Handout 05

Programme
:
First Year First Semester
Bachelor of Commerce (Special) Degree
Course Title : Business Mathematics & Statistics
Course Coe : C!M ""#$%
Course Status : Compulsor&
'an(out Title : MATRIX ALGEBRA
)ecturer B*Prahalathan+ Department of Commerce
Learning Objectives:
understand the notation and terminology of matrix algebra
fnd the transpose of a matrix
study add and subtract matrix
multiply a matrix by a scalar
multiply matrices together
represent a system of liner equation in matrix notation
study matrix inversion
study the cramers rule
use cramers rule to solve system of linear equations
INTRODUCTION
Matrices an Determinants ,ere isco-ere an e-elope in the eighteenth an nineteenth
centuries* .nitiall&+ their e-elopment ealt ,ith transformation of geometric o/0ects an
solution of s&stems of linear e1uations*
MATRIX
2 matri3 is rectangular arra& of elements* 4enerall&+ an& rectangular arra& of num/ers
surroune /& a pair of /rac5ets is calle a matri3*
26

mn m m m
n
n
n
a a a a
a a a
a a a a
a a a a
$ 7 "
$ $$ $7 $"
7 7$ 77 7"
" "$ "7 ""
8ach matri3 has ro,s an columns an this efines the si9e of the matri3* .f a matri3 :2; has
m ro,s <n= columns+ the si9e of the matri3 is enote /& <m 3 n=* The matri3 :2; ma& also /e
enote /&
[ ]
n 3
2
m
to sho, that :2; is a matri3 ,ith <m= ro, an <n= column*
ELEMENT OF THE MATRIX
"
8ach entr& in the matri3 is calle the entr& or element of the matri3 an is enote /& ij
a
>
,here <i= is the ro, num/er an <0= is the column num/er of the element*
ROWS AND COLUMNS
The num/ers in a hori9ontal line are calle ro,s+ the num/ers in a -ertical line are calle
columns* The num/ers of ro,s an columns as efines the imension of the matri3(m 3 n)+
,hich is rea as <r /& c=*
Exampl
Suppose a firm prouces three t&pes of tires* ?uarterl& sales of the ifferent three tires are
gi-en in the follo,ing ta/le*
!ua"t"l# Sal$
!
%
!
&
!
'
!
(
T#p o) T*"$
T 7@ 7# #$ #7
M #@ "# "@ 7@
C #A "A #B 7B
The matri3 for the tire sales coul /e enote /& the matri3 /& :2; as follo,s
:2; 6

7B B "A A
7@ "@ "# @
7 $ 7# 7@
There are $ ro,s an % columns+ so si9e of the matri3 is $ x %* .n the a/o-e matri3+ a
$%
6 7B*
S+ECIAL T,+ES OF MATRIX
%- .ECTOR
2 -ector is a matri3 that has onl& one ro, or one column* There are t,o t&pes of
-ectors*
i* Co, -ector !C Co, matri3
ii* Column -ector !C Column matri3
&- SU/ MATRIX
.f some ro,(s) orD an column(s) of a matri3 are elete+ the remaining matri3 is
calle su/ matri3 of that particular matri3*
$* S!UARE MATRIX
.f the num/er of ro,s of a matri3 is e1ual to the num/er of columns of a matri3 (r 6
c) is calle a s1uare matri3*
2 s1uare matri3 has t,o iagonals* Epper iagonal e3tening from the upper left
han corner to the lo,er right han corner pla&s an important role than the other
iagonal* .t is calle principal diagonal or main diagonal an its elements are calle
diagonal elements.
7
(- U++ER TRIAN0ULAR MATRIX
2 matri3+ in ,hich all the elements /elo, the iagonal entries are 9ero is calle upper
triangular matri3*
5- LOWER TRIAN0ULAR MATRIX
2 matri3+ in ,hich all the elements a/o-e the iagonal entries are 9ero is calle upper
triangular matri3*
1- DIA0ONAL MATRIX
2 s1uare matri3 ,ith all non iagonal elements e1ual to 9ero is calle a iagonal
matri3* That is+ onl& the iagonal entries of the s1uare matri3 can /e non 9ero*
2- UNIT MATRIX OR IDENT, MATRIX
2 s1uare matri3 ,ith all iagonal elements e1ual to one is calle an ientit& matri3 or
unit matri3* 'ere non(iagonal elements are e1ual to 9ero*
3- NUL MATRIX OR 4ERO MATRIX
2 matri3 (s1uare or rectangular)+ e-er& elements of ,hich is 9ero+ is calle a null
matri3 or 9ero matri3 an is enote /& the s&m/ol o* :o
m x n
;
E!UALIT, OF TWO MATRICES
T,o matrices are sai to /e e1ual if an onl& if
i* The& are of the same orer
ii* 8ach element of the first matri3 is e1ual to the corresponing element of the secon
matri3*
TRANS+OSE OF A MATRIX
)et 2 6 :a
i0
; /e a matri3 of orer m x n+ then the matri3 of orer n x m o/taine /&
interchanging the ro,s an columns of matri3* 2 is calle the transpose of 2 an is enote
/& 2
I
!C 2
T
* The num/er of ro,s of 2 is then the same as the num/er of columns of 2
T
an
-ice -ersa*
+RO+ERTIES OF TRANS+OSE OF A MATRIX
i* The transpose of the transpose of a matri3 is the matri3 itself* Then* [ ] 2 2
T
=
T
ii* .f <2= /e an& m x n matri3+ then( )
T
52 2 =
T
k + ,here <5= is a non(9ero scalar*
iii* .f <2= an <B= are t,o matrices of orer m x n+ then( )
T T
B 2 B 2 + = +
T
+ the
transpose of the sum of t,o matrices is e1ual to the sum of their transpose*
ADDITION 5SU/STRACTION OF MATRICES
)et 2 6 :a
i0
; an B 6 :/
i0
; /e t,o matrices of the same orer m x n+ their sum(ifferences) to
/e enote /& 2 F B (2 F B)+ is efine to /e the matri3 C 6 :c
i0
; of orer m x n+ ,here each
element of <C= is the sum (ifference) of the corresponing elements of 2 an B+ ta5en in that
orer :c
i0
6 a
i0 F
/
i0
; !C :c
i0
6 a
i0 (
/
i0
;*
+RO+ERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
$
i* Matri3 aition is commutati-e* .f 2 an B /e t,o mxn matrices+ then
2FB6BF 2*
ii* Matri3 aition is associati-e* .f 2+ B+ C+ /e three matrices conforma/le for
aition+ then (2FB) FC 6 2F (BFC)*
iii* 83istence of aiti-e ientit&* .f <2= /e m x n matri3 an <!= /e also m x n 9ero
matri3+ then 2F! 6 2 6 !F2*
MULTI+LICATION OF A MATRIX /, A SCALAR OR SCALAR MULTI+LICATION
)et <2= /e an& m x n matri3 an <5= /e an& real !C comple3 num/er calle scalar* Then m x n
matri3 o/taine /& multipl&ing e-er& element of the matri3 <2 /& a scalar 5= is calle the
scalar multiple of <2 /& 5= an is enote /& 52 or 25*
MATRIX MULTI+LICATION
To multipl& matrices+ it is not necessar& that the& /e of the same orer* The re1uirement is
that the num/er of columns of the first matri3 /e the same as the num/er of ro,s of the
secon matri3* Matrices that satisf& this re1uirement are sai to /e <conforma/le= for matri3
multiplication*
COMMUTATI.E6 ASSOCIATI.E AND DISTRI/UTI.E LAWS IN MATRIX
*- COMMUTATI.E
Matri3 aition is commutati-e (that is+ 2 F B 6 B F 2)* Since matri3 aition merel&
in-ol-es the summing of corresponing elements of t,o matrices an the orer in
,hich the aition ta5es place is in conse1uential*
For the same reason+ matri3 aition is also associati-e* That is+ (2FB) F C 6 2F
(BFC)* The same is true of matri3 su/traction+ 2 B can /e con-erte to matri3
aition* 2 F (( B) matri3 su/traction is also commutati-e an associati-e*
ii* Matri3 multiplication ,ith fe, e3ception+ is not commutati-e+ that is 2B B2* Scalar
multiplication+ ho,e-er+ is commutati-e ( that is+ 52 6 25 )*
iii* .f three or more matrices are conforma/le+ that is+ G
a x /
+ Y
c x
+H
e x f
+ ,here /6c an
6e+ the associati-e la, can /e appl&* Thus (GY) 6 G(YH)
7
MATRIX EX+RESSION OF S,STEM OF LINEAR E!UATION
Matri3 alge/ra permits the concise e3pression of a s&stem of linear e1uations* Consier the
follo,ing e3ample*
This can /e e3presse in matri3 form*
AX 8 /

=
@ %
$ B
2

=
7
"
G
x
x
an

=
7I
%@
B
'ere
%
7I @ %
%@ $ B
7 "
7 "
= +
= +
x x
x x
i* 2 is the coefficient matri3
ii* G is the solution -ector
iii* B is the -ector of constant terms
i-* 2 an B ,ill al,a&s /e column -ectors
DETERMINANTS OF THE MATRIX
The eterminant is a single num/er or scalar an is foun onl& for s1uare matrices*
*- SIN0ULAR
.f the eterminant of a matri3 is e1ual to 9ero+ the matri3 is terme singular* That is+
A
6 #*
**- NON SIN0ULAR
.f the eterminant of a matri3 is not e1ual to 9ero+ the matri3 is terme non(singular*
That is+
2
#
SECOND ORDER DETERMINANT
The eterminant |2| of a 7 3 7 matri3 calle secon orer eterminant* .t is eri-e /& ta5ing
the prouct of the t,o elements on the principal iagonal an su/tracting from it the prouct
elements off the principal iagonal*

=
77 7"
"7 ""
a a
a a
2
|2| 6
7" "7 77 ""
77 7"
"7 ""
a a a a
a a
a a
=

Jote: Ke enote the eterminant of matri3 <2= /& et |2| or |2|

=
$$ $7 $"
7$ 77 7"
"$ "7 ""
a a a
a a a
a a a
2
MINORS 9 COFACTORS
*- MINOR
2 minor of the gi-en matri3 is the eterminant of an& of its s1uare su/(matri3* Thus+ a
minor i0
M
is the eterminant of the su/ matri3 forme /& eleting the <i= th ro, an
<0= th column of the matri3*
@
**- COFACTOR
2 cofactor ij
C
is a minor ,ith a prescri/e sign* The rule for the sign of a cofactor is
ij
C
6
IJ
j i
M
+
) " (
.f the sum of su/scripts (i F 0 ) is an e-en num/er+ ij
C
6 ij
M
* Since ("+
raise to an e-en po,er is positi-e*
.f i F 0 is e1ual to an o num/er ij
C
6 ( ij
M
* Since+ (" raise to an o
po,er is negati-e*
COFACTOR MATRIX 9 AD:OINT MATRIX
2 cofactor matri3 is matri3 in ,hich e-er& element a
i0
is replace ,ith its cofactor
ij
C
*
2n a0oint matri3 is the transpose of a cofactor matri3*
IN.ERSE OF MATRIX
.n-erse of a matri3 can /e foun onl& for a s1uare matri3* The in-erse of a matri3 :2; is
enote /& :2;
("
* The prouct of a matri3 an its in-erse results in an ientit& matri3 :.;* The
ientit& matri3 :.; has one for the iagonal elements an all off(iagonal elements are 9ero*
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] . 2 2 2 2
" "
= =

*- THE IN.ERSE OF A & X & MATRIX
The in-erse of a 7 3 7 matri3 2+ is another 7 3 7 matri3 enote /& 2
("
* That is+
22
("
6 2
("
2 6 .
Jot all 7 3 7 matrices ha-e an in-erse matri3* .f the eterminant of the matri3 is 9ero+
then it ,ill not ha-e an in-erse* Then the matri3 is sai to /e singular* !nl& non(
singular matrices ha-e in-erse*
The simple formula for the in-erse
.n the case of a 7 3 7 matri3

=
c
/ a
2
+ a simple formula e3ists to fin its in-erse*
.f

=
c
/ a
2
then

a c
b d
bc ad
A
"
"
Jote: The 1uantit& a /c is the eterminant of 2*
**- THE IN.ERSE OF A ' X ' MATRIX
The in-erse of a $ 3 $ matri3 is can /e etermine as follo,s*
A
2 20
2
"
2
" (
=
+ ,here
2
is the eterminant of 2 an 20 2 is the a0oint of 2*
MATRICES SOL.IN0 TWO SIMULTANEOUS E!UATIONS
!ne of the most important applications of matrices is to the solution of linear simultaneous
e1uations* Consier the follo,ing simultaneous e1uation
" @ $
% 7
=
= +
y x
y x
CRAMER;S RULE FOR MATRIX SOLUTION
Cramer=s rule pro-ies a simplifie metho of sol-ing a s&stem of linear e1uations through
the use of eterminants* Cramer=s rules states that+
A
A
x
i
i
=
References
1. Jerom F. Ernest !"##$%&usiness 'athematics(
th
Edition 'c
)ra*+,ill
". -obert ../asby!"###%&usiness 'athematics Essentials 0rentice
,all
1. 2ndre* 3aplan 4arol /ebold 5usan -ogals6i!"##$%2
'athematics ,andboo61
st
edition )reat 5ource Education )roup
$. Ed*ard 7./o*ling Intrudcution to 'athematical Economics 1
rd
Edition"##8 7ata 'c)ra*+,ill Edition9e* /elhi.
Additional Notes
B