MATRICES

A rectangular array of mn numbers (real or complex) in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows)
and n vertical lines (called columns), is called an m × n matrix (to be read as m by n matrix) or matrix of
order m × n.

 a11 a12 … a1n 

a a 22 … a 2n 
A m × n matrix is usually written as, A =  21 
 M M M M 
a m1 a m2 … a mn  m × n
A matrix may be represented by the symbols [ a ij ], ( a ij ) or by a capital letter A, i.e.
A = [ a ij ] m × n or ( a ij ) m × n
The numbers a11 , a12 , . . . etc. are known as elements of the matrix A , a ij belongs to the ith row and jth
column and is called the ( i, j ) th element of matrix A = [ a ij ]
Note A matrix is not a number and it has no numerical value.

EXAMPLE 1. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix A = (a ij ), whose general element is given by a ij = (i + 2 j) 2/2.

9 25 9/2 25/2 9 5 9/2 25
a.  b.  c.  d. 
4 9  8 18  4 18  8 9 

Sol. b. a11 = (1 + 2) 2/ 2 = 9/ 2, a12 = (1 + 4) 2 / 2 = 25 / 2, a21 = ( 2 + 2) 2 / 2 = 8, a22 = ( 2 + 4) 2 / 2 = 18

 a11 a12  9/ 2 25 / 2
∴ A= =
a21 a22   8 18 

Types of Matrices
1. Row matrix A matrix having one row and n columns is called as row matrix. It is of the form
A = [ a11 a12 … a1n ]1 × n or A = [ a1 a 2 … a n ]1 × n
2. Column matrix A matrix having mrows and one column is called column matrix. It is of the form
 a11   a1 
a  a 
A =  21  or A =  2 
 M  M 
a m  a m
m m

1 ×1 ×1
 3. Zero matrix A matrix in which all the elements are y = x − y ⇒ 2y = x = 2 ⇒ y = 1
equal to zero is called zero matrix. It is also called a 2z = z + w ⇒ z = w
null matrix and is denoted by O. 3w = z − w + 3x ⇒ z = 4w − 6
On substituting w in terms of z, we get
4. Singleton matrix A matrix in which there is only
z = 4z − 6 ⇒ 3z = 6 ⇒ z = 2
one element is called singleton matrix.
Hence, we obtain x = 2, y = 1, z = 2 and w = 2
Thus, A = [ a ij ] m × n is singleton matrix, if m = n = 1 .
5. Square matrix A matrix in which the number of rows Algebra of Matrices
is equal to the number of columns, say n, is called a
2 3 Addition of Matrices
square matrix of order n, i.e. m = n. e.g. is a
9 7 If A and B be any two matrices of the same order
( m × n), then their sum A + B = [ a ij + bij ] (m × n)
square matrix of order 2.
6. Diagonal matrix A square matrix in which all its where, A = [ a ij ] (m × n) and B = [ bij ] (m × n)
elements are zero except those in the leading diagonal
Properties of Addition
is called a diagonal matrix, i.e. a ij = 0 for i ≠ j.
(i) Matrix addition is commutative, i.e. A + B = B + A .
d 0
e.g. The matrix, C = 1 is diagonal matrix of
0 d  (ii) Matrix addition is associative.
 2
order 2 and it can be rewritten as C = diag (d 1 , d 2 ) i.e. ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )
7. Identity or unit matrix A diagonal matrix in which (iii) A + O = A = O + A
all the diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called an Here, the null matrix O is called additive identity.
identity matrix. It is also called a unit matrix. An (iv) A + ( − A ) = O = ( − A ) + A
identity matrix of order n is denoted by I or I n .
Here, (−A) is called the additive inverse of A.
8. Scalar matrix A diagonal matrix in which all the
(v) Matrix addition follows cancellation law,
diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
i.e. A + B = A +C ⇒B =C [left cancellation law]
9. Submatrix Any matrix obtained by omitting some
rows or columns or both from a given m × n matrix and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C [right cancellation law]
A is called a submatrix of A. As a convention, the
Subtraction of Matrices
given matrix A is also taken as a submatrix of A.
If A and B are any two matrices of same order ( m × n),
10. Upper triangular matrix A square matrix A = [ a ij ]
then their difference A − B = [ a ij − bij ] m × n
is called upper triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 for all i > j. where, A = [ a ij ] m × n and B = [ bij ] m × n
11. Lower triangular matrix A square matrix A = [ a ij ] is
called a lower triangular matrix, if a ij = 0 for all i < j. 2 −1 4
EXAMPLE 3. If 2 A + 3B =  and
3 2 5
Equal Matrices  5 0 3 
Two matrices A = ( a ij ) m × n and B = ( bij ) p × q are said to A + 2B =  , then matrix B is
 1 6 2 
be equal, if
8 −1 2 8 1 2
(i) m = p and n = q (ii) a ij = bij , ∀ i and j a.  b. 
−1 10 −1 −1 10 −1
Thus, two matrices are said to be equal, if they are of −2
8 1 8 1 2
the same order and the corresponding elements are same. c.  d. 
−1 10 −1  1 10 1
EXAMPLE 2. Find x, y , z and w, if  2 −1 4
Sol. b. Given, 2A + 3B =  ...(i)
5
3x y   x + 4 x− y  3 2
= .
2z 3w z + w z − w + 3x 5 0 3 10 0 6
and A + 2B =  ⇒ 2A + 4B =  ...(ii)
a. 2, 1, 2, 2 b. 2, 2, 2, 2 c. 2, 1, 1, 2 d. 1, 2, 1, 2 1 6 2  2 12 4

Sol. a. The matrix on each side is of order 2 × 2. On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
Equating the corresponding elements, we get 8 1 2
B=
3x = x + 4 ⇒ 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2 −1 10 −1
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices (iii) Multiplication is associative, i.e. if A , B and C are the
If a matrix is multiplied by the scalar k, then each matrices of order m × n , n × p and p × r respectively,
element is multiplied by k. Thus, if A = [ a ij ] m × n then then ( AB) C = A ( BC ).
kA = [ ka ij ] m × n . (iv) If A is a m × n matrix and I n , I m are the identity
matrices of order m × m and n × n, then
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
I mA = A = AI n
Let the matrices A and B be of the same order and λ , µ
be scalars. Then, Here, I is the multiplicative identity.
(i) λ ( A + B) = λA + λB (ii) ( λ + µ ) A = λA + µA (v) If AB = O, then it is not necessary that either A or B
(iii) λ (µA ) = µ ( λA ) = ( λ ) µA (iv) ( − λ ) A =− ( λA )= λ ( − A ) is O or both are O.

EXAMPLE 4. Find the value or values of x such that 1 0  1 x 

EXAMPLE 5. Let A =   and B =  .
2  −3  −1 0 −1 0 1
x 2   + x   =  .
1  1  2 If AB = BA, then what is the value of x?
a. 0 b. 1 c. 1/2 d. Both (b) and (c) a. −1 b. 0
c. 1 d. Any real number
Sol. b. From the left hand side, we have
−3 2x  −3x 2x − 3x  1 0  1 x  1 x
2 2
2 AB =  =
x 2   + x   =  2 +  = Sol. b.
1  1  x   x  x + x
 2  0 −1 0 1 0 −1
2x 2 − 3x −1  1 x  1 0  1 − x
∴  x 2 + x  =  2 ⇒ 2x − 3x = − 1
2
…(i) and BA =  =
    0 1 0 −1 0 −1
and x2 + x = 2 …(ii) Q AB = BA
On solving the first equation 2x − 3x + 1 = 0, we get x = 1, 1/ 2
2
1 x  1 − x
The second equation x 2 + x = 2 is satisfied only when x = 1. ∴ 0 −1 = 0 −1
Hence, the solution is x = 1.
⇒ x= −x
Multiplication of Matrices
⇒ 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
If A and B are two matrices such that the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows in B, i.e. if Transpose of a Matrix
A = [ a ik ] is a m × n matrix and B = [ bkj ] be a n × p matrix, Let A be a m × n matrix. Then, the n × m matrix
then the product AB of these matrices is m × p matrix
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A
and is defined as
n is called the transpose of A and is denoted by A ′
( AB) ij = ∑ a ik bkj = a i1 b1 j + a i 2 b2 j + … + a in bnj or A T .
k=1
 b1 j  2 −3 −1  2 4
b2 j  e.g. If A = , then A ′ = −3 2
4 2 3 
= [ a i1 a i 2 . . . a in ]   2× 3 −1 3
3× 2
M 
bnj 
Properties of the Transpose Matrix
= Sum of the product of elements of ith row (i) ( A ′ )′ = A (ii) ( A ± B)′ = A ′ ± B′
of A with the corresponding elements of jth column of B.
(iii) ( kA )′ = kA ′ (iv) ( AB)′ = B′ A ′
Note In the matrix product AB, the matrix A is called pre multiplier
or pre factor and B is called post multiplier or post factor. Symmetric and Skew-symmetric
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices Matrices
(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general A real square matrix A = ( a ij ) is said to be symmetric, if
i.e. AB ≠ BA a ij = a ji , ∀ i and j or A = A T .
(ii) Multiplication is distributive, i.e. if A , B and C are
the matrices of order m × n , n × p and n × p A real square matrix A = ( a ij ) is said to be skew-symmetric
respectively, then A ( B + C ) = AB + AC (anti-symmetric), if a ij = − a ji , ∀ i and j or A = − A T .
110

Properties of Symmetric and Special Type of Matrix

Skew-symmetric Matrices 1. Orthogonal matrix A square matrix A is called an
(i) In a skew-symmetric matrix A, all its diagonal elements orthogonal matrix if the product of matrix A and its
are zero, i.e. a ii = 0, ∀ i. transpose A ′ (or A T ) is an identity matrix, i.e. AA ′ = I
(ii) The matrix which is both symmetric and
Note If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
skew-symmetric is a null matrix.
2. Conjugate of a matrix The matrix obtained from
(iii) For any real square matrix A ; A + A T and AA T or any given matrix A containing complex numbers as
A T A is a symmetric matrix and A − A T is a its elements, on replacing its elements by the
skew-symmetric matrix.
corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called
(iv) A real square matrix A can be expressed as the sum conjugate of A and is denoted by A.
of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 + 2 i 2 − 3 i
1 1
i.e. A = ( A + A T ) + ( A − A T ) e.g. If A= ,
4 − 5 i 5 + 6 i
2 2
1 − 2 i 2 + 3 i
cos α − sin α  then A=
4 + 5 i 5 − 6 i
EXAMPLE 6. If A =  , then find the
 sin α cos α 
3. Hermitian matrix A square matrix such that
value of AT A. ( A ′ ) = A, then A is known as hermitian matrix.
a. O b. I c. A d. AT
4. Skew-hermitian matrix A square matrix such that
 cos α sin α 
( A ′ ) = − A, then A is known as skew-hermitian
Sol. b. We have, AT = 
− sin α cos α  matrix.
 cos α sin α  cos α − sin α  5. Elementary matrix A square matrix is called an
Therefore, AT A = 
− sin α cos α   sin α cos α  elementary matrix if it can be obtained from identity
cos2 α + sin2 α 0  1 0 matrix I by performing single elementary row or
= 2  = 0 1 = I column operation.
 0 sin α + cos α  
2


PRACTICE EXERCISE
1 2 2 3 4. If α, β are the two roots of 1 + x + x 2 = 0, then
1. If A =   , B = 4 5 and 4 A − 3B + C = O , then
3 4   1 β  α β
matrix product    is equal to
C is equal to α α 1 β
2 −1 2 1 1 1  −1 −1
(a)   (b)   (a)  (b) 
 0 1  0 −1  2 
1 2   −1
 −2 1
 1 −1  −1 −1
(c)   (d) None of these (c)  (d) 
 0 −1 
 −1 2   −1 −2 
 1 0 1 0 1 2 a 0
2. If A =   and I = 0 1, then the value of k, 5. If A = 
−1 7    and B =  0 b, where a, b are natural
 3 4  
so that A2 = 8 A + kI is numbers, then which one of the following is
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) −7 correct?
3. The value of x for which (a) There exist more than one but finite number of B’s
such that AB = BA
1 0 2 1 (b) There exist exactly one B such that AB = BA
[1 1 x ] 0 2 1 1 = 0 is (c) There exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
  
2 1 0 1 (d) There cannot exist any B such that AB = BA

(a) 2 (b) −2 (c) 3 (d) −3

 Directions (Q. Nos. 6-8) If A and B are two matrices
of same order, then 15. A square matrix [aij ] such that aij = 0 for i ≠ j
and aij = k, where k is a constant for i = j is
6. ( AB)n = An Bn is called
(a) always true (b) never true (a) diagonal matrix but not scalar matrix
(c) true only when AB = BA (d) None of these (b) scalar matrix
(c) unit matrix
7. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ( ABA)T (d) None of the above
is
 x  y z
16. If the sum of the matrices  x ,  y and 0 is the
   
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix (d) None of these
 y  z  0
8. If AB = BA, then ( A + B)2 is equal to 10
(a) A 2 + 2 AB + B2 (b) A 2 + B2 matrix  5 , then what is the value of y?
 
(c) A 2 + 2 BA − B2 (d) None of these  5 
(a) – 5 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) 10
Directions (Q. Nos. 9-11) Matrix A has x rows and
x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11− y 17. If the matrix AB is a zero matrix, then which
columns. Both AB and BA exist. one of the following is correct?
(a) A must be equal to zero matrix or B must be equal
9. Find the value of x. to zero matrix
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7 (b) A must be equal to zero matrix and B must be equal
to zero matrix
10. Find the value of y. (c) It is not necessary that either A is zero matrix or B is
zero matrix
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
(d) None of the above
11. The order of AB is 18. Consider the following statements
(a) 3 × 3 (b) 8 × 8 (c) 3 × 8 (d) 8 × 3 I. Every zero matrix is a square matrix.
II. A matrix has a numerical value.
III. A unit matrix is a diagonal matrix.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
12. What is the order of the product
a h g  x (a) Only II (b) Only III
[x y z ] h b f  y? (c) Both II and III (d) Both I and III
   
 g c  z  i 0 0 −1 0 i
f 19. If A =   , B = 1  and C =  , where
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1 0 − i  0  i 0
(c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3 i = −1, then which one of the following is
13. The sum and product of matrices A and B exist. correct?
Which of the following implications are (a) AB = − C (b) AB = C
necessarily true? (c) A 2 = B2 = C 2 = I, where I is the identity matrix
I. A and B are square matrices of same order. (d) BA ≠ − C
II. A and B are non-singular matrices. 2 3  5 −2  1 −1
20. If  × =
1 17 λ 
, then what is λ
Select the correct answer using the code given 4 1 −3
below. equal to
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) 7 (b) – 7 (c) 9 (d) – 9
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
21. Consider the following statements
34 I. The product of two non-zero matrices can never
3 5 7
14. If A = 56 and B = 
  , then
be identity matrix.
4 6 8
8
7 II. The product of two non-zero matrices can never
be zero matrix.
Which one of the following is correct? Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) B is the inverse of A (b) B is the adjoint of A (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) B is the transpose of A (d) None of these (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
22. If A is any matrix, then the product AA is defined x + y
y   2 3
only when A is a matrix of order m × n, where 28. Let A =   , B =   and C =  . If
 2x x − y −1 2
(a) m > n (b) m < n AB = C, then what is A2 equal to?
(c) m = n (d) m ≤ n  6 −10  −10 5 
(a)   (b)  
 4 x + 2  4 26   4 24
23. If A =   is symmetric, then what is x
2x − 3 x + 1  −5 −6   −5 −7 
(c)   (d)  
equal to?  −4 −20  −5 20 
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) −1  cos θ sin θ
(d) 5 29. If E(θ) =  , then E(α )E(β ) is equal to
− sin θ cos θ
24. If A and B be two matrices such that AB = A and
(a) E (αβ ) (b) E (α − β )
BA = B. Then, (c) E (α + β ) (d) − E (α + β )
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
0 − 2
1
I. A 2 = A II. B2 = B 30. If A =  , then the matrix X for which
2 − 3 4 
III. ( AB)2 = AB
Select the correct answer using the code given 2X + 3 A = 0 holds true is
below. − 3 0 − 3 3 0 − 3
 2  2 
(a) I and II (b) II and III (a)   (b)  
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III − 3 − 9 − 6  3 − 9 − 6 
 2   2 
25. Which one of the following matrices is an
elementary matrix?  3 0 3  – 3 0 3
   
1 0 0 1 5 0 (c)  2  (d)  2 
3 9 9
(a)  0 0 0 (b)  0 1 0 6  –3 – 6
     2   2 
 0 0 1  0 0 1
1 1 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 1
0 2 0 1 0 0
(c)  1 0 0 (d)  0 1 0
31. If A = 2 − 3 4  and B =  6 12 6  , then
 
   
 0 0 1  0 5 2  3 − 2 3   5 10 5 
Which of the following is/are correct?
 0 −4 + i
26. The matrix   is I. A and B commute. II. AB is a null matrix.
4 + i 0  Select the correct answer using the code given
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric below.
(c) hermitian (d) skew-hermitian (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

3 −4  p q
5 2 32. Consider the following in respect of the matrix
27. If X =  , B = −2 1 and A =  r satisfy
1 −1    s −1 1
A=  
the equation AX = B, then the matrix A is equal  1 −1
to I. A 2 = − A II. A3 = 4 A
 −7 26  7 26 
(a)  (b) 
−5  Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
1  4 17 
 −7 −4  − 7 26  (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c)  (d) 
 26 13   −6 23

(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

ANSWERS
1 b 2 d 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 c 7 a 8 a 9 b 10 a
11 a 12 b 13 a 14 c 15 b 16 b 17 c 18 b 19 a 20 b
21 d 22 c 23 d 24 d 25 b 26 d 27 a 28 a 29 c 30 d
31 b 32 b
 HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
a b  1 2  2 3 a b  9. (b) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
1. (b) Let C =  , then 4  −3  +  =0
c d 3 4 4 5 c d 10. (a) On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 2 y = 16 ⇒ y = 8
       
 4− 6+ a 8− 9 + b   0 0 11. (a) Order of AB = (Number of rows in A)
⇒ =
12 − 12 + c 16 − 15 + d   0 0 × (Number of columns in B)
   
= x × ( 11 − y )
⇒ a = 2, b = 1, c = 0 and d = − 1 =3×3
2 1  a h g x 
∴ C =
0 −1    
  12. (b) Here, [ x y z ]
1 ×3 h b f y
g f c z 
 1 0  1 0  3 ×3   3 ×1
2. (d) Q A =   ,I =
−1 7 0 1
    Order of matrix = 1 × 3 : 3 × 3 : 3 × 1 = 1 × 3 : 3 × 1 = 1 × 1
 1 0  1 0  1 0 13. (a)
Now, A 2 =  =
−1 7  −1 7  −8 49 14. (c)
    
a = 0, for i ≠ j
 8 0  k 0 8 + k 0 15. (b) Given, [ a ] =  ij where k is a constant.
and 8 A + kI =  + = a = k , for i = j
−8 56  0 k   −8 56 + k  ij
ij

     
 k 0 0
Q A2 = 8A + k I  
∴ [ a ] of order 3 × 3 =  0 k 0 = Scalar matrix
 1 0 8 + k 0 ij
0 0 k 
∴  = ⇒ 8 + k = 1 ⇒ k = −7
−8 49  −8 56 + k   3 ×3
   
3. (b) 16. (b)
4. (b) α , β are the roots of 1 + x + x = 0
2
17. (c) For the matrix AB is a zero matrix. It is not necessary that
α + β = − 1 and αβ = 1 either A is zero matrix or B is zero matrix.
Also, 1 + α + α 2 = 0 ⇒ α + α 2 = − 1and 1 + β + β 2 = 0  1 0  0 0
e.g. Let A =  and B = 
⇒ β + β2 = − 1 0 0 0 −1
   
 1 β  α β   α + β β + β 2   −1 −1
∴ AB = 0, where A , B ≠ 0
∴    = 2 =
α α 1 β −1 2 
    α + α αβ + αβ    18. (b) I. Every zero matrix is not necessarily a square matrix.
1 2  a 0 II. A matrix does not have a numerical value while every
5. (c) Q A =  and B = 
3 4 0 b determinant have a numerical value.
    III. Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix and scalar matrix also.
1 2  a 0  a 2b 
∴ AB = 
3
=
4  0 b  3a 4b   i 0  0 −1 0 i 
19. (a) Given that, A =  , B= and C = 
     0 −i  1 0 i 0
     
a 0  1 2  a 2a 
and BA =  =  0 −i  0 i 
0 b  3 4 3b 4b  Now, AB =  =− = −C
     −i 0 i 0
   
 a 2 b   a 2a 
If AB = BA, then  = ⇒ a=b
3a 4b  3b 4b  20. (b)
   
From the above it is clear that there exist infinitely many B ’ s such 21. (d) We know that, the product of two identity matrix are always an
that AB = BA. identity matrix, which is non-zero matrices.
6. (c) We know that, ( AB )n = A n B n is true only, when AB = BA  1 0  1 0  1 + 0 0 + 0  1 0
 0 1 ×  0 1 =  0 + 0 1 + 0  =  0 1 = I = Identity matrix
7. (a) 8. (a)        
Sol. (Q. Nos. 9-11) Since, BA is defined. The product of two non-zero matrices can sometimes be zero
∴ Number of columns in B = Number of rows in A matrix.
⇒ 11 − y = x ⇒ x + y = 11 …(i)  0 c −b  a 2 ab ac 
   
Also, AB is defined. −c 0 a  ×  ab b2 bc 
∴ Number of columns in A = Number of rows in B  b −a 0  ac bc c 2
   
∴ x + 5 = y ⇒ x − y = −5 …(ii)
  0 + abc − bac 0 + b2c − b2c 0 + bc 2 − bc 2   2x + 2 y − y  3   2x + y  3 
 2  ⇒  4x =  ⇒  = 
=  − a c + 0 + a 2 c − abc + 0 + abc − ac 2 + 0 + ac 2  − x + y   2 3x + y   2
       
 a 2 b − a 2 b + 0 ab 2 − ab 2 + 0 abc − abc + 0 
  ⇒ 2x + y = 3 and 3x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 2−3= −1
 0 0 0 ∴ y =5
 
=  0 0 0 = 0 = Zero matrix x + y y 2  4 54 5
∴ A2 =  =
 0 0 0 2x x − y −2 −6   −2 −6 
      
So, both the Statements are incorrect.  16 − 10 20 − 30   6 − 10 
= =
22. (c) Given that, A is any matrix. −8 + 12 −10 + 36  4 26 
   
Then, the product AA is defined only when number of columns in
 cos θ sin θ 
A is equal to number of rows in A, i.e. A must be a square matrix. 29. (c) Given, E (θ) = 
− sin θ cos θ
Thus, m = n  
 4 x + 2  4 2x − 3  cos α sin α   cos β sin β 
A = A′ ⇒  = ∴ E (α ) E ( β ) = 
2x − 3 x + 1  x + 2 x + 1 
23. (d) Q
− sin α cos α   − sin β cos β 
      
⇒ 2x − 3 = x + 2 ⇒ x = 5
 cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β cos α ⋅ sin β + sin α ⋅ cos β 
=
24. (d) We have, AB = A − sin α ⋅ cos β − sin β ⋅ cos α − sin α ⋅ sin β + cos α ⋅ cos β 
 
∴ A 2 = ( AB ) ⋅ ( AB ) = A ⋅ ( BA ) B
= ABB [QBA = B ]  cos(α + β ) sin(α + β ) 
= = E ( α + β)
= AB = A [Q AB = A ] − sin(α + β ) cos(α + β )
 
Also, B 2 = ( BA ) ⋅ ( BA ) = B ⋅ ( AB ) ⋅ A
= B⋅ A⋅ A [Q AB = A ] 30. (d )
= B⋅ A = B [QBA = B ] 1 1 − 1  − 1 − 2 − 1
   
Again, ( AB )2 = ( AB ) ⋅ ( AB ) = A ⋅ ( BA ) B 31. (b) We have, A =  2 − 3 4  and B =  6 12 6 
= A⋅B⋅B [QBA = B ] 3 − 2 3  5 10 5 
   
= AB
 − 1+ 6 −5 − 2 + 12 − 10 − 1+ 6 −5 
Hence, all statements are correct.  
∴ AB =  − 2 − 18 + 20 − 4 − 36 + 40 − 2 − 18 + 20
 1 5 0
   − 3 − 12 + 15 − 6 − 24 + 30 − 3 − 12 + 15 
25. (b)  0 1 0 is an elementary matrix. Since, it is obtained by  
 0 0 1
   0 0 0
 
performing operation C → C + 5C on identity matrix I . =  0 0 0
2 2 1 3
26. (d) A square matrix A is said to be skew-Hermitian, if A * = − A or  0 0 0
 
a = − a ij , ∀ i and j.
ij
Hence, AB is a null matrix.
Here, a = − 4 + i and a =4+i
12 21 Since, A ≠ 0, B ≠ 0 and AB = 0, therefore BA ≠ 0.
Now, a 12 = ( − 4 + i ) = −4 − i = −( 4 + i ) = − a
21 Thus, A and B do not commute.
Hence, the given matrix is skew-Hermitian matrix.
 −1 1
27. (a) ∴ AX = B 32. (b) Given, A = 
1 −1
 p q  3 −4  5 2 3 p + q −4 p − q   5 2  
∴ r s   = ⇒ =
1 −1  −2 1 3r + s −4r − s   −2 1  −1 1  −1 1  1 + 1 −1 − 1
         A2 = A × A =  =
1 −1  1 −1  −1 − 1 1 + 1
I. Now,
⇒ 3 p + q = 5 and −4 p − q = 2 ⇒ − p = 7 ⇒ p = − 7     
∴ q = 5 + 21 = 26  2 −2   1 −1
A2 =  =2
Also, 3r + 5 = −2 and −4r − s = 1 −2 2 −1 1
⇒ −r = − 1 ⇒ r = 1    
and s = − 2 − 3 = − 5  2 −2  −1 1  −2 − 2 2 + 2
II. A 3 = A 2 ⋅ A =  =
 −7 26  −2 2  1 −1  2 + 2 −2 − 2
∴ A=     
1 −5 
   −4 4  −1 1
= =4
28. (a) We have, AB = C 4 −4  1 −1
   
x + y y   2  3 
⇒ A3 = 4A
∴ =
 2x x − y   −1  2
      Hence, only II is correct.