CHAPTER 3 :-

MATRICES
Guided by :- SH. M. S.
Goyal sir

Prepared by :- Hardik Rohit

Introduction to
MATRICES
01 Exercises 3.1
Topic to be discover
Matrix
1.Order of a Matrix
2.Types of Matrices
3.Equality of Matrices
Matrix: A matrix is an
ordered rectangular array of
numbers or functions. The
numbers or functions are
called the elements or the
entries of the matrix.
Parts of matrices
Order of a Matrix: If a
matrix has m rows and n
columns, then its order is
written as m × n. If a
matrix has order m × n,
then it has mn elements.
In general,
am×n matrix has the
following
rectangular array:
Note :-We shall consider only those matrices, whose
elements are real numbers or functions taking real values.
Types of Matrices
1 .Column Matrix: A matrix which
has only one column, is called a column
matrix.

In general, A = [aij]m×1 is a column

matrix of order m × 1.
Row Matrix: A matrix which has
only one row, is called a row matrix,
e.g.

In general, A = [aij]1×n is a row

matrix of order 1 x n
 Square Matrix: A matrix
which has equal number of rows
and columns, is called a square
matrix

In general, A = [aij]m x m is a
square matrix of order m.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix
whose all the elements except the
diagonal elements are zeroes, is called
a diagonal matrix,
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix
whose all diagonal elements are
same (non-zero), is called a scalar
matrix,

Note: A scalar matrix is a diagonal

matrix but a diagonal matrix may or
may not be a scalar matrix.
Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix
in which all diagonal elements are ‘1’ and all
non-diagonal elements are zero, is called an
identity matrix. It is denoted by I.
Zero or Null Matrix: A
matrix is said to be a zero
or null matrix, if its all
elements are zer0
Equality of Matrices: 
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if
(i) order of A and B are same.
(ii) corresponding elements of A and B are
same i.e. aij = bij, ∀ i and j.
Algebra of
Matrices
02 Exercises 3.2
 Topic to be discover
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
1. Properties of Addition of Matrices
2. Multiplication of a matrix by scalar
number
3. Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a
Matrix
4. Multiplication of Matrices
5. Properties of Multiplication of Matrices
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

• Two matrices can be added/subtracted, iff (if and only

if) the number of rows and columns of both the
matrices are same, or the order of the matrices are
equal.
• For addition/subtraction, each element of the first
matrix is added/subtracted to the elements present in
the 2nd matrix.
Properties of Addition of Matrices
(a) Commutative If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrices of the same order
say m x n then A + B = B + A,
(b) Associative for any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the
same order say m x n, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(c) Existence of additive identity Let A = [aij] be amxn matrix and O be
amxn zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the
additive identity for matrix addition.
(d) Existence of additive inverse Let A = [aij]m×n be any matrix, then we
have another matrix as -A = [-aij]m×n such that A + (-A) = (-A + A) = O.
So, matrix (-A) is called additive inverse of A or negative of A.
Multiplication of a matrix by scalar
number
• It involves multiplying a scalar quantity to the
matrix. Every element inside the matrix is to be
multiplied by the scalar quantity to form a new
matrix
Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a
Matrix
Let A = [aij] and B = [bij]be two matrices of the
same order say m × n, then
(a) k(A + B) = kA + kB, where k is a scalar.
(b) (k + l)A = kA + lA, where k and l are scalars
Multiplication of Matrices
• Two matrix can be multiplied iff the number of
column of the first matrix is equal to the number
of rows of the second matrix.
• Consider two matrix M1 & M2, having order
of m1×n1, and m2×n2,.
• The matrices can be multiplied if and only if n1=m2.
Example :-
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices

(a) Non-commutativity Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e. if AB

and BA are both defined, then it is not necessary that AB ≠ BA.
(b) Associative law For three matrices A, B, and C, if multiplication is
defined, then A (BC) = (AB) C.
(c) Multiplicative identity For every square matrix A, there exists an
identity matrix of the same order such that IA = AI = A.
Note: For Amxm, there is only one multiplicative identity I m.
(d) Distributive law For three matrices A, B, and C,
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
whenever both sides of the equality are defined
Exercises 3.3
 Topic to be discover
1. Transpose of a Matrix
2. Properties of Transpose
of a Matrix
Transpose of a Matrix

the transpose of a matrix is an operator which

flips a matrix over its diagonal; that is, it switches
the row and column indices of the matrix A by
producing another matrix, often denoted by AT
Properties of Transpose of a
Matrix
(i) Transpose of the Transpose Matrix
If we take transpose of transpose matrix, the matrix obtained
is equal to the original matrix. Hence, for a matrix A,
(A′)′ = A
What basically happens, is that any element of A, i.e. aij gets
converted to aji if transpose of A is taken. So, taking
transpose again, it gets converted to aij, which was the
original matrix A.
(ii) Addition Property of
Transpose
Transpose of an addition of two matrices A and B obtained
will be exactly equal to the sum of transpose of individual
matrix A and B.
This means,
(A+B)′ = A′+B′
(iii) Multiplication by Constant
If a matrix is multiplied by a constant and its transpose is
taken, then the matrix obtained is equal to transpose of
original matrix multiplied by that constant. That is,
(kA)′ = kA′, where k is a constant
(iv) Multiplication Property of
Transpose
Transpose of the product of two matrices is equal to
the product of transpose of the two matrices in
reverse order. That is
(AB)′ = B′A′
Symmetric Matrix

Whenever this happens for any matrix, that is

whenever transpose of a matrix is equal to it, the
matrix is known as a symmetric matrix. 
Skew Symmetric Matrix
A matrix can be skew symmetric only if it is square. If the
transpose of a matrix is equal to the negative of itself, the matrix
is said to be skew symmetric. This means that for a matrix  to be
skew symmetric,
A’=-A
Also, for the matrix,aji = – aij(for all the values of i and j). The
diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are equal to zero.