THERMAL PROPERTIES OF

MATTER
Chapter 11
 CONTENTS
• Temperature and Heat
• Measurement of Temperature
• Gas Equation
• Thermal Expansion
• Specific heat capacity
• Calorimetry
• Change of State
• Heat transfer
• Newton’s law of cooling
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
• What is temperature ?? – It is a relative term to measure hotness or coldness.
• Hot and cold are relative terms. Things are hotter or colder relative to other
matter or surroundings.
• Heat – Form of energy.
• Measurement of heat – transfer of heat (energy) from one system to other
system or surroundings.
• Why energy transfer take place - Due to heat difference ( Temperature
Difference) between two systems.
Temp or heat is measurement of K.E. of molecules of the matter.
SI units of heat is Joules and temperature if Kelvin and Celsius.
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
• Temperature cause the changes in physical properties of the matter.
• Mostly, change in volume is considered. E.g. – in thermometer change in
mercury /alcohol.
• Thermometers – To make scale of temp–Since we understand that all
substances changes dimension hence absolute reference for expansion is not
available. So, we take those points, where any physical phenomenon occurs
ALWAYS at same temp. and we take these as known reference points.
1. Freezing of water
2. boiling of water.
Two scales are F and C.
Freezing point - 0 C and 32 F ➔ Difference of 100 units.
Boiling point - 100 C and 212 F ➔ Difference of 180 units.
 GAS EQUATION AND ABSOLUTE TEMP.
• Boyle Law – For fixed temperature PV = constant for low density gases.
• Charles Law – For fixed pressure V/T = constant for low density gases.
• Combining Boyles and Charles Law –

𝑃𝑉
• = nR ➔
𝑇
• PV = nRT ➔
• PV ∝ T
• If we keep volume of gas constant, then P ∝ T, and we can
measure the temp in terms of pressure of the gas using gas
thermometer.
• Since P ∝ T is going to be straight line equation.
• Since the equation is
KELVIN SCALE
for Ideal gas (diluted)
we need to extra plot
reach to x-axis, it
touches at -273.15C.
This is the minimum
temp that can be
theoretically possible.
• This is the Coldest
possible temp of
universe.
• There is no more
energy left in the
matter that can be
taken out.
• implies that KE = zero
i.e no vibrations.
 ALL THREE TEMP SCALES
180 F = 100C
180/100 =9/5
Tc = TF – 32F
Now we need to cancel out F and only keep C K = C +273.15
Tc = TF – 32F X (5C/9F) C = K - 273.15
TF = Tc (9/5) + 32

373.15 100°C 212°F

100 100
Kelvin 180
Celsius Fahrenheit

0°C 32°F
273.15
 THERMAL Types of Thermal
EXPANSION Expansion Linear Area Expansion
Volume
Expansion

Dimension that
Length Area Volume
going to change
• The change in body
temperature causes
changes in ∆𝑙 ∆𝐴 ∆𝑉
dimensions of body- 𝛼l = 𝛼a = 𝛼V =
𝑙∆𝑇 𝐴∆𝑇 𝑉∆𝑇
• Possible dimensions
Coefficient of
changes : - thermal Coefficient of
• Liner expansion expansion (𝛼)
Coefficient of Coefficient of
volume
learn expansion area expansion
• Area expansion expansion
• Volume expansion
Relationship 𝛼 a = 2𝛼 l 𝛼 V = 3𝛼 l
• Table 10.1 – Linear Expansion
• Volume Expansion -
Volume expansion is not
linear over the lower
temperature range but
THERMAL EXPANSION
usually it becomes constant
at higher temperature. Ref
10.2
• Water volume of expansion :
- Water volume behaves
little abnormally. Since we
know , if temp is reduced ,
then volume is going to
shrink. Water at 0C is having
more volume compared to
water at 4 C.
• This implies at 0C
water has more
density than water
at 4C. Thus water is
having max density
at 4 C.
 HEAT CAPACITY
• Heat Capacity – heat required to change the temp of material by one degree
∆𝑄
• S=
∆𝑇
Example – Heating fix amount of water and noting the time to it takes to change the
temperature to required degree. Vs doubling the amount Vs doubling the temp
required.
Do above for oil – say mustered oil. – observations ??
We observe that , S doesn’t only depend on the change in temp. But also depends
upon the amount taken.
So, the value of heat exchanged for raising the temp for a unit mass is known as
specific heat capacity of the mat.
∆𝑄
s = S/m ; s=
𝑚∆𝑇

NOTE – there must NOT be state change of the matter.

 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• The specific heat capacity is the property of the substance which
determines the change in the temperature of the substance
(undergoing no phase/State change) when a given quantity of heat is
absorbed (or given off) by it.

• It is defined as the amount of heat per unit mass absorbed or given off
by the substance to change its temperature by one unit.

• It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.

• The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J kg–1 K–1.
 MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Convection - like conduction, it needs material to transfer the heat.
Convection is possible in fluids. – read book under this topic and write 10
examples of convection.
• Radiation – heat transfer doesn’t need material. It can take place in
vacuum. Examples – read topic in book and write 5 such examples.
• ALL bodies emit radiations by virtue of its temp.
• Bodies also absorbs the radiations – few reflected back, few transmitted.
(colour of body)
 MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• If instead of unit mass, one mole of the substance is taken and change the
temperature by one degree, then the it is called “Molar Specific Heat
capacity”.
∆𝑄
•C = ,𝑛 is the number of moles
𝑛∆𝑇
• For gases – The specific heat is measured either by keeping pressure
constant or volume constat.
• It is called molar specific heat capacity at constant Pressure = Cp
• It is called molar specific heat capacity at constant Volume = Cv
• Check table 10.3 in book
 CALORIMETER
It is a device to measure the
heat exchange take place
between two isolated
systems.
It works on the principal that
in an isolated system , the
heat transferred between
parts of the system, is equal
to the heat lost by the part
at higher temp will be equal
to heat gained by the part
at lower temp.
 STATES OF MATTERS

• Solid liquid and gas-

• Melting point – the temperature of thermal equilibrium where solid and
liquid phases co-exits. Melting is also known as fusion.
• Boling point – the temperature of thermal equilibrium where liquid and
gaseous state (phase) co-exits.
• Re-freezing or regelation – re-freezing ( melting due to higher pressure and
freezing again as soon as pressure is released).
• Variation of boiling point Vs pressure – boiling point increases with increase of
pressure and decreases with decrease of pressure.
• Sublimation - Solid to vapor phase w/o going to liquid
 LATENT HEAT
• Energy/ heat required to
change the state of matter.-
denoted by L.
• It depends on the mass of the
substance that is going under
the change.
• Q = m.L ➔ L = Q/m
• Latent heat of fusion – heat
used to transform solid to
liquid. Lf .
• Latent heat of vaporization -
heat used to transform liquid
to gas . Lv .
• Lf and Lv are not necessarily
same for given substance.
Table 10.5 in book
 MODE OF HEAT TRNASFER
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 HEAT CONDUCTION
• Thermal conductivity – Solid > Liquid >
Gases
• It is time rate of heat flow for given
temperature difference.
• If Tc > Td, then heat transfer H is :
• H = KA (Tc-Td)/ L
• A is area of the rod. K is constant of
proportionality and known as “Thermal
Conductivity” Table 10.6 in book.
 CONVECTION AND RADIATION
• Convection also need matter to transfer the heat.
• The convection is applicable to fluids only.
• Read section 10.9.2 and write 10 examples of convection taking place in our
surrounding with explanations.
• Radiation – these doesn’t need any matter to transfer the heat.
Electromagnetic radiations carries the energy , even in vacuum, and travels
at the speed of light.
• Write 5 examples of heat transfer using radiation. – read book 10.9.3
 BLACK BODY RADIATION
• As radiation emitted by a body is temperature dependent, these are also
dependent on the wavelength of the radiation.
• This is given by 𝜆𝑚𝑇 = Constant = 2.9 x10-3 mK. This is universal law and known as
Wien’s Displacement Law. The radiations doesn’t depends on the size of the object.

• Useful in determining the temp of celestial body by measuring the wavelength being
emitted by body.
• The amount of radiation (e m waves) is proportional to surface of the body.
• The energy emitted per unit time for a perfect radiator is given by
𝐻 = 𝐴𝜎𝑇 4 and for non perfect radiator we add emissivity factor “e”.
• 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑛 − 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• Now for any material with emissivity factor e, the radiation energy is given by
• 𝐻 = 𝐴 𝑒𝜎𝑇 4
 NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
• It state that the rate of heat loss from a body to its surrounding is directly
depends on the temperature difference between the body and its
surroundings.
𝑑𝑄
• = 𝑘 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) , where k is the constant that depends upon the area and
𝑑𝑇
surface nature of the body.
• End of this chapter