICLES the process and is
carried by the blood to
–> ARTERIES
the lungs and is released
–> CAPILLARY through exhalation.”
• The circulatory system is the
“Gas exchange happens when we
life support that nourishes your
inhale and exhale. We take in the
cells with nutrients from the food
oxygen, and emit carbon dioxide.”
you eat and oxygen from the air
“The blood delivers nutrients, you breathe. It can be compared to
oxygen, and other chemicals that a complex arrangement of
are absorbed by the body.”
“Oxygen is important to our body highways, avenues and lanes
because it processes the nutrients connecting all cells together into
in the cell to make energy.” neighborhood. Sequentially, the
community of cells sustains the
“Oxygen enters the respiratory system
bodythrough
to stayinhalation and then
alive. Another nameit
enters the blood stream to be circulated throughout
for the circulatorythesystem
body. Carbon
is the
dioxide from the tissues enter the blood, then to thesystem.
cardiovascular lungs where it is
 The circulatory system functions with other body systems to deliver
different materials in the body. It circulates vital elements such as
oxygen and nutrients. At the same time, it also transports waste
away from the body.
 The circulatory system is the main cooling
and transportation system for the human
body
 The body has about 5 liters of blood
continuously traveling through it by way of
the circulatory system
 In the circulatory system, the heart, lungs,
and blood vessels have to work together
 The circulatory system has three different
parts: pulmonary circulation (lungs),
coronary circulation (heart), and systemic
circulation, ( the rest of the system’s
processes).

The
hear
t

Blood
Flow
To
Arms
The following are the three major
parts of the circulatory system with
their roles
1. Heart – pumps the blood throughout the
body
2. Blood vessel – carries the blood
throughout the body
 Arteries – carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and
other organs of the body
 Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the
heart
 Capillaries – the smallest blood vessels
in the body, connecting the smallest
arteries ti the smallest veins
– The actual site where gases and
nutrients are exchange
3. Blood – carries the materials throughout
the body
Circulatory
system Blood flow and gas exchange in
the respiratory and circulatory
systems / parts of circulatory
system

Heart Blood blood

vessels
The following are the three major
parts of the circulatory system
 The circulatory system is the The following are the three major
life support structure that parts of the circulatory system, with
nourishes your cells with food their roles:
and oxygen. It also carries away 1. Heart – pumps the
the waste products. The blood throughout the
circulatory system can be body
compared to a complex 2. Blood vessel – carries
the blood throughout the
arrangement of highways, avenues body
and lanes connecting all the cells • Arteries - carry oxygenated
together into a neighborhood. blood away from the heart to the
Sequentially, the community of cells, tissues and organs of
the body
cells sustains the body to stay • Veins - carry deoxygenated
alive. (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM) blood to the heart
• Capillaries - the smallest blood
vessels in the body, connecting
 The heart propels
the smallest thesmallest
to the blood,veins
which carries all site
- the actual thewhere
vital gases
materials
and
nutrients are exchanged
and removes the waste products
3.we do not
that Blood
need.– carries the
The heart is a double pump that
materials throughout the
pumps on everybody.side, the left and
the right, to circulate the blood
throughout the body.
The human heart
(ACTUAL)
 The heart is a hollow muscle, which is
just as big as the fist. It has four
chambers with specific tasks to do: two
ventricles and two atria. The atria are the
receiving chambers of the heart,
accepting blood from the body (right
atrium) and from the lungs (left atrium).
The ventricles are the pumping

The Human
chambers, moving blood to the lungs
(right ventricle) and into the body (left
ventricle).

Heart (MAJOR
DIVISIONS)
 The heart has two pumps. Each pump has two
chambers, the upper and lower chambers. The
upper chamber is the atrium that receives blood
coming in from the veins. The lower chamber is
the ventricle that forces the blood out into the
arteries. There is a valve between each atrium and
ventricle to prevent the blood from flowing
backwards. The valves are like one-way doors that
keep the blood moving in only one direction.
Valves control
 Allmovement of blood into the heart
of the muscle tissues of the
The Human chambers and out to the aorta and the pulmonary
artery.
heart do not contract at the same
time. Different parts of the heart
Heart contract at different times. When the
top portion contracts, the bottom part

(DETAILED relaxes. When the bottom contracts, the

top relaxes. When a chamber contracts,
it becomes smaller and the blood inside
The Types Of
Blood
 Human{Circulatory
heart System}
The heart is a hollow
muscle, which is just as big
as the fist
The circulatory system is the life
support that nourishes
The heart your cells with
is the circulatory
nutrients
system’sfrom the supply.
power food youIteat
mustand
oxygen from the because
beat ceaselessly air you breathe.
the body’s
Heart, in anatomy, hollow tissues—especially the brain and
muscular organ that pumps the heart itself—depend on a
blood through the body. The constant supply of oxygen and
heart, blood, and blood vessels nutrients delivered by the flowing
make up the circulatory blood. If the heart stops pumping
system, which is responsible blood for more
Arteries than a away
take blood few minutes,
for distributing oxygen and death willheart.
from the result.The walls of
nutrients to the body and an artery are made up of thick
carrying away carbon muscular walls and elastic
The heart is a hollow muscle, fibers.
dioxide and other waste
as seen in Figure 7, which is Veins carry blood toward
products.
just as big as the fist. It has the heart and also have valves.
four chambers with specific The capillaries link arteries
tasks to do: two ventricles and and veins, and have a one cell
two atria. The atria are the thick wall.
receiving chambers of the Blood is made up of four main
heart, accepting blood from the things plasma, the liquid part
body (right atrium) and from of the blood; Red Blood Cells
the lungs (left atrium). The to carry oxygen. White Blood
ventricles are the pumping cells to protect the body from
chambers, moving blood to the disease and platelets to help
lungs (right ventricle) and into blood clot.
the body (left ventricle).
 Human
heart
The heart has two pumps. Each All of the muscle tissues of
pump has two chambers, the upper the heart do not contract at
and lower chambers. The upper the same time. Different parts
chamber is the atrium that receives of the heart contract at
blood coming in from the veins. different times. When the top
The lower chamber is the ventricle portion contracts, the bottom
that forces the blood out into the part relaxes. When the bottom
arteries. There is a valve between contracts, the top relaxes.
each atrium and ventricle to When a chamber contracts, it
prevent the blood from flowing becomes smaller and the
backwards. The valves are like blood inside gets squeezed or
4 MAJOR
one-way doors that keep the blood pumped out.
moving in only one direction.
Valves control movement of blood DIVISIONS OF
into the heart chambers and out to
THE HEART
the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Right atrium
- receives blood from the
body
Left atrium
- receives blood from the
lungs
Right ventricle
- pumps blood to the lungs
Left ventricle
- pumps blood into the body.
 Human
heart
Blood
circulation

The heart’s duties are much broader than simply pumping blood
continuously throughout life. The heart must also respond to
changes in the body’s demand for oxygen. The heart works very
differently during sleep, for example, than in the middle of a 5-km
(3-mi) run. Moreover, the heart and the rest of the circulatory
system can respond almost instantaneously to shifting situations—
when a person stands up or lies down, for example, or when a
person is faced with a potentially dangerous situation

The heart is a hollow muscular organ, about the size of your fist,
which is located in the center of your chest between the lungs. It
is a double pump that pumps on the left and right sides. Every
side is divided into two chambers, the atrium and the ventricle,
each of which has left and right portion, totaling to four chambers
altogether. The top chamber is the atrium (plural: atria). The bottom
chamber is called the ventricle. The valve acts as one way door,
allowing blood to flow either forward into the next chamber, or
 Hea rate
rt ge:
Advanta “Heart rate after exercise is
greater or faster than before
“Timing to a full minute gives exercise.”
more accurate reading than “After exercise, the heart rate increases
shorter counting intervals in and eventually returns to resting pulse.
getting the pulse.” Therefore, shorter interval is needed to
take the heart rate just after the activity
before it changes once again.”
The heart is made primarily of muscle tissue that contracts
rhythmically to propel blood to all parts of the body. This
rhythmic contraction begins in the developing embryo about
three weeks after conception and continues throughout an
individual’s life. The muscle rests only for a fraction of a second
between beats. Over a typical life span of 76 years, the heart will
In
beatannearly
adult,2.8resting
billion heart
times rate is The
and move normalliters
169 million heart
(179rate is
million
normally about 70 beats per about 120 beats per minute
quarts) of blood.
minute. However, the heart can in infants and about 100
beat up to three times faster—at beats per minute in young
more than 200 beats per minute— children. Many athletes, by
when a person is exercising contrast, often have relatively
vigorously. Younger people have slow resting heart rates
faster resting heart rates than because physical training
adults do. makes the heart stronger and
enables it to pump the same
amount of blood with fewer
beats. An athlete’s resting
heart rate may be only 40 to
60 beats per minute.
 Stethoscope
Used to listen to sounds
arising especially from the
heart and lungs, a stethoscope
has a two-part sound-detecting
device at one end. The bell,
bowl-shaped with a hole in the
center, detects low-pitched
sounds when the rim is pressed House Mice:
against the skin. The other
side, called the diaphragm, has • Small mammals, such as the
a thin, flat, plastic cover. The common house mouse,
diaphragm detects high- generally have more rapid heart
pitched sounds. A doctor hears rates than large mammals. A
these sounds through the mouse's resting heart rate is 500
to 600 beats per minute. By
earpieces of the stethoscope as
contrast, an adult human’s
they pass up the Y-shaped resting heart rate is about 70
rubber tubing.
Conclusion beats per minute.

• Each time your heart beats, it delivers

oxygen-rich blood to your body, which
allows it to function properly.
• Your heart rate or pulse is the number of
times your heart beats in a minute (BPM or
beats per minute).
• Different time intervals may be used in
taking the pulse as long as it comes to 60
Negative Effects of
Cigarette smoking on the
Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Negative Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ in the
effect: body, causing many illnesses and affecting health
in general. The negative effects of smoking on
circulatory system include increased heart rate
and blood pressure, coronary heart disease,
arteriosclerosis, and vascular diseases. The
respiratory diseases caused by smoking are
chronic
Cigarettebronchitis, emphysema,
smoking harms nearly asthma, coughs,
colds, organ
every tuberculosis, lung cancer and other
in the body.
respiratory infections.
The negative effects of smoking on circulatory
system
•
include:
Increased Heart Rate (pulse abnormality)
• Blood Pressure (pressure exerted by blood)
• Coronary Heart Disease (condition caused by coronary
artery disease)
• Arteriosclerosis (a common arterial disease in which raised
areas of degeneration and cholesterol deposits plaques form
on the inner surfaces of the arteries obstructing blood flow)
• Vascular Diseases (inflammation of blood or lymph vessel)
 The negative effects of smoking on
respiratory system are:
• Bronchitis (inflammation of lungs: inflammation of the mucous
membrane in the airways bronchial tubes of the lungs, resulting
from infection or irritation and causing breathing problems and
severe coughing)
• Emphysema (lung condition causing breathing impairment: a
chronic medical disorder of the lungs in which the air sacs are
dilated or enlarged and lack flexibility, so that breathing is
impaired and infection sometimes occurs)
• Asthma (respiratory disease: a disease of the respiratory system,
sometimes caused by allergies, with symptoms including coughing,
sudden difficulty in breathing, and a tight feeling in the chest)
• Tuberculosis (tubercle-forming disease: an infectious disease that
causes small rounded swellings tubercles to form on mucous
membranes, especially a disease pulmonary tuberculosis that
affects the lungs)
Respiratory sytem of the lungs that is the leading cause of
• Lung Cancer (malignancy
cancer deaths for both men and women)
The diseases and disorders of The respiratory system is also
the respiratory system can subject to allergic reactions such as
affect any part of the hay fever and asthma, brought
respiratory tract and range about when the immune system is
from trivial to life-threatening. stimulated by pollen, dust, or other
The nasal passages and irritants. In asthma, a person has
pharynx, for example, are difficulty breathing because the
targets for the viruses that bronchi and bronchioles are
Laryngitis, an inflammation of the
cause colds. These viruses temporarily constricted and
larynx, is caused by a viral
inflamed.
infiltrate and destroy the cells infection, irritants such as cigarette
of the nasal passage smoke, or by overuse of the voice.
membranes. The immune Laryngitis may cause hoarseness, or
system fights back by the voice may be reduced to a
increasing blood flow to the whisper until the inflammation
area, bringing numerous virus- subsides.
attacking white blood cells to
 Bronchitis is an inflammation of
Respiratory the membranes that line the bronchi
or bronchioles. Bronchitis results

system
Tuberculosis is caused by a from viral or bacterial infection or
bacterium that attacks the lungs from irritating chemicals. Infections
and sometimes other body caused by bacteria or viruses can
tissues as well. If infections in lead to pneumonia, a potentially
the lungs are left untreated, the serious condition of the lungs in
disease destroys lung tissue. In which fluid and inflammation builds
the past, antibiotics have up in the alveoli, impeding the flow
controlled tuberculosis, but of oxygen and carbon dioxide
recently, new antibiotic-resistant between the capillaries and the
Lung cancer develops in individuals with a genetic predisposition to
strains of the tuberculosis alveoli.
the disease who are exposed to cancer-causing agents, such as tobacco
bacterium have evolved.
smoke, asbestos, and uranium. Cancerous tumors may start in the
bronchi, bronchioles, or in the alveolar lung tissue. If lung cancer is
detected before the cancer has spread to other parts of the body,
treatments are more effective, and the prognosis for full recovery is
good. Unfortunately,
In emphysema 85 percent
the alveolar of lung
tissue cancerdestroyed
is partially cases are and
diagnosed
the after
the cancer alveoli
remaining has spread, and for these
are weakened andcases, theThe
enlarge. prognosis is very
bronchioles poor.
collapse
on exhalation, trapping air in the alveoli. Over time this process impairs
the ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the circulatory
system, leading to breathing difficulties.
Circulatory
system
Disorders of the circulatory system include any injury or disease that
damages the heart, the blood, or the blood vessels. The three most
important circulatory diseases are hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and
atherosclerosis.
Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure, develops when the body’s
blood vessels narrow, causing the heart to pump harder than normal to
push blood through the narrowed openings.
Hypertension that remains untreated may cause heart enlargement
and thickening of the heart muscle. Eventually the heart needs more
oxygen to function, which can lead to heart failure, brain stroke, or
kidney impairment.
 Some cases of hypertension can be treated by lifestyle changes such
as a low-salt diet, maintenance of ideal weight, aerobic exercise, and
a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, plant fiber, and the mineral
potassium.
 If blood pressure remains high despite these lifestyle adjustments,
medications may be effective in lowering the pressure by relaxing
In blood
arteriosclerosis,
vessels and commonly known
reducing the outputasofhardening
blood. of the arteries, the
walls of the arteries thicken, harden, and lose their elasticity. The heart
must work harder than normal to deliver blood, and in advanced cases, it
becomes impossible for the heart to supply sufficient blood to all parts
of the body. Nobody knows what causes arteriosclerosis, but heredity,
obesity, smoking, and a high-fat diet all appear to play roles.
Atherosclerosis, a form of arteriosclerosis, is the reduction in blood
flow through the arteries caused by greasy deposits called plaque that
form on the insides of arteries and partially restrict the flow of blood.
Plaque deposits are associated with high concentrations of cholesterol in
the blood.

{Negative Effects of Cigarette

smoking on the Circulatory
and Respiratory
and affecting health inSystems}
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causing
many illnesses general. The negative effects
of smoking on circulatory system include increased heart rate and
blood pressure, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and
vascular diseases. The respiratory diseases caused by smoking are
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, coughs, colds,
Increased Heart
tuberculosis, lungRate (pulse
cancer andabnormality)
other respiratory infections.
Blood Pressure (pressure exerted by blood)
Coronary Heart Disease (condition caused by coronary artery
disease)
Arteriosclerosis (a common arterial disease in which raised areas of
degeneration and cholesterol deposits plaques form on the inner
surfaces of the arteries obstructing blood flow)
 Prevention: The
Circulatory and
Respiratory
Preventive Systems
Medicine, medical
specialty that promotes health and
prevents illness. In the late 20th
century this specialty gained
importance as United States public
health officials became concerned
about the increasing cost of health
care. Preventive medicine
Cigarette
strategiessmoking
can focusharms nearly every organ in the body, causing
on the
many illnesses
population or and affecting health in general. The negative effects of
on individuals.
smoking on circulatory system include increased heart rate and
blood pressure, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, and
vascular diseases. The respiratory diseases caused by smoking are
chronic
The best bronchitis, emphysema,
way to prevent diseases inasthma, coughs,and
the respiratory colds,
circulatory
tuberculosis, lungacancer
systems is to have healthyand other respiratory
lifestyle, infections.
which includes balanced diet,
regular exercise, adequate rest, proper hygiene, and avoiding vices
such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. Circulatory and
respiratory disease can easily be detected with regular health check-
up and physical screening.

Perhaps, air pollution can be discussed as well, which one’s respiratory

systems.
 {Lifestyle Choice Affects
Respiratory and
Circulatory
“Each Systems}
set of pictures shows negative
“Cigarette smoking, polluting the
ways of living.” environment, eating unhealthy
foods, drinking liquor, sleep
“One’s lifestyle has a significant deprivation,
“Negative etc.”can be
lifestyles
impact on the body as it can either changed if a person decides to pay
strengthen or weaken the attention to his or her well-being
respiratory and circulatory
“Various diseases affecting the by eating healthy foods, avoiding
systems.”
respiratory and circulatory systems vices, exercising regularly, and
might begin to develop.” “Eating healthy
having foods,
adequate getting
rest.”
enough sleep, and being active
Eating Well every day can help keep you’re
(eat high quality foods respiratory, circulatory, and
/maintain a healthy weight), immune system strong.”
Exercise RegularlyAsthma
(engaged in physical
activity),and triggers are
Get Rest different from
(Quit Smoking)

∆Airborne substances.person to
∆Respiratory person and can
infections.
∆Physical activity include:
∆Air pollutants and
irritants
∆ Cause of
Hypertension
Smoking, Being overweight or obese,
Lack of physical activity, STRESS,
Older age, Too much salt in the diet,
Too much alcohol
consumption,
and Genetics.

Fast facts on hypertension:

∆ Normal blood pressure is 120 over 80 mm of mercury (mmHg),
but hypertension is higher than 130 over 80 mmHg.
∆ Acute causes of high blood pressure include stress, but it can
happen on its own, or it can result from an underlying condition,
such as kidney disease.
∆ Unmanaged hypertension can lead to a heart attack, stroke,
and other problems.
“Lifestyle factors are the best way to address high blood
These factors place you at
pressure.”

increased risk of anemia:

∆ A diet lacking in certain
vitamins
∆ Intestinal disorders
∆ Chronic conditions
∆ Menstruation
 The Structure
of called
DNA is often DNA the blueprint
of life.
In simple terms, DNA contains the
instructions for making
DNA is a nucleic acid proteins
within the cell.
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
Why do we study
DNA – is the genetic material
inside the nucleus of eukaryotic
cells.
DNA?
We study DNA for many reasons,
e.g.,
its central importance to all life on
Earth,
medical benefits such as cures for
diseases,
better food crops.

Discovering the Structure of

DNA
Structure was discovered in 1953 by
James Watson and Francis Crick They were only able to
complete the model
after x rays taken of
DNA through a
microscope by a
woman named
Rosalind Franklin
revealed the key to
determining the true
shape….she was never
officially credited with
the discovery 
Chromosomes
and DNA
Our genes are on our
chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of a
chemical called DNA.

Deoxyribonucl
eic Acid

The Shape of the Molecule

DNA is a very long
polymer.
The basic shape is like
a twisted ladder or
zipper.
This is called a double
helix.
 The double One
helix Strand Of
molecule
The DNA double
helix has two strands DNA
The backbone of
the molecule is
twisted together. alternating
phosphates
One strand of DNA is (salt/phosphorus) and
a polymer of deoxyribose sugar
(Pentose Sugar)
nucleotides.
One strand of DNA The teeth are
has many millions of nitrogenous bases.
nucleotides.

Four DNA has four diffrent

nitrogen bases:
Cytosine C
Thymine T

ous Adenine A
Guanine G
In DNA, Which
Bases Pair?

Two kinds of bases

inPyrimidines
DNA are single
ring bases.

Purines are double

ring bases.
 N
Adenine and N C
Guanine are and
• Adenine C C
N
O
purines guanine each
N C have two rings of N C
Adenine N C
NC C carbon and nitrogen
N C
N
Two Stranded DNA
atoms.

Guanine C
N • Remember, DNA has two strands
that fit together something like a
zipper.
• The teeth are the nitrogenous

C N
bases but why do they stick
Hydrogen Bonds together?
C N

C N
• The bases attract each other because
C
O

N
of hydrogen bonds. N

C
• Hydrogen bonds are weak but there
are millions and millions of them in NC N
a single molecule of DNA.
C C O
• The bonds between cytosine and
guanine are shown here with dotted C N
lines O
NC
O C CC• When making hydrogen bonds,
N C cytosine always pairs up with
guanine
• Adenine always pairs up with
thymine
• Adenine is bonded to thymine here
Chargraff’s Rule:

DNA by the Numbers

• Each cell has about 2 m of
DNA.
• The average human has 75
trillion cells.
• The average human has
enough DNA to go fromThe theearth is 150 billion m
or 93 million miles from
earth to the sun more than
400 times. the sun.
• DNA has a diameter of only
0.000000002 m.