Chapter 8:
Definite Integral
Definite Integral:
a. Summation Notation
b. Properties of Definite Integral
c. Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
d. Wallis Formula
Objective:
• Evaluate definite integral by summation
notation
• Evaluate definite integrals by means of a
Riemann Sum
• Identify properties of definite inregral
• Application of Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Summation Notation
Summation Notation
Often mathematical formula require the addition of
many variables Summation or sigma notation is a
convenient and simple form of shorthand used to give a
concise expression for a sum of the values of a variable.
Let x1, x2, x3, ... xn denote a set of n numbers. X1 is the
first number in the set. xn represents the nth number in
the set.
Summation notation involves:
The summation sign
This appears as the symbol, Σ, which is the Greek upper
case letter, S. The summation sign, Σ, instructs us to
sum the elements of a sequence. A typical element of the
sequence which is being summed appears to the right of
the summation sign.
The variable of summation, i.e. the variable which is being
summed
The variable of summation is represented by an index which is
placed beneath the summation sign. The index is often
represented by i. (Other common possibilities for representation
of the index are j and t.) The index appears as the expression i =
1. The index assumes values starting with the value on the right
hand side of the equation and ending with the value above the
summation sign.
The starting point for the summation or the lower limit of the
Typical Examples of Summation
Notation
• = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un
This expression means sum the values of u, starting at
u1 and ending with un
• = x1y1 + x2y2 + x3y3 + ... + xnyn
This expression means form the product of x multiplied
by y, starting at x1 and y1 and ending with xn and yn and
then sum of the products.
Typical Examples of Summation
Notation
This expression means form the product of constant (c)
multiplied by values of a, starting at a1 and ending with
an and then sum the products.
This expression means sum of number from 1 up to n.
Summation formulas in evaluating
definite integrals
E(11.1) :
E(11.2):
E(11.3):
These first three formulas can be proved by
mathematical induction.
Summation formulas in evaluating
definite integrals
E(11.4) : k = constant
E(11.5):
E(11.6):
Example: Evaluate
1st Solution: When n= 4, we have
= 9 + 15 + 21 + 27
= 72
Evaluate
2nd Solution:
= + by E(11.6)
=6 by E(11.5), E(11.4)
= by E(11.1)
= 3n(n+ 2)
Now, when n= 4, we get
= 3(4) (4+ 2) = 72
The Definite Integral
Let y = f(x) be a functionwhich is continuous on a closed
interval [a,b]. Divide this interval into n subinterval.
The numbers x1, x2, ..., xn - 1 such that
x0 = a < x1 < x2 < ... < x n-1 < xn = b
are called points of division. The set of closed subintervals
[x0 , x1], [x1 , x2], ..., [xn-1 , xn]
is called a partition of the closed interval [a,b].
The lengths of the subintervals are
x1 = x1 - x0, x2 = x2 - x1, . . . xn = xn - xn-1
x0 = a x1 x2 x3 xn-1
xn = b
FIG. 11.1
Let z1, z2, . . . ,zn be other points on [a,b] so that
x0 < z1 < x1, x1 < z2 < x2, . . . xn-1 < zn < xn.
Then f(z1), f(z2), . . ., f(zn) are the values of the function
at such points. Consider now the sum of the following
products.
f(z1) x1 + f(z2)x2 + . . . + f(zn) xn
Writing the sum in summation notation, we have
which is called the Riemann Sum.
Riemann Sum
If the limit of the the Riemann Sum exists as the
maximum approaches zero and is always the same value
(i.e., the value is unique), then such a value (any real
number) is called the definite integral (or Riemann
integral) of the function y = f(x) from a to b and is
denoted by the symbol
Riemann Sum
So by the definition, we have
E(11.7)
In the symbol , we refer to f(x) as the integrand and to a
and b as the lower and upper limits of integration,
respectively.
The differential dx indicates that x is the variable of
integration.
Riemann Sum
The definite integral depends on the function f and the
limits of integration a and b but not on the variable x.
The letter x is only a dummy variable. That is, the letter
x could be y, z, or t. Thus
= = = =...
Note that the definite integral has been defined only in
the case when the function f is continuous on the closed
interval [a,b]. Thus if a function is continuous on [a,b],
then the function f is said to be integrable over [a,b]. If
the function is not continuous (or is undefined) at some
point on [a,b], then we call an improper integral.
A partition [a,b] iall the subintervals are of equal length
is called a regular partition. We shall illustrate how to
evaluate the definite integral by means of a Riemann
sum corresponding to a regular partition. Since the
subintervals are of the same length, i.e.,
x1 =x2 = x3 = . . . = xn, then we may simply write x
(script deleted) to represent the length of each
subinterval.
x x x
x
x0 = a x1 x2 x3 xn-1
xn = b
Thus for a regular partition of [a,b], definition E(11.7)
may now be written as
E(11.8)
where is the length of each of the n subintervals. This
length is given by
E(11.9)
The arbitrary number zi may be chosen at any point on a
subinterval. It may be chosen at the left end, at the right
end or at the midpoint of the subinterval. For our
purpose, we shall place zi at the right end of each
subinterval. Then for the ith subinterval, we have
E(11.10) zi = a + ix
where i = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n.
Example: Evaluate by means of a Riemann sum
corresponding to a regular partition with zi at the right end
of each subinterval.
Solution: Since a = 1 and b = 2, then by E(11.9) and
E(11.10), we have
zi = a + i
= 1 + i*
=1+
Also since f(x) = x2, then f(zi) =
Hence by E(11.8),
= by E(11.6)
= by E(11.4), E(11.5)
= by E(11.1), E(11.2)
=1+1+
=
Properties of Definite
Integral
Recall that in defining the definite integral , we have
specified that a < b. If f is defined or continuous on [b,a],
that is
b < a, then we define the definite integral from a to b as
E(11.11)
If a = b, then E(11.11) becomes
E(11.12)
If f is continuous on [a,b] and a < c < b, then
E(11.13)
Two other important properties are the following:
E (11.14)
This equation states that a constant factor may be taken
outside the integral sign.
E (11.15)
This equation states that the definite integral of the sum
of two functions is equal to the sum of the integrals of
the separate functions.
Fundamental Theorem of
Integral Calculus
In general, the definite integral is not easy to evaluate
by using E(11.8). However, the definite integral can be
evaluated by the process of indefinite integration. This is
possible because of the following theorem called the
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.
If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], and if
F(x) is the indefinite integral of f(x), i.e., F’(x) = f(x) then
It is customary to denote the difference F(b) - F(a) by
the symbol . Then in more compact form, the
fundamental theorem of integral calculus is expressed
by the equation
E(11.16)
In words, the Fundamental Theorem or E(11.16) states
that given an integral function f(x), we can compute the
definite integral of f(x) by finding first its indefinite
integral F(x) and secondly by evaluating F(x) at b, then
at a and finaly subtracting.
To prove the Fundamental Theorem, we let*
(1)
Hence G’(x) = f(x). However, by hypotheses, F’(x) = f(x).
Since two functions having the same derivative differ by a
constant, then
G(x) = F(x) + C (2)
Substituting (2) in (1), we get,
(3)
Substituting x = a in (3), we have,
(4)
Likewise, substituting x = b in (3), we get,
(5)
*We are denoting the variable of integration by t so as to
avoid confusion with the upper limit of integration which
is x.
Subtracting (4) from (5) and noting that , we obtain
This complete the proof.
Example 1: Evaluate
Solution: By E(11.160, we have
=
=
=
Note: This integral was evaluated by use of the Riemann
sum.
Example 2: Evaluate
Solution: Let u = 4 + 2x. Then du = 2dx and nf = . Hence
by E(11.16),
=
= =
= =
If f(x) is defined in [-a,a] and if f(-x) = -f(x), then
f(x) is called an odd function. It can be shown
that for an odd function f(x)
E(11.17)
Example 3: Evaluate
Solution:
=
=0
Note: is an odd function since
.
If f(x) is defined in [-a,a] and if f(-x) = f(x), then
f(x) is called an even function. It can be shown
that for an even function f(x)
E(11.18)
Example 4:Evaluate
Solution:
=
=
Note: f(x) = x2 + 4 is an even function since f(-x) = (-x)2
+ 4 = x2 + 4 = f(x). Then by E(11.18)
Example 5: Evaluate
Solution:
=
=
This integral can be evaluated in a more neat, fashion
and quite easily too by a formula called Wallis’ Formula.
Wallis’ Formula
Wallis’ Formula
where: m and n are nonnegative integers
if both m and n are even
if either one or both are odd
Consider again the integral in Example 5 (). We note
that m = 4 and n = 2 are both even. Hence and by
E(11.19), we have
It can be shown that if n = 0, then E(11.19) reduces to
E(11.20).
E(11.20)
where if m is given
if m is odd.
If m = 0, then E(11.19) simplifies to
E(11.21)
where if n is given
if n is odd.
Evaluate:
Solution: Since m = 5 is odd, then = 1, Thus by E(11.20)
we have
=
By a change of variable, an integral can be reduced to a
form for which Wallis’ formula cn be applied.
Example 7:
Evaluate
Evaluate
Solution: Let . Then d.
Thus
=
References:
• https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/calculus/calculus/
integration/definite-integrals
• https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec311NEW/
311_Maths_Eng/311_Maths_Eng_Lesson31.pdf
• https://www.math.ksu.edu/~gerald/math220d/hand22.pdf
