Chapter 3

o Matrices
ScHooL

Basic Concepts and Important Results

Q Matrix
A rectangular arrangement of mn elements in the form of an ordered set of m rows, each
row consisting of an ordered set of » elements is called a matrix of order m x n (m x n is
read as m by n).
If A is a matrix of order m x n, then it is usually written in the following manner:
Ay QG Q3 Ay Qg

or A= [ajjlyxps 1L <i<m, 1<j<n

# Comparable matrices
Two matrices are said to be comparable (or compatible) iff each one of them contains
as many rows and columns as the other.
# Equal matrices
Two matrices A = [a;jl;yx, and B = [bj]xy, are said to be equal (written as A = B) iff
(i) they are of the same order, and
(i) ajj= b,-j forall 7 and;.

Example: Two matrices A = [

2—x
4
3 -3 3]
2 are equal
y- 5] and B= [
only ifx=5,y="17.
Q Types of matrices
(i) Row matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Example: [5 0 3] is arow matrix of order 1 x 3 and [2] is a row matrix of
order 1 x 1.
(ii) Column matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.
2
Example: 3 } is a column matrix of order 3 x 1 and [2] is a column matrix of
—6.
order 1 x 1.
(iid) Null or zero matrix: An m x n matrix whose each element is zero is called a
zero (or null) matrix and it is generally denoted by O.
Example: [0], [0 0], [0 0 0], [0 0] are all zero matrices, but of
0 0 00 O
different orders.
() Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows equals the number of
columns say 7, is called a square matrix of order n or an n-rowed square
matrix.
Thus A = [ay;]xp is a square matrix if m = n.
a3y QA2 Qi3
Example: Az1 Az ‘123} is a square matrix of order 3 x 3.
a3y dzz Qss
The elements a;; of a square matrix A for which i =j i.e. a1, a2, a33, .., ann
are called diagonal elements and the line joining these elements is called the
principal diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A = [a,-j] is called a diagonal matrix iff all
its non-diagonal elements are zero. The diagonal elements may or may not be
zero. Thus a square matrix A = [a,-j] is a diagonal matrix ifa,-j =0, wheni#j.
2 00
Example: |0 3 0} is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3, which can be denoted
0 0 4
by diag. [2, 3, 4].
(vi) Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is
called a scalar matrix. Thus, if A = [a,-j] is a square matrix and ajj =
a, ifi =j . .
{0' ifi = 7 then A is a scalar matrix.

500
4 0
Example: [2], [ ], [0 5 0} are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 0 5
respectively.
(vii) A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is unity is called an identity
matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the square matrix A = [a,-j] is an identity matrix, if

- 1,
0,
ifi = j
ifi #j
We denote the identity matrix of order » by L,,.
10 1 0 0
Example: [1], [0 1], 0 1 Of are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3
0 0 1
respectively.
Q Operation on matrices
(@) Addition of matrices: If A =[aj;];;x, and B = [b;j];x,, are two matrices of the
same order then their sum A + B is the matrix obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of A and B.
ie. A+B=[aj+bjlyxp, 1 <i<m, 1<j<n
5 2 15 541 2+5
Example:IfA:[l 3}a.ndB: 2 2},thenA+B: 1+2 342 =
4 1 3 3 4+3 1+3
6 7
3 5|
7 4
(i) Subtraction of matrices: If A = [aj;],,,x, and B = [b;;],xp, are two matrices of
the same order then their difference A — B is the matrix obtained by subtracting
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A i.e. A~ B = [a;;—bylyxp»
1<i<m,1<j<n.
5 2 15 5-1 2-5
Example:IfA:[l 3}a.ndB: 2 2},menA—B: 1-2 3—2}=
4 1 3 3 4-3 1-3
4 —

-1 1
1 -2
# Properties of matrix addition: If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then
(@) A+B=B+A (Commutative law)
(i) (A+B)+C=A+(B+0) (Associative law)
(iid) For any matrix A, there exists a zero matrix O of the same order such that
A +0=0+A=A, where O is called the additive identity of the matrices.
() For any matrix A there exists matrix —A such that
A+ (-A)=0=(-A) + A, where (—A) is obtained by changing the sign of every
element of A, which is additive inverse of the matrix A.
A+B=A+C
) B+A=C+ A}iB:C (Cancellation law)
QO Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (number)
If k is any scalar (number) and A = [a,-j],,,xn is any matrix then the matrix which is
obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by
kand it is denoted by kA.
Thus, if A = [ajj]yxp, then kA = Ak = [kajjlyxp.
2 4 10 20}
Example: IfA = [3 1}, then SA = [15 5
4 6 20 30
Q Properties of scalar multiplication
If A, B are matrices of the same order and A, p are any two scalars, then
(i) (A+wA=1A+pA (ii) MA+B)=LA+2AB
(i) MpA)=(AuA) = u(rA) () (AA)=-(1A) =M(-A)
Multiplication of matrices
Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of columns
in A (Pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (post-multiplier). Thus, if
A = [ajjlmxpn and B = [bjgl,xp are two matrices of order m x n and n x p
respectively, then their product AB is of order m x p and is defined as
sum of the products of the elements of i™ row of A
(i, k)th element of AB = {
with the corresponding elements of the k™ column of B
Le. if A = [ajj];xp and B = [bjk],xp, then product AB is defined as the matrix C =
[eiklmxp Where
Cik= Xj-1@ijbj, 1 <i<m, 1<k<p.
2 4
Example: If A = [3 1} and B= [é _31 %] then
4 6 3x2 2X3

2 4
AB _- [3 1 [01 -13 2Z]M _
4 6l3x
2X14+4x0 2X(-1)+4%x3 2x2+4X2
3x14+1x0 3x(-1)+1x3 3x2+1x2
4X1+6Xx0 4X(-1)+6x3 4xX2+6X%2]|,
X3
2 10 12
=[3 o 8}
4 14 2005
Properties of matrix multiplication
If A, B and C are three suitable matrices and A is any scalar, then
(i) AB#BA (Generally not commutative)
(i) (AB)C=A(BC) (Associative law)
(i) If A= [ajjlyxp is a matrix, then I, A= A = AT, where I is identity matrix for
matrix multiplication.
(iv) A(B+C)=AB + AC(Multiplication is distributive over addition) (Distributive law)
(v) IfAB=AC B=C (Cancellation law is not applicable)
(vi) AMAB)=(LA)B=A(AB)
(vii) If AB = O, then it does not mean that A = O or B = O, again product of two
 non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix.
Note: IfA and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
Q Positive integral powers of matrix
The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix.
Also then
A2=AA, A3 =AAA=A2A Also for any positive integers m, n
(i) AMAN=AmMN (i) (Amyn=Amn = (Anyn
(i) M=L,1m=1 (iv) A0 = I,, where A is a square matrix of
order n.
QO Matrix polynomial
Let A be a square matrix of order 7 and f{x) = g + ajx 1 + apx2 + .. + a,_1x +
ay be a polynomial in x, then fIA) = agA” + aj A" + apAn2 + ...+ a,_|A + a, I,
is called a matrix polynomial in A where a, a1, a3, ..., a are real numbers.
Example: If f{x) =x2 — 3x + 2 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then {A) = A2
—3A +21is a matrix polynomial, where I is the identity matrix ofthe same order as that
of A.
Transpose of a matrix
LetA dl /] be an m x n matrix then transpose and A, denoted by A’ or A’ is the matrix
obtaine f\yom A by interchanging its rows and columns.
_Clea.rly A’ is an n x m matrix whose (7, z)th element = (l,j)th element of A
Le. A"=[bjj] where bjj=aj, 1 <i<m,1<j<n.

a; b
Example: Transpose of matrix [Zl ZZ 23] is [a; b;}
1 2 342x3 a; b3

# Properties of transpose
Let A and B be two suitable matrices, then
i) (AY=A (ii) (A+B)=A"+B’
(iii) (kA) =kA’, where k be any scalar (7v) (AB) =B’A’ (Reversal law)
0) (AlA2AZ.
Ay 1Ay) = Apdiy ... ApdpA]
i) I'=1
Q Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
(i) Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A = [a,-j] is called symmetric
matrix iff A’=A i.e.
 ur

a h g a h g
Example: A=|h b f| hereA’=|h b f| = A.
g f ¢ g f ¢
(i) Skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix A = [a,-j] is called Skew- symmetric
matrix iff A'=—-A ie.
iffa,-j:—aj,-, 1<i<m l<j<n

0 h g 0 —h —-g
Example:
A= (—-h 0 —f|,hereA’'=|h 0 f| = —A
-9 f 0 g =f 0
Note: Every element in the principal diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix is always
zero because for any diagonal element, a;; =—a;; = 2a;;=0= a;;=0.
If A is a square matrix, then A + A’ is symmetric and A — A’ is skew-symmetric matrix.
Every square matrix A can uniquely be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrix i.e. A = é(A +4)+ é A-4).
Invertible matrices
Let A be a square matrix of order n, then A is called invertible (or inversible) iff there
exists a square matrix B of order n such that AB = I,, = BA, I,, being unity matrix of
order n.
In such a case, we say that the inverse of matrix A is B and we write A~ = B.
If a square matrix has an inverse, then it is unique.
Assignment 3.1 (From Board Papers)

1 Mark Questions

LI. [y_4
x+3
vty
4
= [5 4o) findwandy.
_

o
(if)
oM
Find the values of x and y if 2 [0
31,y
x] + [1
02] _[5
= [1
6
8]' (CBSE 2008)
g
(iii)
e[2x=y
Find the value of x, if [ 3
5
y] = [3
6 5
_2]. (CBSE 2009)
2

2. IfA= [C‘?S @ —sm a']' then for what value of a., A is an identity matrix?(CBSE 2010)
sin @ cos a
3. Ifamatrix has 5 elements, write all possible orders it can have. (CBSE 2011)
4. Fora?2 x 2 matrix, A= [a,-j], whose elements are given by aj;= 5, write the value of
apn.
(CBSE 2011)
 1
‘Write the order
of the product matrix [2} [2 3 4] (CBSE 2011)
3
Find the value of x +y from the following equation:
2[7x y_3]+[1
5 3 —4
=15
=
7
o)
6
(CBSE
D 2012)
2012

1AT=|-134 2| andB=[7'-1 7 13] thenfind AT-BT.

2
(CBSE 2012)
0 1
1€ 2 3\(1
0)(5, -3\_
) =(Tg/(-4 )6\ write
. the value of v (CBSE 2012)
cos 6 sin 6 sin 8 —cos 6
simplify: cos 6] —sin 6 cos 6
| +sin 6 cos 6 sin 6
| case 2012
10
. Ifx[g] + y[_l] = [5],writethevalueofx.
1
. IfA is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then write the value of (I+ A)2 —3A.(CBSE 2012)
0 1 -2
. For what value of x, is the matrix A = [—1 1] 3 } a skew-symmetric matrix?(CBSE 2013)
x =3 0
e of .. (CBSE 2013)
Ifthe matrix A = [_33 _33] and A2 = A\A, then write the valu
-

w22 N+ [0 Y] = [0 Y fwdvy
. Solve the following matrix equation forx: [x 1] [_12 g] = 0. (CBSE2014)

it [2);__3; HE [‘01 ‘;] find the value ofx + . (CBSE 2014)

Write the element @ 5 of the matrix A =[a;;]p
<2, whose elements a;; are given by a;;
=¢2iX gin Jx.
(CBSE 2015)
18. Write the element a)3 of the matrix A = [a,-j], whose elements ajjare given by aj;=
lijl
2
(CBSE 2015)
19. ‘Write the number of all possible matrices of 2 x 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3.(CBSE 2016)
20. ‘Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 3 with each entry 1 or 2.(CBSE 2016)
21. A= [§ ‘2*] and B= [‘32 i] then find (3A
— B). (CBSE 2015)
0 2b -2
22. Matrix A = [ 31 3 } is given to be symmetric, find the values of @ and b.(CBSE 2016)
3a¢ 3 -1
23. IfA= [g g] is written as A = P + Q, where P is symmetric matrix and Q is
skew-symmetric matrix, then write the matrix P.

25.
iwa- [ 3] andka=[% 2], then find the values of k.a and b.(CBSE 2016)
2 3
26. wa- (1,4 7
2 5 a.ndB:(4 5) and BA = (bj), find by + 3.
2 1
27. If A and B are matrices of order 3 x 2 and 2 x 4 respectively, write the order of matrix
AB.
(CBSE 2017)
0 a -3
28. Ifthe matrix A= [2 0 —1| is skew-symmetric, find the value of @ and b.(CBSE 2018)
b 1 0
1 2 2
29. IfA= ( 2 1 x > is a matrix satisfying AA’ = 91, find x. (CBSE 2018)
-2 2 -1
30. 1£3a-B-[> %] andB- [‘2* g] then find the matrix A. (CBSE 2019)

2 Marks Questions

31 (i) Constructa 2 x 2 matrix A = [a,-j], whose elements ajj are given by ajj=i+2j.
(CBSE 2008)
(i) Constructa 2 x 2 matrix A = [a; ], whose elements ajjare given by a;;= 5
(CBSE 2008C)

x+y+z 9
33. ‘Write the value of x —y + = from the following equation: | x + 2z = |5|.(CBSE 2011)
yt+z 7
34. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then write the value of 7A — (1+ A)3, where
1 is the identity matrix. (CBSE 2014)

35. If A is a square matrix such that A2 =1, then find the simplified value of (A — 1)3 +(A
+1)3 -~ 7A. (CBSE 2016)
36. IfA= [ cos @ sm a]' find o satisfying 0 < a < T when A + AT = VZI,,
—sin @ cos « 2
where AT is the transpose of A. (CBSE 2016)
37. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.(CBSE 2017)
38. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3, then prove that det A=0. (CBSE 2017)
39. In the following matrix equation use elementary operation Ry — Ry + R and write
the equation thus obtained
2 3\/1
GG 0\ _ (8 -3
2)=0G ) (CBSE 2017)
40. Find the values of x and y from the following matrix equation:
x 5 3 —4 7 6
2(7 y_3)+(1 2) = (15 14). “"BSE
(CBSE 2 2017)
41. Find a matrix A such that 2A — 3B + 5C = 0, where B = [_32 i 2] and C =
[2 0 —2]
71 67F
(CBSE 2019)
42. A= [_41 fl show that (A — 2I) (A — 31) = O.
43. If A and B are symmetric matrices such that AB and BA are both defined, then prove
that AB — BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. (CBSE 2019)
44. Find the value of (x — y) from the matrix equation:
x 5 -3 —41 _[7 6
2[7 y_3]+[1 2] = [
15 14 ] (CBSE 2019)
45. wal) 2Jadia=[52b 324], )
then find the values of k, @ and b. (CBSE 2 2019)

3 Marks Questions
1 2 2
46. IfA= [z 1 z}, verify that A2~ 4A - 5I=0.
2 21
47. Express the following matrices as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrices and verify your result:
3 2 5 3 -2 -4
() [4 1 3} (CBSE 2008) (ii) [ 3 =2 —5} (CBSE 2010)
06 7 -1 1 2
 0 6 7 01 1 2
49. IfA=]|-6 0 8,B=|1 0 2|andC= |-2|, then calculate
AC, BC and
7 -8 0 1 2 0 3
(A +B)C. Also verify that (A + B) C= AC + BC.
50. 1wa=[3 Tl B=[¢ ] and(a+BR=A2+B2 findaandb.(CBSE 2015)
1 0 2
51. IfA=[0 2 1| andA3—6A2+7A+k =0, find k. (CBSE 2016)
2 0 3
2 0 1
52. IfA=|2 1 3| findA2-5A +4Iand hence, find a matrix X such that
1 -1 0
A2_5A+41+X=0. (CBSE 2015)
1 2 3 -7 -8 -9 .
53. X (; £ J) == (5 7 ) thenfind thematixX. (CBSE 2017,
2 2015)
2
54. A trust caring for handicapped children gets Rs. 30000 every month from its donors.
The trust spends half of the funds received for medical and educational care of the
children and for that it charges 2% of the spent amount from them, and deposited the
balance amount in a private bank to get the money multiplied so that in future the
trust goes on functioning regularly. What percent of interest should be trust get from
the bank so to get a total of Rs. 1800 every month?
Use matrix method, to find the rate of interest. (CBSE 2015)
55. There are 2 families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A,
and 2 men, 2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommended daily amount of
calories is 2400, 1900 and 1800 for each man, women and child respectively, and
amount of proteins is 45 grams, 55 grams and 33 grams for each man, woman and
child respectively. Represent the above information using matrices.
Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total requirement of calories and proteins
for each of the 2 families. (CBSE 2015)
56. In a parliament election, a political party hired a public relations firm to promote its
candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per contact (in
paise) is given in matrix A as
cost per contact.
14071 Telephone
A= [200} House call
150 Letter
The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given in the matrix
Bas
 Telephone Housecall Letter
B= 1000 500 5000 | CityX
3000 1000 10000] City YV
Find the total amount spent by the party in the two cities. (CBSE 2015)
57. To promote the making of toilets for women, an organization tried to generate
awareness through (7) house calls (i) letters and (ii7) announcements. The cost for
each mode per attempt is given below:
(i) Rs. 50 (1) Rs.20 (i) Rs. 40
The number of attempts made in three villages X, Y and Z are given below:
(@) (i) (iif)
X 400 300 100
Y 300 250 75
Z 500 400 150
Find the total cost incurred by the organization for the three villages separately, using
matrices.
58. LetA:@ _41), B = (g i), C = @ 153)' find a matrix D such that CD —
AB=0.
59. Find matrix A such that
2 -1 -1 -8
( 1 0 >A = ( 1 —2>. (CBSE 2017)
-3 4 9 22

5 Marks Questions

2 -1 -1 -8 -10
62. Find matrix Aif | 1 0j|A=|1 -2 -=5|
3 4 9 22 15
27 28 9
63. Find matrix X if X [1 é 3 - [2 4 6}.
11 10 9
 Assignment 3.2 (Important Questions)
1 Mark Questions
. Ifa matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have: what, if it has 13
elements?
. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, prove that AB is symmetric if
and only if A and B commute.
. If A is 3 x 3 invertible matrix, then show that for any scalar & (non-zero) kA is
invertible and (kA)~1 = %A’l. (Exemplar)
1 -4 5
(i) Show that the matrix A, where A=|—4 2 1|, is a symmetric matrix.
5 1 3
0 1 -1
(ii) Show that the matrix A, where A =|—-1 0 1 |, is a skew-symmetric
1 -1 0
matrix.
sin"Y(xm) tan”' (2 —cos
Y (xm) tan”' (%
fA=2 » (") ,B = . (") , then
™| sint (;) cot™(mx) sin™! (;) —tan~*(mx)
find the value of A—B.
(Exemplar)
. IfA is matrix of order m x n is a matrix such that AB” and B'A are both defined, then
write the order of matrix B. (Exemplar)
 0 a 3
If the matrix |2 b —1} is a skew-symmetric matrix, find the values of @, b and c.
c 1 0
(Exemplar)
IfA is a matrix of the type 3 x 5 and R is a row of A, then what is the type of R as a
matrix?
If A is a matrix of the type 3 x 5 and C is a column of A, then what is the type of C as
a matrix?
. LetA= [g ; _51] and B= [; _95 g] Find the sum of (2, 2) entries of A and
B.

L If [2 _73] = [_42 3¢ _f_ 4d]' find the values of a, b, ¢ and d.

I |a ; b 3a2— b] = [g é], find the values of @ and b.

iwa=[1 Sandn=[9 ] find2a 3B,

. IfB= [_01 g] and A-2B= [_07 g], find the matrix A.
IfA = diagonal [1, — 2, 5] and B = diagonal [3, 0, —4], then find 3A - 2B.
. A= | 25 -3
O]a.ndkA—[_Zb
18 3a .
C],fmdthevaluesofk,a,ba.ndc.

Write the element a3 of a3 x 3 matrix A = [a,-j] whose elements ajj are given by ajj
_ li=2jl
2
2
. IfA=[-1 2 -5]andB= [—1}, write the orders of AB and BA.
7

. IfA=|0
z -13 |(andB= [
0 -2 3 ], write the orders of AB and BA.
2o 7 5 -3
Give an example of two non-zero matrices A and B such that AB = O.
. Give an example of two non-zero matrices A and B such that AB = O but BA # O.
- 1ta= — [0[0 0]0] find
fnd A6 A6
IfA= 3 _‘8‘1] and A2 =1, find the value of o2 + By.

IfA
_q@a1 0
1] , B
, _q1
= [2
01] and A<
2= B, find the value(s) ofa.
72
ta=[% -37 05], then find (3A)'.|
 3 -1
26. IfA:[Z 4}, find (A').
1 5
1 2
27. A= [}2 23 “Yandm
1
|3 4| find(a+B).
5 6
28. IfA' 1
= [2 1]2 and B _[2
= [1 3 | find (aBy.,
-1

29. If A is a square matrix, then prove that

(i) A+A'isasymmetric matrix (ii) A—A’is askew-symmetric matrix.
3 x 5
30. If the matrix |—2 -1 1} is a symmetric, find the values of x and y.
5 y 0
31 Define symmetric matrix.
32. Define skew-symmetric matrix.
33. If A is a square matrix, prove that AA’ is symmetric.
34. If A, B are symmetric matrices and AB = BA, then show that AB is symmetric.
35. If A, B are skew-symmetric matrices and AB = BA, then show that AB is symmetric.
36. If A, B are square matrices of equal orders and B is symmetric, then show that A'BA
is symmetric.
37. If a matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then show that it is a null matrix.
38. ‘What is the number of all possible matrices of order 3 x 3 with each entry 0 or 1?

2 Marks Questions
44. Construct a 3 x 2 matrix A, whose elements are given by
IS
(7) ajj= %|l —3j| (ii) aj;= % (Exemplar)
(iii) ajj= el X sinjx (Exemplar)
45. Can you find the values of x and y so that the matrices
3x+7 5 0 y—-2
] may be equal?
[y+1 Z—SX]md[S 4
46. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation
2x 2 8 5x] _ ,[(x*+8) 24
(5 el 4x]_2[ 10 exl
47. Find the values of @ and b if A =B, where
_[a+4 3b _ [2a+2 b*+2
A [ 8 —6]'3_[ 8 bZ—Sb]'
48. If [z xy
6 4
x4y =
8
[0
w 3
6]' then find the values of x, y, = and w. (Exemplar)

49. IfA= B 152] and B = [3 1 , find a matrix C such that 3A + 5B + 2C is a null

matrix.
50. IfA= [ cos @ sin a] and A~ = A", find value ofa. (Exemplar)
—sin @ cos «
cos x —sin x O
51. Iffix)=|sin x cos x 0|, show that flx)Ay) =Ax+y).
0 0 1
52. If A is a square matrix and P is any square matrix of order equal to that of A, prove
that P’ AP is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or
skew-symmetric.

53. A’ =|-103 4
2| adB= | -11
1
2
2
1
3
| then show that (A + By = A+ B.
0 2y z
54. Find the values of x, y and = if the matrix A= [x y —z| satisfies the equation
x -y z
A'A=T3.
3 Marks Questions

55. If X and Y are 2 x 2 matrices, then solve the following matrix equations for X and Y
xe3v=[2 N s+ v = [ 2]
 x+3 z+4 2y-7 0 6 3y-—2
56. Ifl4x+7 a-1 0 = 2x —3 2c + 2|, find the values of a, b,
b-3 3b z+2c 2b+4 =21 0
c,x,yandz.
57. Find the matrix A satisfying matrix equation
2 1 -3 27_71 0
[3 2] A [5 —3] = [0 1]' (Exemplar)
2 -1 -1 -8 -10
58. Find the matrixA such that | 1 0|lA=|1 -2 -=5{ (Exemplar)
-3 4 9 22 15
_ 3 4 _[2 1 2
59. IfA=|1 1|andB = [1 5 4], then verify. (BA)2 2 = 2
B2A2.A2 (Exemplar)
2 0
2 3 10 .
60. IfA= [1 2] and I = [0 1], then find A, u so that A2 =AA + ul.
_[B -4 n_[l+2n —4n PP
61. IfA [1 _1], prove thatA’ [ n 1_ Zn]' for all positive integers n.

0 —tan¥
64. IfA= an® 0 2|, and
1 is the identity matrix of order 2, show that
an~2
— g cos a —sin a
I+a=T-4 [sin a cos a ]
_[2 -1 _[5 2 _[2 5] & .
65. LetA= [3 4], B = [7 4] and C = [3 8].F1ndamamXDsuchthatCD
—AB=0.
4 0
66. IfA= [0 -1 2] and B= |1 3|, then verify that:
4 3 -4 2 6

(i) AY=A (i) (ABY =B'A’ (iii) (kAY =(kA') (Exemplar)

67. IfA _[0[x —x0], B =01
= [1 0] and x22-= _1, then show that (A + B)22-A2+B2
= A2 + B2.
5 Marks Questions
 1 3 2
68. IfA= [2 0 —1}, then show that A satisfies the equation A3_4A2 _3A+11I=
1 2 3
0.
(Exemplar)

69. LetA= [_21 ;] Then show that A2 — 4A + 71 = O. Using this result calculate A5
also.
(Exemplar)

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options (1 to 18):
1 0 0
1. Thematrix A=|0 2 0|isa
0 0 3
(a) scalar matrix (b) symmetric matrix
(c) skew-symmetric matrix (d) none of these
1 2
2 1A= 24 75 -63 |andB= |s3 e4| then
(a) only AB is defined (b)only BA is defined
(¢) AB and BA are both defined (d) AB and BA both are not defined
3. IfAisany m x n matrix and B is a matrix such that AB and BA are both defined, then
B is a matrix of order
(@) nxn (b) mxm (¢) mxn (d) nxm
41 1o ) .
4. IfA= [3 2] andI= [0 1], then A< — 6A is equal to

(a) 31 (b) 51 (c) SI (d) none of these

5. 3 IfA-= hereay;— 1% 0%
[“ij]zxz where a;;= {0 ifi = T then
en A2 equal t to
A< is equal

(a) I (b) A (0 O (d) none of these

6. IfA is a square matrix such that A2 =1, then (A + I)3 + (A — )2 — 7A is equal to
(@) A (b A-1 (¢) A+I @ 3A
7. A= [sin cos x
x
—sin
cos x
x
] and A + A’ =1, then the general value of x is
(a) nm,n el ) (2n+1) g,nel
() Znnig, nel (d Znnig, nel
 1
IfA= |3 2 andB = [3 6] and AB =1, then the value of x is
0 2x-3 0 -1
(@) -1 ®) 0 (© 1 d 2
IfA= ; § and A2 —xA =1, then the value ofx is
(a) 4 () 2 (c) -2 (d) -4
10. T b a.ndAZZ[a ‘8], then
b a B «a
(a) a=a2+b2,B=ab () a=a2+b2,p=2ab
(¢) a=a2+b2,p=0a2-b2 (d)o.=2ab,
B = a2 + b2
11. IfA= é ‘11 , then A7 (where n € N) is equal to
1 na 1 na n na 1 n2a
@ [0 1] ®) [1 0] @l Wl @ [0 1 ]
12. IfA= } } and n € N, thenA” is equalto

(a) nA (b) 2nA (c) 1A (d) 2MA

10 0
13. IfA=|0 1 0| thenA2is equal to
a b -1
(a) A (b) -A (¢) anull matrix (d) aunit matrix
14. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then AB’ —BA' isa
(a) skew-symmetric matrix (b) symmetric matrix
(¢) null matrix (d) unit matrix
15. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB —-BAisa
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) zero matrix (d) identity matrix
16. IfA is a symmetric matrix and n € N, then A” is
(a) a symmetric matrix (b)a skew-symmetric matrix
(¢) a diagonal matrix (d) none of these
17. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and » is a positive even integer, then A” is
(a) a symmetric matrix (b)a skew-symmetric matrix
(¢) a diagonal matrix (d) none of these
18. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and # is an odd positive integer, then A” is
(a) a symmetric matrix (b)a skew-symmetric matrix
(¢) a diagonal matrix (d) none of these
 Fill in the blanks
Fill in the blanks (1 to 32)
1. The order of a matrix is defined as
2. The number of elements in a row of a matrix is equal to the
3. Two matrices A = [a,-j] and B= [b,-j] of the same order are said to be equal iff
Viandj.
-3
The order of the matrix | 2 | is
1
A matrix in which the number of rows equals the number or columns is called a

A matrix which is not a square matrix is called a matrix.

A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a
A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is unity is called
Two matrices are conformable for matrix addition if
The negative of a matrix is obtained by multiplying it by .
. The product of any matrix by the scalar is the null matrix.
Two matrices A and B are conformable for the matrix multiplication AB if the
number of columns of A is same as the
Let A and B are two matrices suitable for matrix multiplication, then order of the
product AB is .
Matrix multiplication is not (in general).
Matrxi multiplication is over addition.
Let A be a matrix of order m x n, then order ofA’ (transpose of A) is
If A and B and square matrices of the same order, then (AB)' =
A square matrix A is called symmetric iff A" =
A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric iff A" =
Every element of leading diagonal of a matrix is zero.
matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
Sum of two symmetric matrices is always matrix.
Sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is always matrix.
IfA is a square matrix, then A + A’ is and A—A'is .
. If A is a symmetric matrix, then A3 is a matrix.
. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A2 is a matrix.
IfA is skew-symmetric, then kA is a where is any scalar.
28. If A and B are the symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB + BA is
and AB-BA is .
29. If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB is symmetric
if .
30. If A and B are two symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if

31 IfA is symmetric matrix, then BAB' is .