Grade 6 10/4 Recurring decimals to fractions

PROMPT Sheet
If x = 0.4444444 If x = 0.54545
10x = 4.4444444 100x =54.545454
10/1 Calculating in Standard Form A x 10n
WITHOUT A CALCULATOR 9x = 4 99x = 54
Addition & subtraction x=4 x = 54
 change to normal numbers 9 99
 Add/subtact
 Convert back to standard form
e.g. 3x102 + 1.8x103 = 300 + 1800 = 2100 = 2.1x103
Multiplication & division 10/5 Product rule for counting
 work out number part If there are ‘m’ ways of doing one task and for
 work out the power of 10 part each of these, there are ‘n’ ways of doing another
 check answer is standard form task then the total number of ways the two tasks
e.g. 3 x 105 x 4 x 103 = 12 x 108 = 1.2 x 109 can be done is ‘mxn’
Example 1: If a cafe sells 8 different cakes and 6
WITH A CALCULATOR different drinks, the total number of combinations
use EXP or X10x for a cake and a drink is 8x6 = 48
Example 2: Two letters from the alphabet are
chosen but not two the same.
10/2 Estimate roots and powers The total number of combinations is 26x25= 650
Example: Estimate the value of 3√70

10/6 Expand 3 binomials

13 23 33 43 53
Example: (x+5)(x+2)(x-3)
1 8 27 64 125  Multiply the last 2 brackets
(x+5)(x2 - x – 6)
3
√70 lies between 4 and 5 so would be ≈ 4.1  Multiply all terms in 2nd bracket by x then
Example: Estimate 8214 by 5
824 = ( 8.21 x 102)4 x3 - x2 – 6x + 5x2 - 5x – 30
≈84 x 108  Collect like terms together
= 642 x 108 x3 + 4x2 -11x -30
≈ 602 x 108
= 3600 x 108 or 3.6 x 1011
10/7 Factorise quadratic expressions
10/3 Zero/negative/simple fraction form ax2 + bx + c
indices 4x2 – 4x – 3 = (2x + 3)(2x -1) Difference
 Multiply & divide
4x2 – 25 = (2x – 5)(2x + 5) of 2
ax x ay = a(x + y) ax ÷ ay = a(x - y)
squares
Raise a power to a power

(a ) = a (x y)
x y
(a3)2 = a6 (23)2 = 26 = 64
Solve quadratic equations-factorising
 Zero index  Put equation in form ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
0
a = 1 y0 = 1 80 = 1 2x – 3x – 5=0
 Factorise the left hand side
 Negative index (2x – 5)(x + 1) = 0
a-x = 1 a-3 = 1 2-3 = 1 = 1  Equate each factor to zero
ax a3 23 8 2x – 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2.5 or x = -1
 Fractional index
1/2
a = √𝒂 a1/3 = √𝒂 a1/4 = √𝒂
𝟑 𝟒

ax/y = ( a )x a2/5 = ( 5 a )2 322/5 = ( 5 32 )2 =22

y
10/10 Equations of perpendicular lines 10/11 Find roots and turning point of
 Two lines are perpendicular if they meet at quadratic graphically
a right angle (90°)
 The product of their gradients is -1 y

These lines are perpendicular:

y = 4x – 3 𝟏
𝟏
y= - x ± ?
Because 4 x -𝟒 = −𝟏 (0, 0) (4, 0)
x
𝟒

10/9 Find equation of line given two points (2, -4)

 Graphically
Example: Plot the two points (0,1) and (1,3) ROOTS are x=0 and x=4 - points where the graph
The equation: y = mx + c cuts the x-axis (i.e. where y = 0)
TURNING POINT is (2,-4) - axis of symmetry
‘m’ is the gradient = 2 ÷ 1 = 2 passes through the turning point
‘c’ is where the graph
intercepts the y-axis: 1
So equation of line is: y=2x+1 10/12 Find roots of quadratic function
algebraically
 Rearrange to the standard quadratic form
 Factorise
 Algebraically  Solve
Gradient (m) = y2 – y1 = 3-1 = 2 Example
x2 – x1 1-0 x2 = 3x + 4
Equation: y - y1 = m (x – x1) OR y = mx + c x2 – 3x - 4 = 0 rearranged
y – 1 = 2(x- 0) (Substitute one of the points) (x – 4)(x + 1) = 0 factorised
y – 1 = 2x x-4 = 0 or x+1 = 0 solved
y = 2x + 1 x= 4 or x=-1 roots

10/8 Find equation of line given one point 10/13 Velocity-time Graph
& its gradient
Example y Constant
Gradient=2 and (1, 5) 5 velocity
~Graphically 4

Equation: y = mx ± c
3

Constant
2

y = 2x ± c Constant
acceleration
1

Area under deceleration

y = 2x + 3 0
x

-5 -4 -3 -2
-1
-1 1 2 3 4 5 graph =
-2 distance
~Algebraically -3 travelled
stationary
Substitute x=1,y=5 -4

5 = 2x1 +c -5

c=3
Equation: y = 2x + 3

The gradient of a velocity-time graph represents

the acceleration
 the area under a velocity-time graph represents
the distance covered
 Horizontal line is constant velocity
10/14 Solve linear inequalities graphically 10/17 Growth & Decay problems
First plot the straight lines as equations
Broken line for inequalities. A = P(1 ± r)n
Decide which side of the line to shade.
New Time e.g.
Leave the region required unshaded.
amount Initial months,
e.g. x ≤3 y > –2 y < x %rate
amount years etc
as a
decimal
To increase £12 by 5% per year for 4 yr
= £12 x 1.054 (1 + 0.05)
To decrease £50 by 12% per year for 4 yr
= £50 x 0.884 (1 – 0.12)

10/18 Direct and inverse proportion

R The symbol  means:

‘varies as’ or ‘is proportional to’

Direct proportion
If: y  x or y  x2 or y  x3
Formulae: y = kx or y = kx2 or y = kx3
10/15 Calculate nth term of a quadratic Example
sequence
y is directly proportional to x
 Find the 2nd difference, it will be constant
When y = 21, then x = 3

Halve the 2nd difference to get ... n2
(find value of k first by substituting these values)
Examples
2nd difference 2, sequence will start with n2
y x  y = kx
2nd difference 4, sequence will start with 2n2 21= k x 3
2nd difference 6, sequence will start with 3n2 k=7
y = 7x
 Write down the sequence of ...n2 (Now this equation can be used to find y, given x)
 Original sequence minus ...n2 sequence
 Find nth term of what is left – linear
 Form nth term using ...n2 and linear in n Inverse proportion
If: y  1 or y  1 or y  1
10/16 Geometric sequences x x2 x3
Each term after the first is found by multiplying the
Formulae: y = k or y = k or y = k
previous one by a fixed number (common ratio) 2
x x x3
Geometric sequence are powers of a fixed
Example
number – rn
Examples: 2n – 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,.. Common ratio = 2
a is inversely proportional to b
3n – 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,.. Common ratio = 3 When a = 12 and b = 4
General form of a geometric sequence is: a 1 a = k
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ... arn-1 (n is the term number) b b
(where r is the common ratio & a is the start value) 12= k
 Geometric sequences 4
1, 2, 4, 8, 16 ....... Common ratio = 2  k = 48
 Surd sequence  a = 48
1, √2, 2, 2√2, ..... Common ratio = √2
b
(Now this equation can be used to find a, given b)
10/19 Standard circle theorems 10/20 Enlarge by a negative scale factor
 The image is on the opposite side of the
centre
 The image is also inverted
Example : Enlargement scale factor -2 about 0
y

The angle at the centre The angle in a semi-

circle
= 2 x the angle at the is a right angle
circumference T

O x

1800

Angles in the same Opposite angles of a

segment are equal cyclic quadrilateral add
10/21 Length of arc
up to 1800

sector
arc
segment

The perpendicular from Tangents from a point

the centre to a chord to a circle are equal.
bisects the chord Angle between tangent Length of arc = θ x 2πr
& radius = 900 3600

10/22 Area of sector

The angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the Area of sector = θ x πr2
angle in the alternate segment
3600
10/23 Surface area of spheres & pyramids 10/25 & 26 Similarity & enlargement
Curved surface area (formula NOT given)
Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh  For similar shapes when:
r Length scale factor = k
Area scale factor = k2
Volume scale factor = k3
h
Example

Curved surface of a cone = πrl (formula given) 4cm A 6cm B

If height of A = 4cm & height of B = 6cm

 Length scale factor = 6 ÷ 4 = 1.5
h l
If surface area of A = 132cm2
 Surface area of B = 132 x 1.52 = 297cm3
r If volume of A = 120 cm3
 Volume of B = 120 x 1.53 = 405cm3
[NB To find ‘l’ use Pythagoras’ Theorem
l 2 = h 2 + r 2]
10/27 Trigonometry-know exact values
Curved surface of a sphere = 4πr 2(formula given) 450
300 300
√2
2 1
r 2
√3

600 600 450

1 1 1

10/24 Volume of spheres & pyramids Angle sin θ0 cos θ0 tan θ0

Volume - pyramid 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 3
Volume of Pyramid = x area of cross-section x height 30
3
or
3 2 2 3 3
e.g. cone 1 1
or or
2 2
h 45 1
h 2 2
w 2 2
3 1
r l 60 3
2 2
90 1 0
1 1
Volume = x πr2h Volume = xlxwxh
3 3
(formula given)

Volume - sphere
4 3
Volume of Sphere = πr
3
(formula given)
10/28 Conditional probabilities 10/29 Cumulative frequency table & graph
Mark f Upper limit cf
The first event influences the second event 0≤x<10 4 <10 4
 TREE DIAGRAM 10≤x<20 18 <20 4+18=22
Example
20≤x<30 30 <30 4+18+30=52
2 milk and 8 dark chocolates in a box
30≤x<40 72 <40 4+18+30+72=124
Kate chooses one and eats it. (ONLY 9 left now)
40≤x<50 54 <50 4+18+30+72+54=178
She chooses a second one
50≤x<60 22 <60 4+18+30+72+54+22=200

200
1st 2nd M MM= 2 x 1= 2
1 10 9 90 Upper Quartile
150
2 M 9
2milk 10 8

cumulative frequency
100 Median
8dark 9 D MD= 2 x 8 = 16
8 10 9 90 Lower Quartile
50
10 2 M DM= 8 x 2 =16
D 9 10 9 90
0
7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
9
Marks
D DD= 8 x 7 = 56
10 9 90
Median (M) = 37 marks
 VENN DIAGRAM
Upper quartile (UQ) = 44 marks
Example
Lower quartile (LQ) = 30 marks
This diagram represents the percentages of a set
Inter-quartile range (IQR) = 44 – 30 = 14 marks
of people who take part in Athletics & Basketball.

Athletics Basketball 10/30 Box plots (for data in 10/29)

IQR(50% of the data)
18% 43% 39%
LQ M UQ

p(A|B) is the probability of choosing a person who

does Athletics, given the person does Basketball
43
= ≈52%
82

 TWO-WAY TABLE Use of box plots to compare two Distributions

Example
Athletics Basketball
Male 17 12
Female 14 10
The probability of choosing a female, given that
10
she plays basket ball =
22 These are used to make comparisons which help to
reach a conclusion:
1. Average – median in box plots
2. Spread – IQR in box plots (width of box)
NOTE:
The bigger the spread the less consistent
The range is not used as the measure of spread as it
could be affected by one or two outliers
Conclusion:
The boys on average are taller; the spread of
heights of the girls is greater than the boys