CHAPTER 1  Let A be any square matrix of order n

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS then | | | |

SINGULAR AND NON-SINGULAR MATRICES FACTOR METHOD

 A square matrix A is said to be singular
Application of Remainder theorem to
if | A | = 0
determinants Theorem: If each element of a
 A square matrix A is said to be non-
determinant (∆) is polynomial in x and if ∆
singular matrix, if | A | ≠ 0
vanishes for x a then (x − a) is a factor of ∆
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
 This theorem is very much useful when we
 The value of a determinant is unaltered have to obtain the value of the determinant in
by interchanging its rows and columns. ‘factors’ form Thus, for example if on
in the determinant ∆ any two
 If any two rows (columns) of a
of its rows or columns become identical then
determinant are interchanged the ∆ 0 and hence by the above theorem a − b
determinant changes its sign but its will be a factor of ∆
 If r rows (column) are identical in a
numerical value is unaltered
determinant of order n (n ≥ r) when we put
 If two rows (columns) of a determinant , then ( − ) is a factor of ∆
are identical then the value of the  (x + a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) if and
determinant is zero. only if x − a is a root of the equation f(x) 0

 If every element in a row (or column) of m= {degree of diagonal} – {degree of factors}..

a determinant is multiplied by a  If m= 0 then the other symmetric factor is a
constant “k” then the value of the constant (k).
determinant is multiplied by k.  If m = 1 then the other symmetric factor of
degree 1 is k(a + b + c)
 If every element in any row (column)
 If m= 2 then the other symmetric factor of
can be expressed as the sum of two degree 2 is (
quantities then given determinant can 2+ 2+ ( + + ).
be expressed as the sum of two PRODUCT OF DETERMINANTS
determinants of the same order with the
 The determinant of the product matrix is equal
elements of the remaining rows to the product of the individual determinant
(columns) of both being the same. values of the square matrices of same order.
 i.e. Let A and B be two square matrices of the
 A determinant is unaltered when to
same order. | AB | = | A | | B |
each element of any row (column) is
added to those of several other rows
(columns) multiplied respectively by
constant factors.

CHAPTER 3
1
 ALGEBRA  The number of circular permutation of n
distinct objects is ( − )
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
 If there are n things and if the direction is not
1. TYPE OF METHODS taken into consideration the number of circular
permutation is ( − )
 linear factors none of which is repeated
3. COMBINATIONS :
( )( )

 linear factors some of which are repeated ( )


( )( ) ( )

 quadratic factors , none of which is repeated 

( )( )
 ( )

2. PERMUTATIONS
4. MATHEMATICA INDUCTON :
 Factorial : the continued product of n natural Working Rule
numbers is called the n factorial and denoted
 Put then ( ) is true
by ( − ) .
 Put then ( ) is true
 0
 Put then ( ) is true
 Fundamental principal of counting : if the first
job can be done in m ways , the second job in n 5. BINOMIAL THEOREM :
ways , then the two jobs in succession can be
 For any real number n,
completed in (m x n) ways.
( )
 Fundamental principal of addition: if there are
two jobs such that they can be performed
independently in m and n ways respectively 6.GENERAL TERM :
then either of two jobs can be performed in

(m+n+) ways.
 Permutation : .  ( − ) −
( )
(− )
 Permutation of objects not all distinct
 ( )
is  ( − )
 Permutation when objects can repeat : the − − (− )
number of permutation of n different things
taken r at a time, when each may be repeated 7. MIDDLE TERMS;
any number of times in each arrangements is  When n is even ,
.
 When n is odd

Circular permutations : CHAPTER 4

2
 SEQUENCE AND SERIES EXPONENTIAL SERIES

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ;  .
 ( − )  .
 −
 a is first term. LOGARITMIC SERIES

( ) − −
ARITHMETIC SERIES

 ( − )
CHAPTER 5

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION and SERIES
1. What is locus?
 The path traced by a point when it moves according
 to specified geometrical conditions is called the
( ) locus of the point.
 2. EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.

( )  Slope @ intercept form
 Point slope form − ( − )
HARMONIC PROGRESSION :  Two point form
 Intercept form
 ( )
 Normal form cos sin
MEANS OF PROGRESSIONS  Parametric form
 General form 0
 AM : if A is the AM between
3. Length of the perpendicular from ( , ) to the line
then
0 is
 GM :if G is the geometric mean of the
4. Angle between the two lines and
numbers of a and b is
 HM : H is called harmonic mean between is tan
a and b if 5. BASED TWO STRAIGHT LINES
 If the two straight lines are parallel then
BINOMIAL SERIES

 ( )  If the two straight lines are perpendicular

( ) ( )( ) then −
 Two parallel lines differ only by a constant.
 ( − ) 6. Distance between two parallel line
( ) ( )( )
− −
0 and 0 is
 ( )
( ) ( )( )
− −  Any line parallel to 0 is of
 ( − )
( ) ( )( )
the form of 0.

3
  Any line perpendicular to 0  , coeff of coeff of
is of the form − 0 for some k.
 0, no xy term
7. Condition for three lines 0,
12. PARAMETRIC FORM
0 and 0 to be
 , are called the parametric

concurrent is 0 equation of circle .

( )
 Another parametric form
8. Equation of a line passing through the intersection
13. CIRCLE
of two given lines 0 and
A Circle Is Locus of Point Which Moves In Such A
0 is
Way That It’s Distance From a fixed point is always
( )
constant.
9. Angle between the pair of straight lines
14. EQUATION OF CIRCLE
0 is
 Centre ( , ) radius ( − ) ( − )
tan
 Diameter ( , ) and ( , ) given
 Product of slopes ( − )( − ) ( − )( − ) 0

 GE of Circle 0
 Sum of the slopes
centre (− , − ), radius = −
 If the lines are parallel then

TANGENT
 If the straight lines are perpendicular

then 0 15. A tangent to a circle is a straight line which

intersects the circle in exactly one point.

16. Equation of tangent at ( , ) to the circle

10. Condition for the equation
0 is
0 to
( ) ( ) 0
represent a pair of straight lines is
17. The equation of tangent at ( , ) to the circle
− − − 0.
a is a
11. Second degree equation
18. The equation of any tangent to the circle is
0

represents a circle if
4
19. Length of the tangent from ( , ) to the circle TRIGONOMETRY FORMULAE

0 is
1.
.
2.
 If 0
3. 00 ( )
 If 0
4.
 If 0,
5.

20. Condition for the line to be tangent to sin

sin
the circle is ( ).
cos sec
sec cos
21. The point of contact is ,
cos sin
cot tan
22. Equation of chord of contact of tangent from sin cos

( , ) to the circle 0 cot tan

tan cot
is ( ) ( ) 0

23. CONCENTRIC CIRCLE

6. IDENTITY :
 Two or more circles having the same centre
−
are called concentric circles.
−
 Two circles touch externally

 Two circles touch internally − −

−
24. ORTHOGONAL

Two circles are said to be orthogonal if the tangent −

−
at their point of intersection are at right angles.

25. Condition for two circles

0 and
7. COMPOUND ANGLES :
0 is cut
 cos( ) cos cos −
orthogonally
 cos( − ) cos cos

 sin( )

CHAPTER 6  sin( − ) −

5
  tan( ) 

 tan( − ) 

 sin( ) sin( − ) − 10. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS INVOLVING 3A

 cos( ) cos( − ) −  −

 − cos

8. MULTIPLE ANGLE IDENTITIES  tan

 sin sin cos
 cot
 sin
11. TRANSFORMATION OF A PRODUCT INTO A
 cos −
SUM OR DIFFERENCE :
 cos −
 cos sin( ) sin( − )
 cos −
 sin( ) − sin( − )
 cos
 cos cos cos( ) cos( − )

 sin sin cos( − ) − cos( )

 − sin sin cos( ) − cos( − )

9. MULTIPLE ANGLE IDENTITIES WITH RATIO
 sin sin sin cos
 sin
 sin − sin cos sin

 sin sin cos

 cos cos cos cos

 cos
 cos − cos sin sin

 cos −

12. TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS

 tan
TYPE SOLUTION
 or −
sin 0
 or
cos 0 ( )


6
 tan 0 


13. GENERAL SOLUTION
19. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
TYPE SOLUTION

sin sin (− )

cos cos  −

tan tan  −

− 2

14. PRINCIPAL VALUES LIES

 sin − ,

 0,

 = [− ,

15. NAPIER’S FORMULAE

 tan cot

 tan cot

 tan cot

16. SINE FORMULAE

CHAPTER 8

17. COSINE FORMULAE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

 − cos
FUNDAMENTAL RESULTS ON LIMITS
 −
 lim ( ) lim ( )
 −

18. PROJECTION FORMULAE

7
  lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) 4. 0

lim ( ) 5.

 lim ( )− ( ) lim ( ) − 6. log log

7. log
lim ( )
8.
 lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
9.
( ) ( )
 lim ( ) ( ) 10. −

11.
 If ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
12. −
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
13.

14. −
 lim
15.
 lim
16. −

 lim 17.

 lim 18. −

19.
 lim log
( )

 lim ( )
( )

 lim
INVERSE BASED FORMULAE
[The following formulae differentiate with
20.
respect to x]
21.
1.
22.
2.

23. cot
3. −
8
 ( )
24. 20. ( ) c

( )
21. ( ) − c
25.
( )
22. ( ) c
CHAPTER 9
INTEGRAL CALCULUS ( )
23. ( ) ( )
1. +c ( )
24. ( ) ( ) −
2. log
25. cot log sin
3.
26. cosec log tan

27. tan log sec

4. +c
( )
28.
( )
log ( ) c
5. +c
( )
29. ( ) c
6. +c ( )

( )
7. +c 30. ( ) ( ) c

( ) 31. PRODUCT IN INTEGRAL

8. ( ) c
 −
9. − cos c
 Let ‘ u’ consider as ILATE method
10. − c
 I – Inverse function
11. c
 L – logarithm
12. +c
 A – Algebraic expression

13. − cot  T – Trigonometric

14. tan  E – Exponential

15. 32. sin ( sin − )

16. −
33. cos ( cos )
( )
17. ( ) ( )
34.
( )
18. ( )
35.
( )
19. ( ) − c

9
36. ( )  ( )
( )

 ( )
37. ( )
( )
 If A and B are mutually exclusive events
38. log( )
( ) 0: ( ) ( ) ( )

39. log( )
SOME BASIC THEOREMS OF PROBABILITY
40.
 ( )
41.
 ( ) − ( )
42. log( − )  ( ) ( )− ( )

43. log( ) +c  ( ) ( )− ( )

 ( ) ( ) ( )− ( )
44. − −
 ( ) ( ) − ( )
45. − − − log( − )
 ( ) ( ) − ( )

46. log( )
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

( )
CHAPTER 10  ( ) ( )
PROBABILITY
( )
 ( ) ( )
BASIC NOTES:

 stands for the occurrence of A (or) B

 stands for the simultaneous

occurrence of A and B
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM ON PROBABILITY
 stands for the non- occurrence

of A  ( ) ( ) ( )

 stands for the occurrence of only A.  ( ) ( ) ( )

PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT INDEPENDENT EVENTS

( )
 ( )  If A and B are two independent events then
( )

( ) ( ) ( )
AXIOMS OF PROBABILITY
10
  If and are two independent events then

( ) ( ) ( )

BAYE’S THEOREM

( ) ( )
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

11