Thermal Properties Of Matter

Temperature and Heat

Temperature

Temperature is a relative measure, or indication of hotness or coldness. A hot

cooker is said to have a high temperature, and ice cube to have a lower
temperature.

An object at a higher temperature is said to be hotter than the one at a lower

temperature.

The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K), whereas degree celsius (°C) is a

commonly used unit of temperature.

Heat

When you put a cold spoon into a cup of hot coffee, the spoon warms up and
the coffee cools down as they were trying to equalise the temperature.

Energy transfer that takes place solely because of a temperature difference

is called heat flow or heat transfer and energy transferred in this way is
called heat.

The SI unit of heat energy transferred is expressed in joule (J).

 Measurement of Temperature

A physical property that changes with temperature is called a

thermometric property. When a thermometer is put in contact with a hot
body, the mercury expands, increasing the length of the mercury column.

(i) Celsius Scale

It defines ice-point temperature as 0°C and the steam point temperature
as 100°C.

The space between 0°C and 100°C marks is equally divided into 100
intervals.
(ii) Fahrenheit Scale
It defines the ice-point temperature as 32°F and the steam point
temperature as 212°F.

The space between 32°F and 212°F is divided into 180 equal intervals.

(iii) Kelvin Scale

Kelvin Scale is a scale of measuring of temperature, the melting point of ice
is taken as 273 K

The boiling point of water as 373 K the space between these two points is
divided into 100 equal intervals.

(iv). Relation between Different Scales of Temperatures

To convert a temperature from one scale to the other, we must take into
account the fact that zero temperatures of the two scales are not the
same.
 The normal temperature of the human body measured on the Celsius
scale is 37°C which is 98.6°F.

Ideal Gas Equation and Absolute Temperature

(i) Ideal Gas Equation

An equation which follows the law of Boyle’s law of Charl’s and law of
Avogadro is called ideal gas equation.

At constant temperature,

Boyles Law – states that for a given mass of gas held at a constant
temperature the gas pressure is inversely proportional to the gas volume.

At constant pressure,

Charles Law – states that for a given fixed mass of gas held at a constant
pressure the gas volume is directly proportional to the gas temperature

At constant T and P,

Avogadro’s law - When p & T are constant, then the volume of a gas bears a
direct relation with the number of moles of gas.
 By combining all above equation, we get

where, n = Number of moles of gas

-1 -1
R = Universal gas constant (R = 8.31 J mol K )

P = Pressure of gas

V = Volume of gas

(ii) Absolute Temperature

The absolute minimum temperature is equal to –273.15ºC. This is also known as

absolute zero. Absolute zero is the foundation of the kelvin temperature scale or
absolute scale temperature.

Thermal Expansion

Increase in size of any matter on heating is called thermal expansion. There are
three types of thermal expansion.

(i) Linear Expansion

The expansion in length is called linear expansion and the fractional change in
length, ΔL/L is given by ΔL/L = αΔT where α is called coefficient of linear
expansion.

(ii) Area Expansion

The expansion in area is called area expansion or superficial expansion and the
fractional change in area, ΔA/A is given by ΔA/A = βΔT where β is called
coefficient of area expansion.

(iii) Volume Expansion

The expansion in volume is called volume expansion and the fractional change
in area, ΔV/V is given by ΔV/V = γΔT where γ is called coefficient of volume
expansion.
(iv) Relation Between

Specific Heat Capacity

If an amount of heat Q, when given to a body of mass m, increases its

temperature by an amount ΔT, then

Q = mcΔT

where c is a constant and is called the specific heat capacity or simply

specific heat of the material of the body.

If m = 1 kg and ΔT = 1C° then c = Q

Specific heat of the material of a substance is the amount of heat required to

raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance through 1C°.

In SI, the unit of c is J/kg K.

Calorimetry

Calorimetry deals with the measurement of heat. The vessel which is largely
used in such a measurement is called a calorimeter.

When two bodies at different temperatures are allowed to share heat, they attain
a common temperature. If it is assumed that no heat is received from or given to
any body outside the system and if there is no chemical action involved in the
process of sharing, then
 Heat gained = Heat lost

This simple statement based on the law of conservation of energy is

called the principle of calorimetry.

Change of State

Depending on temperature and pressure, all matter can exist in a solid, liquid or
gaseous state.

These states or forms of matter are also called the phases of matter.

The change of state from solid to liquid is called melting and from liquid to solid
is called fusion.

It is observed that the temperature remains constant until the entire amount of
the solid substance melts. That is, both the solid and the liquid states of the
substance coexist in thermal equilibrium during the change of states from solid
to liquid.

The temperature at which the solid and the liquid states of the substance is in
thermal equilibrium with each other is called its melting point.

The change of state from liquid to vapour (or gas) is called vaporisation.

It is observed that the temperature remains constant until the entire amount of
the liquid is converted into vapour.

The temperature at which the liquid and the vapour states of the substance
coexist is called its boiling point.

The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid
state is called sublimation, and the substance is said to sublime.
 Latent Heat

Latent heat is defined as the heat or energy that is absorbed or released

during a phase change of a substance. It could either be from a gas to a liquid
or liquid to solid and vice versa.

Latent heat is related to a heat property called enthalpy.

It is denoted by L and its SI unit is J/kg.

L=Q/m

There are two types of latent heat.

(i) Latent Heat of melting

It is a amount of heat which is required to change of phase from solid to liquid for
unit mass at constant temperature. Ex- Latent heat of melting of ice is 334 J/kg.

(ii) Latent Heat of Vaporization

It is a amount of heat which is required to change of phase from liquid to vapor for
unit mass at constant temperature. Ex- Latent heat of vaporization of water is
5
22.6 x 10 J/kg.

Heat Transfer

There are three mechanisms of heat transfer which name is given as-
conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction occurs within a body or
between two bodies in contact.

Convection depends on motion of mass from one region of space to another.

Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation, such as sunshine, with

no need for matter to be present in the space between bodies.
(i) Conduction

Conduction is the mechanism of transfer of heat between two adjacent

parts of a body because of their temperature difference. Suppose, one end
of a metallic rod is put in a flame, the other end of the rod will soon be so
hot that you cannot hold it by your bare hands.

Here, heat transfer takes place by conduction from the hot end of the rod
through its different parts to the other end. Gases are poor thermal
conductors, while liquids have conductivities intermediate between solids
and gases.

(ii) Convection

Convection is a mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter. It is

possible only in fluids. Convection can be natural or forced. In natural
convection, gravity plays an important part. When a fluid is heated from
below, the hot part expands and, therefore, becomes less dense.

Because of buoyancy, it rises and the upper colder part replaces it. This
again gets heated, rises up and is replaced by the relatively colder part of
the fluid. The process goes on.

In forced convection, material is forced to move by a pump or by some

other physical means. The common examples of forced convection
systems are forced-air heating systems in home.

(iii) Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves such as visible

light, infrared, and ultraviolet rays. Everyone has felt the warmth of the sun’s
radiation and intense heat from a charcoal grill or the glowing coals in a
fireplace. Most of the heat from these bodies reaches you not by conduction
or convection in the intervening air but by radiation.

This heat transfer would occur even if there were nothing but vacuum
between you and the source of heat.
 Black Body Radiation

(i) Emissive Power

The amount of heat energy rediated per unit area of the surface of a body, per
unit time and per unit wavelength range is constant which is called as the
’emissive power’ (eλ) of the given surface, given temperature and wavelength.

Its S.I. unit is W/m2

(ii) Absorptive Power

The ‘absorptive power’ of a surface at a given temperature and for a given

wavelength is the ratio of the heat energy absorbed by a surface to the total
energy incident on it at a certain time. It is represented by (aλ).

It has no unit as it is a ratio.

(iii) Perfect Black Body

A body is said to be a perfect black body, if its absorptivity is 1. It neither reflects

nor transmits but absorbs all the thermal radiations incident on it irrespective of
their wavelengths.

(iv) Wein’s Displacement Law

This law states that as the temperature increases, the

maximum value of the radiant energy emitted by the
black body, move towards shorter wavelengths. Wein
found that “The product of the peak wavelength (λm)
and the Kelvin temperature (T) of the black body
should remainconstant.”
 -3
Where b is constant known as Wein’s constant. Its value is 2.898 x 10 mk.

(v) Stefan’s Law

This law states that the thermal radiations energy emitted per second from
the surface of a black body is directly proportional to its surface area A and
to the fourth power of its absolute temperature T.

Emissioncoefficient or degree of blackness of a body is represented by a

dimensionless quantity ε, 0 < ε < 1. If ε = 1 then the body is perfectly black
body. Hence

Where σ is a Stefan's constant and its value is 5.67 x 10 W m K

-8 -2 -4

Here, η is the coefficient of viscosity and all symbols have standard

meaning.

Newton’s Law of Cooling

According to Newton’s law of cooling, "The rate of loss of heat of a body is

directly proportional to the excess of the temperature (T–T0) of the body with
respect to the surroundings".

“NCERT IN TEXT QUESTIONS AND BACK

QUESTIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT”

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