Revision Notes
Class-12 Maths
Chapter 3 – Matrices
Matrix:
● It is an ordered rectangular array of collection of numbers or functions
arranged in rows and columns is called matrix
● The numbers or functions are known as the elements or entries of the matrix.
x y
E.g. -
1 2
Row and Column of a Matrix:
● The horizontal arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the row
of a matrix
● The vertical arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the Column
of a matrix.
x y
E.g. - , This matrix has two rows and two columns.
1 2
Order of Matrix:
● It tells us about the number of rows and columns of a matrix.
● It is represented by a b means a matrix has a rows and b columns.
2 8 3
For example: A 1 9 8 , there are 3 rows and 3 columns therefore the
0 7 0
order of matrix A is 3 3
Types of Matrices
a. Row Matrix: A matrix containing only one row is known as row matrix.
a
For E.g. - b
c
● The order of row matrix is 1 b
b. Column Matrix: A matrix containing only one column is known as column
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matrix.
For E.g. - 1 2 3 2
● The order of column matrix is a 1
c. Square Matrix: The number of rows and numbers of columns are equal in
the matrix.
1 1 2
For E.g. - 2 3 5
3 6 8
● The order of square matrix is always a a , where a can be any natural
number
d. Diagonal Matrix: If the diagonal elements are non-zero and all the non-
diagonal elements of a matrix are zero, then such type of matrix is known as
Diagonal Matrix.
1 0 0
For E.g. - 0 2 0
0 0 5
e. Scalar Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements
are equal.
4 0 0
x 0
For E.g. - , 0 4 0 etc.
0 x 0 0 4
f. Identity Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements
are equal to 1 .
1 0 0
For E.g. - 0 1 0
0 0 1
g. Zero Matrix: In it all the elements are zero and this is also known as null
matrix.
0 0
For E.g. - , 0 0 0 etc.
0 0
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Equality of Matrices:
● Two matrices are equal if and only if the order of both the matrices are equal
and element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of another
matrix.
1 8 1 8
For E.g. - A and B 8 4
8 4 22 22
All the elements of matrix A is equal to the corresponding elements of
matrix B and order of both matrix is same. Hence, A B .
Operations in Matrices:
a. Addition of matrices:
● Addition of two matrices can be done only when they have the same order.
● Addition can be done by adding the corresponding entries of the two
matrices
For e.g. –
1 0 2 1
A and B 3 5
7 4
CAB
1 0 2 1
C 3 5
7 4
3 1
C
10 9
b. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
● When a matrix is multiplied by scalar, then each element of matrix is
multiplied by the scalar quantity and a new matrix is obtained.
For E.g. –
4 5
2
6 7
4 2 5 2
6 2 7 2
8 10
12 14
c. Negative of a matrix:
● Multiplying a matrix by 1 gives negative of that matrix
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1 1
For E.g. - A
1 2
Negative of Matrix A is
A 1 A
1 1
A 1
1 2
1 1
A
1 2
d. Difference of Matrices:
● Two matrices can be subtracted only when they have same order
● Subtraction can be done by subtracting the corresponding entries of the
two matrices
For e.g. –
1 6 2 1
A and B
7 4 7 9
CAB
1 6 2 1
C
7 4 7 9
1 5
C
0 5
Properties of Matrix Addition:
1. Commutative Law: Matrix addition is commutative i.e., A B B A .
2. Associative Law: Matrix addition is associative i.e.,
A B C A B C .
3. Existence of Additive Identity: Zero matrix O is the additive identity of a
matrix because adding a matrix with zero matrix leaves it unchanged i.e.,
XOOXX .
4. Existence of Additive Inverse: Additive inverse of a matrix is a matrix which
on adding with another matrix yield 0 i.e., X X X X 0
Multiplication of Matrices:
● Multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined when number of columns
of A is equal to the number of rows of B .
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● Entries in rows is multiplied by corresponding entries in columns i.e., entries
in first row are multiplied by entries in first column and similarly for other
entries.
2 1 0 2 1
E.g. - A and B 1 1 1
1 2
Product of A and B is
2 0 11 2 2 11 2 1 11
AB
1 0 2 1 1 2 2 1 11 2 1
1 5 3
AB
2 4 3
Properties of Matrix Multiplication:
1. Non-Commutative Law: Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e.,
AB BA but not in the case of diagonal matrix.
2. Associative Law: Matrix multiplication follow associative law i.e.,
A BC AB C
3. Distributive Law: Matrix multiplication follow distributive law i.e.,
a) A B C AB AC
b) A B C AC BC
4. Existence of Multiplicative Identity: Identity matrix I is the multiplicative
identity of a matrix because multiplying a matrix with I leaves it unchanged.
Transpose of a Matrix:
● It is the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of the
original matrix.
● It is denoted by P' or P T if original matrix is P .
For E.g. –
1 2
P
3 4
1 3
P T or P '
2 4
Properties of Transpose of Matrix:
1. A ' ' A
2. kA ' kA' (Where, k is any constant)
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3. A B ' A' B'
4. AB ' B'A'
Special Types of Matrices:
● Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is equal
to its transpose.
For E.g. –
1 1 3
P 1 2 7
3 7 3
1 1 3
Transpose of Matrix P , P T 1 2 7
3 7 3
P PT
Therefore, it is a Symmetric Matrix.
● Skew-Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is
equal to the negative of its transpose.
For E.g. –
9 2 3
P 2 0 7
3 7 0
9 2 3
Transpose of Matrix P , PT 1 2 0 7
3 7 0
PT P
Therefore, it is a Skew-Symmetric Matrix.
Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix
Elementary operations can be performed by three ways
a. By interchanging any two rows or two columns.
● Interchange of i th and jth rows is denoted as R i R j
● Interchange of i th and jth columns is denoted by Ci C j .
b. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column of matrix.
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● It is denoted as R i kR j for rows and Ci kC j for columns
c. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column and then
adding the result to any other row or column.
● It is denoted as R i R i kR j for rows and Ci Ci kC j for column.
Invertible Matrix:
● A matrix A is invertible only when there exists another matrix B such that
AB BA I , where I is identity matrix.
● It is a property of square matrix.
● Inverse of matrix is always unique.
3
2 3 1
For E.g. – Let us consider two matrices A and B 2
2 2
1 1
Now,
3
2 3 1
AB 2
2 2 1 1
1 0
0 1
I
And
3
1 2 3
BA 2
2 2
1 1
1 0
0 1
I
Hence, B is inverse of A
Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations
● Inverse of a matrix can be obtained by using elementary operations.
● We know that A IA on using elementary operation on A only which is on
the left side of equal to keeping right side one as it is and on I then the identity
matrix I will become inverse of A
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3 2
For example: Inverse of A using elementary operation is
1 4
We know that A IA
3 2 1 0
1 4 0 1 A
R
R1 1
3
2 1
1 3 3 0 A
1 4 0 1
R 2 R 2 R1
2 1
1 0
3 3
A
0 10 1 1
3 3
3
R2 R2
10
1
2 0
1 3 3 A
1 3
0 1
10 10
2
R1 R1 R 2
3
2 1
1 0 5 5
0 1 A
1 3
10 10
Since, I A1A
2 1
5 5
Therefore, A 1
1 3
10 10
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