ASHOK MEMORIAL PUBLIC SCHOOL
ASHOKA ENCLAVE, FARIDABAD
Subject :Mathematics
Class x
Formulas and Theorems
1
Ch 1Real Numbers
HCF × LCM = Product of given numbers
Ch 2 Polynomials
For zeroes of Quadratic Polynomial
P(x) =ax2 + bx + c , a ≠ 0
−𝑏
Sum of zeroes α + β =
𝑎
𝑐
Product of zeroes αβ =
𝑎
Ch 3 Pair of linear equations in two variables
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏
≠ ( Intersecting lines , Consistent equations , unique
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
solution)
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
= ≠ (Parallel lines , InConsistent equations , No
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
solution)
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
= = (Coinciding lines , Consistent equations , Many
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
solution)
Ch 4 Quadratic Equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a ≠ 0 and a,b,c are real numbers
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Quadratic Formula : x=
2𝑎
Nature of Roots
D = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
If D > 0 ,then two distinct real roots exist
If D = 0 ,then real and equal roots exist
If D < 0 ,then No real roots exist
2
Ch 5 Arithmetic Progression
General form a,a+d,a+2d,a +3d ,……
an = a +(n-1)d
𝑛
Sn = (2a + (n − 1)d)
2
𝑛
Sn = (a + an )
2
an = Sn - Sn-1
If a,b,c are in AP then b is Arithmetic mean of a, c
𝑎+𝑐
b=
2
CH 7 Coordinate Geometry
1) Distance formula= √(𝑥2−𝑥1)2+(𝑦2−y1)2
2) The section formula is useful to find the coordinates of a
point that divides the line segment joining the
points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) in the ratio m1 : m2
𝑚1𝑥2+𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1𝑦2+𝑚2 𝑦1
=( , )
𝑚1+𝑚2 𝑚1+𝑚2
3) The centroid of a triangle having its vertices A(x1,y1)
B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) is obtained from the following
formula.
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
(x,y)=( , ),
3 3
𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
4) Midpoint Formula = ( , ),
2 2
CH 8 Trigonometry
Trigonometry Ratios
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟(𝑝) 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑏)
Sin Ɵ = cos Ɵ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒(ℎ) 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒(ℎ)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟(𝑝) 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑏)
tan Ɵ = cotƟ =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑏) 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟(𝑝)
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒(ℎ) 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒(ℎ)
cosec Ɵ = sec Ɵ =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟(𝑝) 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑏)
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Conversions
𝟏 𝟏
Sin Ɵ= cos Ɵ =
cosec Ɵ sec Ɵ
𝟏 Sin Ɵ
tan Ɵ = tan Ɵ=
cot Ɵ cos Ɵ
𝟏 𝟏
cosec Ɵ = sec Ɵ =
Sin Ɵ cos Ɵ
cos Ɵ 𝟏
cotƟ = cotƟ =
Sin Ɵ tan Ɵ
Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ɵ+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 Ɵ= 1
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 Ɵ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ɵ
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 Ɵ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Ɵ
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CH 12 Statistics
Mean( x )
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
Direct method = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
Assumed mean method = a + ∑ 𝑓𝑖
(𝑓1−𝑓0)
Mode=L+ ×h
(2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2)
𝒏
(𝟐−𝒄𝒇)
Median = L + ×h
𝒇
Empirical Relation 3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Ch 11 Areas related to circles
Figure Area perimeter
𝜋𝑟 2 2𝝅r
circle
πr 2 𝝅r +2r
𝟐
semicircle
Ɵ Length of minor
Area minor sector = πr 2
𝟑𝟔𝟎 Ɵ
arc (l) = 2πr
𝟑𝟔𝟎
Area minor segment
Ɵ 1
πr 2 − r 2 sin Ɵ
𝟑𝟔𝟎 2
OR
Ɵ 𝜃 𝜃
πr 2 − r 2 sin cos
𝟑𝟔𝟎 2 2
𝟏
Area of sector when length of arc is given = 𝒍𝒓
𝟐
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Ch 13 Surface areas & volumes
Diagonal of cube = √3 a
Diagonal of cuboid = √𝑙2 + 𝑏 + ℎ2
Slant height of cone = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
Ch14 Probability
Total Number of Favorable Outcome
P(E) =
Total number of outcomes
P(E) + P( notE) = 1
P(E) = 0 if and only if E is an impossible event.
P(E) = 1 if and only if E is a certain/sure event.
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0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
Tossing of coins
1. Tossing of 1 coin – H, T ( outcome 2)
2. Tossing of 2 coins – HH,HT,TH,TT (outcome 4)
3. Tossing of 3 coins –
HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,TTT,TTH,THT,HTT (outcome 8)
Throwing of Dice
1. Throwing of 1 Dice – outcome 6
2. Throwing of 2 Dice - outcome 36
Playing cards
suite Colours Total no. Face Ace Number
of cards cards cards (2-10)
Spade Black 13 3 1 9
Clubs Black 13 3 1 9
Diamonds Red 13 3 1 9
Hearts Red 13 3 1 9
Total - 52 12 4 36
Total cards 52
Red cards 26 Black cards 26
Face cards : King , Queen, Jack
7
Theorem 1: BPT (Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thales Theorem)
when a line is drawn parallel to one of the three sides of a triangle in such a way
that it intersects the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides of
the same triangle are divided into the same ratio.
Proof:
Given:
In ∆ABC, DE || BC and AB and AC are intersected by DE at points D and E
respectively.
To prove:
AD / DB = AE / EC
Construction:
Join BE and CD.
Draw:
EG ⊥ AB and DF⊥ AC
Proof:
It is known that
ar(ΔADE) = 1 / 2 × AD × EG
ar(ΔDBE) = 1 / 2 × DB × EG
Therefore, the ratio of these two can be computed as
ar(ΔADE) / ar(ΔDBE) = AD / DB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Similarly,
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ar(ΔADE) = ar(ΔADE) = 1 / 2 × AE × DF
ar(ΔECD) = 1 / 2 × EC × DF
Therefore, the ratio of these two can be computed as
ar(ΔADE) / ar(ΔECD) = AE / EC . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . (2)
Now,
ΔDBE and ΔECD are the same base DE and also between the same parallels i.e.
DE and BC, we can get
ar(ΔDBE) = ar(ΔECD) . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
From three equations 1, 2, 3 it can be concluded that
AD / DB = AE / EC
Theorem 2
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Given: A circle C (O, r) and a tangent AB at a point P.
To prove: OP ⊥ AB
Construction: Take any points Q, other than P on the tangent AB. Join OQ.
Suppose OQ meets the circle at R.
Proof: Among all line segments joining the point O to a point on AB, the
shorted one is perpendicular to
AB. So, to prove that OP ⊥ AB, it is sufficient to prove that OP is shorter than
any other segment joining O to any point of AB.
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Clearly OP = OR.
Now, OQ = OR + RQ
⇒ OQ > OR
⇒ OQ > OP (∴OP = OR)
Thus, OP is shorter than any other segment joining O to any point of AB.
Hence, OP ⊥ AB.
Theorem 3
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Construction: Draw a circle with centre O. From a point P outside the circle,
draw two tangents PQ and PR.
To Prove: PQ = PR
Proof: In Δ POQ and Δ POR
∠PQO = ∠PRO (Right angle)
(as radius is perpendicular to the tangent at point of contact)
PO=PO (common side)
OQ = OR (radii)
by RHS, ΔPOQ ≅ΔPOR
PQ = PR (by c.p.c.t)
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