23L504 CONTROL SYSTEMS
Introduction to Control Systems
Dr. V. Krishnaveni, Dept. of ECE
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
vk.ece@psgtech.ac.in
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Title of the Course
CONTROL SYSTEMS
‘Control’ ‘Systems’
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What is ‘SYSTEM’ ?
Half wave rectifier is an
electronic system that
converts the AC input signal
to a DC output signal.
Input signal to an amplifier
will be a current or voltage
and the output will be an
amplified version of the
input signal.
Systems process the given input signal (excitation) and
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produces the output (response).
Some more examples of Systems
• In an automobile, the applied pressure (input) on the accelerator
pedal, produces the output which is the speed of the vehicle.
• Robot is a system and its movements are the response (output) to
control inputs.
• Thermal power plant is a system which converts heat energy into
electrical energy and generates electricity.
• Computer software used for the automated analysis of
electrocardiograms (ECG) can also be viewed as a system that
accepts a digitized electrocardiogram as input, and produces heart
rate as output.
• Student-Teacher Learning Process - Student accepts input from a
teacher, and acquire knowledge.
System can be a device or a process or an algorithm that
manipulates one or more input signals (excitation) to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding output signals
(response). V. Krishnaveni, PSG College of Technology 4
Three different problems w.r.t systems
Given x(t) and S, find y(t) Analyze
Given y(t) and S, find x(t) Control
Given x(t) and y(t), find S Design (Synthesize)
Control What x(t) will produce the desired y(t) ?
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What is ‘CONTROL’ ?
Control - Making the system behave as desired
i.e What Control Input will produce the Desired Grade ?
Error Control Controlled
Reference
Input Output
Input
Teacher
Desired
Grade
+
- Student
Actual
Grade
9/10 7/10
Monitored
6
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Student-Teacher Learning Process
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Automobile Steering Control System
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Automobile Driving Control System
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Open loop control system with external disturbances
Closed loop control system with external disturbances and
measurement noise
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What is ‘CONTROL SYSTEM ?’
A control system is an interconnection of components/subsystems
forming a system configuration in which any quantity of interest can be
altered or maintained at a desired level by changing the dynamics of
the system.
The objective of a control system design engineer is to design a
controller so that the controlled output follows the reference input
satisfactorily even in theV.face of disturbance and noise.
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Terminologies
• Reference Input – Desired output
• Controlled Output – Actual output
• Controller – Heart of control system that generates the input to
the plant or process or system being controlled.
• Actuator – Actuates a system (plant) to move from current state
to a desired state.
• Plant - Any physical system to be controlled.
• Process - Any operation to be controlled.
• Sensor – Device that provides a measurement of a desired
external signal – Sensors are the eyes of the control system
enabling to see what’s going on. (If measured can be
controlled)
• Disturbance – External disturbances.
• Measurement Noise – Interference from other external sources
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Positive vs Negative Feedback
• If the feedback attempts to change the system, it is considered positive. If it
attempts to keep the system the same, it is negative feedback.
• A negative feedback loop reduces the effect of change and helps maintain
balance. A positive feedback loop increases the effect of the change and
produces instability.
• Positive feedback has this tendency to add up and magnify everything. At times
it may lead to the output just blowing up. It can amplify the effect of
perturbations, unwanted disturbances etc. while negative feedback brings about
a stabilizing effect.
• Negative feedback is preferred in control systems because it leads to
stable, accurate, and robust system performance, making it an essential
feature in the design of control systems across various applications.
In addition to this,
• Reduction in the gain at the expense of better stability of the system,
• Rejection of disturbance signals in the system.
• Low Sensitivity to parameter variations.
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Examples of Open Loop Control Systems
• Bread Toaster
• Microwave Oven
• Washing Machine
• Grinder
• Traffic Light Controller
• Hand Drier
• Coffee Server
• Water Sprinkler
Any control system that operates on a time basis is an
open loop system.
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Open Loop Control Systems
• System without feedback, so the system output has no effect on
the control action
• Systems operate on time base.
• Simple construction and ease of maintenance.
• Less expensive than a corresponding closed-loop system.
• Convenient when output is hard to measure or measuring the
output precisely is economically not feasible.
• In any open-loop control system the output is not compared
with the reference input. Thus, to each reference input there
corresponds a fixed operating condition; as a result, the accuracy
of the system depends on calibration.
• Disturbances and changes in calibration cause errors, and the
output may be different from what is desired.
• To maintain the required quality in the output, recalibration is
necessary from time to time.
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Examples of closed loop control systems
Automatic Electric Iron
Automobile Driving System
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Examples of closed loop control systems
Engineering Organizational System
Human Body
It is a highly advanced feedback control system. Both body temperature and blood
pressure are kept constant by means of physiological feedback.
In fact, feedback performs a vital function: It makes the human body relatively
insensitive to external disturbances, thus enabling it to function properly in a
changing environment.
Breathing and swallowing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNwXoW7z24E
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Closed Loop Control Systems
• The term closed-loop control always implies the use of
feedback control action in order to reduce system error.
• The error signal, which is the difference between the
reference input signal and the feedback signal , is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output of
the system to a desired value.
• The use of feedback makes the system response relatively
insensitive to external disturbances and internal variations in
system parameters.
• The closed-loop control system is generally higher in cost and
power.
• A proper combination of open-loop and closed-loop
controls is usually less expensive and will give
satisfactory overall system performance.
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Multivariable Feedback Control System
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Control System – A Big Picture
Smart Grid Control System
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Design and Analysis of a Control System
Follows the following steps:
1. Determine a physical system and specification from requirements.
2. Draw a functional block diagram.
3. Represent the physical system as a schematic.
4. Use the schematic to obtain a mathematical model, such as block
diagram and reduce the block diagram.
5. Produce the desired transient response.
6. Reducing the steady state errors.
7. Achieving stability.
In a nutshell, Design and Analyse the system to meet the specified
requirements and specifications that include stability, transient
response and steady state performance.
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