EnMath 2: Calculus 2

Arlan V. Gutierrez
Instructor

Definite Integrals

 Summation Notation
 The Definite Integrals
 Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
 Wallis’ Formula
Summation Notation
 A technique developed to reduce the work of writing out sums.
𝑛
Consider: 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + ⋯ + 𝑢𝑛 can be written as 𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖

Properties:
𝑛 𝑛
1. 𝑖=1 𝑐𝑎𝑖 = 𝑐 𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖
𝑛
2. 𝑖=1(𝑎𝑖 +𝑏𝑖 ) = 𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑏𝑖

Summation Formulas:
1. 𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐 ; where c is a constant
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1)
2. 𝑖=1 𝑖 =
2
𝑛 2 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
3. 𝑖=1 𝑖 =
6

𝑛 3 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
4. 𝑖=1 𝑖 = 4
Sample Problems:
5
1. Evaluate 𝑖=1(6𝑖 + 5)
5 5 5
Solution: 𝑖=1 6𝑖 + 5 =6 𝑖=1 𝑖 + 𝑖=1 5
5(5 + 1)
=6 + 5(5)
2
= 𝟏𝟏𝟓
7
2. Evaluate 𝑖=1(𝑖 + 1)3
7 7
Solution:
(𝑖 + 1)3 = (𝑖 3 + 3𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 + 1)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
7 7 7 7

= 𝑖3 + 3 𝑖2 + 3 𝑖+ 1
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
72 (7 + 1)2 7(7 + 1)(2 7 + 1) 7(7 + 1)
= +3 +3 + 7(1)
4 6 2

= 𝟏, 𝟐𝟗𝟓
The Definite Integral
𝒏 𝒃
lim 𝒇(𝒙𝒊 ) ∆𝒙𝒊 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙→𝟎 𝒂
𝒊=𝟏

 Riemann Integral or Definite Integral, which read as, “the

integral of f(x)dx from a to b”.

The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

If f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and suppose F(x) is the
antiderivative of f(x) then
𝒃
𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑭 𝒃 − 𝑭(𝒂)
𝒂 𝒂
where f(x) is the function, F(x) is the integral of f(x), a is the
lower limit and b is the upper limit.
Properties of Definite Integrals
𝒃 𝒂
1. 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒃
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝒂
2. 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, same limits

𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
3. 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒃 𝒃
4. 𝒂
𝒄𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒂
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙, where c is constant

𝒃
5. 𝒂
𝒄𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒂)
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
6. 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± 𝒂
𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒃 𝒃
7. 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂
𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
Sample Problems:
𝟐
1. Evaluate 𝟏
𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
Using integration by parts:

𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
let u = lnx and dv = xdx, thus du = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣= ; then
𝑥 2
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝒙
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏

1 1 1 1
= (2)2 ln(2) − (2)2 − (1)2 ln 1 − (1)2
2 4 2 4

= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟔
 𝟏
2. Evaluate 𝟎
(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 (𝟓𝒙+𝟑)𝟑 1
𝟎
(𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓 𝟑 0
𝟏 (𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟑)𝟑 𝟏 (𝟓(𝟎) + 𝟑)𝟑
= −
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑

𝟗𝟕
=
𝟑
 𝟏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
2. Evaluate 𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙+𝟐)

S𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒅𝒙
=
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟎 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏)
Using partial fraction:
𝒙 𝑨 𝑩
= +
(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝑩(𝒙 + 𝟐)

𝑨=𝟐 𝑩 = −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
= − 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟎 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
𝟏
= [𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏 ]
𝟎
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝟏 + 𝟐 − 𝒍𝒏 𝟏 + 𝟏 − [𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝟎 + 𝟐 − 𝒍𝒏(𝟎 + 𝟏)

𝟏
𝒙𝒅𝒙
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)
Wallis’ Formula
𝝅
Consider the definite integral, 𝟐
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
in which m and n are non – negative integers.
The above integral can be evaluated by applying the Wallis’ Formula,
𝝅 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐 𝒐𝒓
𝒎−𝟏 𝒎−𝟑 … 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟑 …
𝟏 𝟏
𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 (α)
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏−𝟐 …
𝟏
𝝅
where 𝜶 = 𝟐 if m and n are even integers and 𝜶 = 𝟏 if either m or n
or both are odd integers.
𝜋
Note:Wallis’ Formula require only limits from 0 𝑡𝑜 2 . If the limits do not satisfy the
required limits, then derive x and dx to obtain the required limits.
𝝅
Example 1: Evaluate 𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
S𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝝅
𝟔−𝟏 𝟔−𝟑 (𝟔−𝟓) 𝟒−𝟏 𝟒−𝟑 𝝅
𝟐
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ( )
𝟔+𝟒 𝟔+𝟒−𝟐 (𝟔+𝟒−𝟒)(𝟔+𝟒−𝟔)(𝟔+𝟒−𝟖) 𝟐

𝝅
𝟓 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝟐
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟓𝟏𝟐
 𝝅
Example 2: Evaluate 𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
S𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝝅
𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 (𝟏𝟎−𝟓)(𝟏𝟎−𝟕)(𝟏𝟎−𝟗) 𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ( )
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 (𝟏𝟎−𝟒)(𝟏𝟎−𝟔)(𝟏𝟎−𝟖) 𝟐
𝝅
𝟗 𝟕 𝟓 (𝟑)(𝟏) 𝝅 𝟔𝟑𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏𝟎 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = =
𝟏𝟎 𝟖 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐

𝝅 𝟔𝒙 𝒙
Example 3: Evaluate 𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
S𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝒙 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟐
𝑥
Let 2 = 𝜃; 𝑥 = 2𝜃, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝜃
𝜋
from 𝑥 = 2𝜃; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝜃 = 2
Thus, 𝝅
𝝅
𝟔𝒙 𝒙
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝜽𝟐𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
𝒙 𝒙 𝟔−𝟏 𝟔−𝟑 𝟔−𝟓 ][(𝟖−𝟏)(𝟖−𝟑)(𝟖−𝟓)(𝟖−𝟕) 𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝒅𝒙 = ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔+𝟖 𝟔+𝟖−𝟐 (𝟔+𝟖−𝟒)(𝟔+𝟖−𝟔)(𝟔+𝟖−𝟖)(𝟔+𝟖−𝟏𝟎)(𝟔+𝟖−𝟏𝟐) 𝟐

𝝅 𝟔𝒙 𝒙 𝟓𝝅
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐,𝟎𝟒𝟖