Grade 10-Math Summary(first to fourth quarter)
English 1: Reading, Writing and Oral Skills
Lesson 1: Arithmetic Sequences
A sequence is a function whose domain is the fine set {1, 2, 3, …, n} or the infinite set {1, 2, 3,… }.
An Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence where every term after the first is obtained by adding a
constant called the common difference.
The common difference (d ) is a constant which is the difference between any two consecutive terms.
Ex: The sequences 1, 4, 7, 10, … and 15, 11, 7, 3, … They have then common difference of 3 and -4.
The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence are known as arithmetic
means.
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Finding the Arithmetic Sum:
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Lesson 2: Geometric Sequences and Other Sequences
A geometric sequence is a sequence where each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the
preceding term by a nonzero constant called the common ratio (r). ex: 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
The common ratio, r, can be determined by dividing any term in the sequence by the term that
precedes it. Thus, in the geometric sequence
Given the first term a1 and the common ratio r of a geometric sequence, the nth term of a geometric
sequence is
The terms between any two given terms of a geometric sequence is the geometric means.
Finding the Geometric Sum:
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Geometric Sum formula:
Also known as the sum to infinity.
A harmonic sequence is a sequence such that the reciprocals of the terms form an arithmetic
sequence.
A Fibonacci sequence is a sequence where its first two terms are either both 1, or 0 and 1; and each
term, thereafter, is obtained by adding the two preceding terms.
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What is the next term in the Fibonacci sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, ...?
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Lesson 1: Division of Polynomials
A polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the form:
where the nonnegative integer n is called the degree of
the polynomial and coefficients a0, a1, …, an are real numbers.
Example: (10x2 + 2x4 + 8 + 7x3 ) ÷ (2x 2 + x – 1)
Solution:
First, write the dividend in
standard form and insert zeros as
coefficients of any missing term to
obtain 2x 4 + 7x 3 + 10x 2 + 0x + 8.
Both dividend and divisor should
be in standard form. The long
division method is shown below.
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A shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial of the form (x – r) is called
synthetic division. In this procedure, we write only the coefficients.
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Lesson 2: The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
The Remainder Theorem
If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
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Sometimes, the remainder when P(x) is divided by (x – r) is 0. This means that x – r is a factor of P(x).
Equivalently, P(r) = 0. This idea is illustrated by the Factor Theorem.
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Lesson 3: Polynomial Equations
Fundamental Theorem of Algeb
If P(x) is a polynomial equation of
degree n and with real coefficients,
then it has at most n real roots.
In general, if a root occurs n times, it is called a root of multiplicity
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A polynomial function is a function of
the form
where n is a nonnegative integer,
a0, a1, …, an are real numbers called coefficients,
anxn is the leading term,
an is the leading coefficient,
and a0 is the constant term.
The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order. However, if they are written in decreasing
powers of x, we say the polynomial function is in standard form.
Other than P(x), it can also be denoted by f(x). Sometimes, a polynomial function is represented by a set P of
ordered pairs (x,y). Thus, a polynomial function can be written in different ways, like the following.
To recall the relationship between factors and x-intercepts, consider these example
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Answ
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Lesson 1.1: Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles
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Lesson 1.2: Arcs and Inscribed Angles
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Lesson 2.1: Tangents and Secants of a Circle
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Lesson 2.1: Tangent and Secant Segment
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LIST OF THEOREMS AND POSTULATES ON CIRCLES
Postulates:
1. Arc Addition Postulate. The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures of
the two arcs.
2. At a given point on a circle, one and only one line can be drawn that is tangent to the circle.
Theorems:
1. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding central
angles are congruent.
2. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding chords are
congruent.
3. In a circle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc with the same endpoints if and only if it is perpendicular to
the chord.
4. If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle equals one-half the measure of its
intercepted arc (or the measure of the intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle). 5. If two
inscribed angles of a circle (or congruent circles) intercept congruent arcs or the same arc, then the angles are
congruent.
6. If an inscribed angle of a circle intercepts a semicircle, then the angle is a right angle.
7. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary.
8. If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.
9. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint that is on the circle, then the line is tangent to
the circle.
10. If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then the two segments are
congruent.
11. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half the
positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
12. If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-
half the positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
13. If two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one-half the
positive difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
14. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle formed is one-half the sum
of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.
15. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of each angle formed is one-
half the measure of its intercepted arc.
16. If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of the segments of one chord is equal
to the product of the measures of the segments of the other chord.
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17. If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the product of the lengths of one
secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant
segment and its external secant segment.
18. If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then the square of
the length of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the secant segment and its external
secant segment.
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Lesson 1: The Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and the
Coordinate Proof
Distance between Two Points
The distance between two points is always nonnegative. It is positive when the two points are
different, and zero if the points are the same. If P and Q are two points, then the distance from P to Q
is the same as the distance from Q to P. That is, PQ = QP.
Consider two points that are aligned horizontally or vertically on the coordinate plane. The horizontal
distance between these points is the absolute value of the difference of their x-coordinates. Likewise,
the vertical distance between these points is the absolute value of the difference of their y-
coordinates.
The Distance Formula
The distance between two points, whether or not they are aligned horizontally or vertically, can be
determined using the distance formula.
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The Midpoint Formula
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Lesson 2: The Equation of a Circle
The Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle
Example:
The General Equation of a Circle
Finding the Center and the Radius of a Circle Given the
Equation
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Lesson 1: Permutations
How do we find the permutations of objects?
We can determine the number of ways these plants can be arranged in a row if we arrange only 4 of them at a
time. Each possible arrangement is called a permutation.
The permutation of 6 potted plants taken 4 at a time is denoted by P(6, 4), 6P4 , P6,4 , or P46
Similarly, if there are n objects which will be arranged r at a time, it will be denoted by P(n, r) .
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Lesson 2: Combinations
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Lesson 1: Union and Intersection of Events
Activities such as rolling a die, tossing a coin, or randomly choosing a ball from a box which could be repeated
over and over again and which have well-defined results are called experiments. The results of an experiment
are called outcomes. The set of all outcomes in an experiment is called a sample space. An event is a subset of
the sample space.
Simple Events: Consider rolling a die.
a. “Getting a number 5” is called a simple event.
b. “Getting a 6” is also a simple event.
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Lesson 2: Independent and Dependent Events
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Lesson 3: Conditional Probability
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Sometimes a conditional probability
is known, and we want to find the
probability of an intersection. By
rearranging the terms in the
definition of conditional probability
and considering the definition of
independence, we obtain the
Multiplicative Rule which is
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Lesson 1: Measures of Position for Ungrouped Data
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The Deciles for Ungrouped Data
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The Percentile for Ungrouped Data
The percentiles are the ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred equal
parts, so that each part represents the data set. It is used to characterize values according to the
percentage below them. For example, the first percentile (P1) separates the lowest 1% from the other
99%, the second percentile (P2) separates the lowest 2% from the other 98%, and so on.
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Lesson 2: Measures of Position for Grouped Data
The Quartile for Grouped Data
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Therefore, the 7th decile is equivalent to the
70th percentile. Therefore, 70% of the students
got a score less than or equal to 39.14.
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Therefore, 65% of the students got a score less than or equal to 36-40.
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