he inner kranshan elemenks

Ct-blo ck elerer)
In hue elemenk, ' aubshall sbung
beea pogruely
tllee aul Last gou to - sukhll.
hey om
ako called thnandrauihon elemunh as lans e
ectupue (n-) t Suhskell, , thnes o he
pehulA muae eawngg wel
Cankipenultamuke level)
hecr qeneial outer ele/ronut
14
onngurouhonis
a-) 3 (n- 1) d0-I NS 2 hy out vary onely
Kno un au metals.
ea
rare

Depude'u upon e Last eleukon utry, t- block

elwww.h orre elangi cnto

n u e elemenh Laut eeuten tito

bet tuse
4t oribal.
+t orhtal ay one CalleLasthunetd hey
Co t m u ute ly atr lankhanun kantanoids
chclude 4 eleuunk Ce (Comum) to u Chntebiun)
Ah'nor'od ..
In hue elenmenh, last n t e n chko
5t oohebal hay nt caullesd achuords au hey
Conae ats Athhwm . Achnorels also thclusle
- ha ren'um).
 C)
hanthanot

Eleclronte Conhgunouhbn :
Re ves Touble 8.9 Page No: 229
Cenrum Ce 58 Lxe] 4t 5d 65 t3 (oxd",
PraseadymcumPr 59 t3, t4

YHenbium 70 Lxe] 4 s a 2 T3, t2

Aubetu Lu 7 Lxe4 5d 6s +3

2. Oxulttbn atale:-
Th mad Common 0s. o Lauhauotcls
t3 t3 0.S 0La, Gred u wne espeesally
stable dwe do emptu, halt hilleal 8 conpleely Hlled
4t Aubshell Tspeut vel
t2 berause by loosche 2 or h eleton ey
by
atatin sfakle ,1B3' Conhyurahouu
Ce C xe] +**)
T T Lxel ++)

Y Lx] 4*)
 Can ael au Oxtelat'u auh. A9hy ?
2+
OR
SoEu o y (an auk a goo eokuea
aenh 1oky?
Ans he elemnh u' t2 0 th 0.S. Kawe tHe
feusleny to Twent bask to e mosl stable
0.S, t3 Cets T67 udsrgo redn&
S,E y* gehs 0'dssul t t3 0.S.
Nole: e fvolue os C/*i* 74Y, aduh
Suggehh ci can oxudi'e wate. Th r ake ir
Yry tlous an Ce w a a good analuh'tal
kot tephsvn: Some elennenh shou cun
0S t2 07 th
evethaus hats cbu do not hwe 1°, 37or
}*
contiyutahbn.
- A, N4, T6 6 Dy also exhibrt th sfare buk
D
only. tn 0u les MO
MO2 Sp exht'bi h t2 0.sako
2. Atom't loue ralr C Kanthunoced coufruhon)
Afont'c raohau' cud tontt mulasi of kupouitive
Luutnues hou a
sfeusds and ouelua desreaue
th mova bson a to hu. Ato uue raale! slouo
sonue vegulosthu but touit Toaelai skou a
stesdy
deoreae.
 02)
sfeady deereue th atonut'c rot'e stas et
Launhuuorcd elennenk uu chcreutn ouonut
number calleed kohauotel Confroubrobn
Causes
In laudhanat elenmenk, as e aouie humbes
addedtbnus proton th he
cheresu, tor wery
45
Covruponeleu e g0u to thner
nuclu,
tb He hueldng estut ot
ubthell dre p007
chnus Ht es, etbetut've nuleun chnree thereasu
ane huretort H allrakbn o e nutleu towoad

Aoulermost hell thcreweu Thare tore,u

threast th atouut humben, St ot Luntauord
deeree.

ConsegunLAs
Dioeully th separatbn Laudtumore
Becouuse oi e timu'lomhy tn malei, ehenutal
Poopskh o Lanhhunotd elenunh ae anila

Thi's makas separatan th Pure a k h dilhritule

e'nulam' th ha sche o exona8 hu'rd
vaus b n Aertes

Due to Lanthounoe coutroehbn, atonut scje ot

hd elemuuk ans) eovsuponltny 5 eleunenh ave
Aanne
e o H
 o 3 5d elemenh ii hughes haun houk ob
d eleunen
Vawwaton o basic sfren o drouedes
On MDVC'ne tom ebt rgak, th lounHauuotea
he S2 os He Melal atom
detrwu, M- oH boned
sreugh (hcreauu. Thne tore bale afrengh t
he hy eroou tde deureaueu tzom lebt th rzut. .
La(o), ismore basic n hu CoH),
7mera churackesrshta

Appenauk mpt,
m
densy , electvca hurmw
condnch 'vey
CRefer Teal- bool Poige no 229)
Colos .

Man o the kn'valn antinuord tos ane

colot boihi ch Hhe solrd akake auul th aq. olns.
Thy is due to e Pontly blleal b- oxbtale
ashth
ped mtk- ksauhon.
Pomamunette behwtound
hanHhaur'ol ottn an f Ape Cka"e c
ane kype C Y6*"o u) ot all ponamaynehe 7he
Pus uma neh'sm or'seu Ava maou'mum t
Nodemiium.
londxaton etalpy:
The 1 ol lanh anorids are 6ook kt omol,
I-E, about 1R0o k1/mol wmposable uwihhose os Ca.
The vantatt'n osIE thdicales hat hie exchanye
enthalpy Constolusattons, appeem do c'mpornt a t erkaun
olegrte ot skabilidy to empty, halt illesd &
compleely
brelled orbi'k als of f Jevl.
3t 3+
4O
Gd 4 4
u4

Vesy lo IE
Complex dsmahbn:
Becomme o thes'r b9 sthe hey hawe ou
chenge denurky Thne sore
heu Complex sOmaton
tendeny i very os ke knduncy o torm
Cund Hu' skahiluty Complexe
ncrLa wr tncrease th atomt
humbusLDe » lanthanoted tontrachion. seze
decreue
Chemtal reachvcy
Because o the lous tontzdthon enthalpy,
Aasthanor elements ave xeaettve
) e Ha > hycdrndet
ohen heabed u C Casbatle
n
| Wr halogen haldu
k+2 hnX3 InO

d)weh 0 0ueles
kn + 0 ns wdhS hulrgens
eLn+4,0 Ankn bH), + H2
4)n s4 lng S LaN Ln )
hn + N n N LC2
LnH H
Dou tes k ydroudeu ne houtt tn natute.
Useu o ohanotels

Produch dn o alloy skeel o improve he strength

alloy
Cua workabrlity
Awell known aloy museh metalwhech consish
a larauaid meral &15%) 8 kon G5%)d
tranes of S, C, Ca & Al
masu mum uno unt os uthmell twed

Mq
Mg haueel allos C3%)b prolnce bulleh, she!
alloys
ne lrghker tnt It a ?ysophoiè alby |
Catalys tn pelsoleum Cackong9
dnR thduin'dual kn oxtes evse se a phosphort
th TV Sseens 8 Atimulan luoreu'ng Sustae.
 ACTINO IDS
Acknatis tclade 4 elemanh T or.
The abrlity o he ackinoted to exit t dkeret
oxd states uwe masle ther eheu stry m
Complex
Move oves ey wre 7aclhbactve elenmenh. vuno ngh
Calken membes1 hae relahvely Long hals ve, tu
atter one! hwe values Tangeng rom a day h
3 mehufes.

Ele ctron't Conagunadtibn:

Afomuc
numbei Smbol Elecerome Conggurah ons
M
Ac
8
T
Pa Sp

5f6418
3 N 4
S

5 5

5f 7s2
95 Am
96 Cm st'd'
97 5 7
98 C+ 5P
99 ES 5F 1s
Fm 5 p 2

7s

Md
t02 No 72
103
 lont ste - Ackrnoted Conrachtbn
Aeke lanthanotcu. hese j a qrduad
decreuse th e sthe ol atoms or H* tos acoH
#hSeies The's i known s achinot'edConkraeton.
Due to te
poo7 Shueldeng os 5 e, e Couruhin
greaten o
veaden elenueut to element th Hui Jend.

Dxtblatbn states
Unleke lantanoids achnotd show a
voièky
o Oxdo statu The' s be cause of he compvable
enengtes of 5f, 6 g1sSubs hel Hence all h e
cleukrons kake pot th bonal
hvmuhon.
The most ommon 0 S
ach'norels it3
The elmen h e wyst kal 4reguant ly exhtbeh
uyhen oxdn skate
Grearal ehuratenihu
They are mek aA Selveny appeorante
Ach'noeel tahbns are
gnoralUycolowesd. The
colour of he caton depenels on he no o 6f
es.Cahbuu hawrmy 5f, 5f' & sf" cuse coloks
The colous it due to P-f Psausihbn.
sh achnotd have louwen T F han Janthanord
Th i beawe 5P es art less penetrating ha
 f Cun aU a ruult 5f e wrbe more effechively
shueldesd trom he nuclews charge haun he Af es
of Cosuponde ne latkemoi'du. Thort tore oufer és ch
achnotd ae deut
ftimly held aud eey ovse veaali ly
awailable sor boned formukon
Magucht behawtot-achhoids shongly poa Cone
agueh The Vambuhon th
maynettt sucepti bility
oachnoi'de w Re tCreastny no ounpale es.
.Chenuca behwrbws- hey r e
heqhly 7tash ve,
espelly cohan nely di'vles Thu'y iolue to
b!' r Louw T. E
They Teaut wrth boclcng wakes to 9eve a M ne

1hey Combtne wth mott of the hon- melals at

Moeles at e ttm.
HyolrochLoriautd attasle all achnotd mebaly but
mosf owe slight abseutel by HNO 0uothg to the
toTmatn oPotechve ble
0u
layert
Use
.Thartum e th outomuc reuctor
saw'um i we aa nnclws suel.
Plutom'uum 1 ue u a fuel for utonut reueori
auwell a bDT maktng atom bombs.
 Stmil oiu between asthauot d Achhorcls
Aof o hem chvolve kll'ng o f- osbr:kals
Mast Co mnon 0dn slate of bot ane +3.
t3.
Both ome electsopoihve anel
eghly Teaukve
Boh ezhrbrd ttk
maynett propestru.
Achinoids erhrbt ach nord coukrubn uke
ke
Aatthaneid Contrach on shouwn by lanthunoids
Diterentes
Aanthauoids Ach'wot'bu

.4f I bu'ng lleal 5 f is bec'hg Alleed.

Bexr'ele t3 6 S, hy shou .Bearb t3

t3, shows
t2 & te hughes 0tdn states
t4, t5, t6 9 t7
keas ondanuy to os Move tendeny
Conap le xu.
o
mpounos ege leus burc lompo und wae hore
bayre
ktept Aromthiun, they They ovne voali'o acrve
an non 7aelbautve
Sone appli'cahbns o d8f blok ekmenh

Refex TB. Poge No. 3a-233

 Obctdes o metals and OxDmelal antbns
The metalkthst rouu'bn sentes bm
o Hu
0uiler ør oy9en at high keup The oxu'des are
oimed th he
ucdaton Akatu 1 h r7
Cu,0 t
The gheut oudahbn sfate Ahown by an elewmeut
th a
q roup is eqnal i roup nmbes. Th'y trnd
isapplicable eny o roups 3, t, 5, 6 &7.
The Dxucde whese te 0S of he mekal
he bonds
is Sow,
CUse tbnmc he 0wbles shos
Tha 0u le
basic charackes.
cwhere de os oHhe mekal it hegh.
bonds ase e
Covalut aual e ou'ole shous audit
chwrauter

+2 t3
71
burc
umph audu'c

ACIDIC CHARACTER INCREAS£S

btn
betng an auut oude
ddtrolve ch H,o to ve
te aud H MnO4
Pesmangauue aca
C
T2 t6
t3
AcDIC CHARACTRR IneREASES

(O ditwlve t H20 to ve HaT0 anal H,C

 POTASSIUM DICHROMAT£ (K2 C7,0
Prep cwrotbn :

K,Cr,07 Prepares iom chro mate

os
Sfep_1
Conve's ton of h Chro ute _oe o Soduum thromade

Chroute oxe swel uh So

de'wm Carbonute th
e eAs au

+Fe CrOt Na,0, +70 8 Na,CrO + F t9¢0,

Sfen 2
Converston os s0daum chromate to Aodium dvchtmae
The ellow soluhbn o eels'm ehromle tleered
anl ccudh'ed wr H,So, o uve a solutron srom
rom
whi'th Na,Cs,0H,o Can be
caysda,aieal
Na, (r,0, + Na + H,0
Hep a:
Conves to o Soctwn dichromute
n
pokavim dichuonade
So t'an ichro mude t move soluwsle hun Potaanium
|da'thvomatt. H
prepane bg reathg a
oluton
o Sodu'wn di'ch romate weA k
Na, Cr,07 t kc K, 0 7 + Nalk

Ovcuge coays.tals ok K, (r,07 soporale out cooltog

 Strucbwse os CAromute ton Struckure of
du'ch rowute hn
2-
(o 2- Cv,01

Proputtes
Chromatu a du 'chromates
ar Cnkes con verkake
n
aqu 80 (uton dapendlsiny pon te p ol he oh
In alkoaltne med'm,
,0, convexked h yellous
wloures cromute ton.

6) In au'ut mek'un Clow pH).

Chromale cange orehro maute tbn.
2-
2
Cr,07 +H,0
Achon od heut
K2CrOA is tormed
4 Kg C1,0 A 4 kaC70, t
21,03 130
Vse

k,Cr01Na,Cr,0, awse
Atvong autdi'snng agens
augenk
LSthce Na,Cr,O mort sHable han k,r,01, tit it
txkensivey wed au an
oxdda st'ny agent th organl

KaCr,O is ue as a pvtmamyskancland th volupnefat

analysis
 Ooud olaseng acon os k,G,07
Autui heol k,
a)locluele t coolt'ne 6T 3l2+ + 6
6)Sulphicdes to salphw 3 HS 6HT+ 3s+ Ge
tin Ca) o
3S 3S+ 6
4) G Fe 6f+ 6
The sull tonu'e eguattbrn sho ws K2Cr O ack as
veclue'ny aent is
2+
«¢2"+ 6Fe7H,0
PoTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (KM,O)

reparaton:-
KM,O
KM,O prepaneol th e lab by the kuion
of
ot Mao
Mn 0 weh n alkal hy droude a an
ouee n'ng
aaenl ike kwg Tes pso duce he dask qveen
K, MaO ohrch otspropostton atu th a neuhral ov adie
soluton to eve Permangan ate cdn
con
+KOH +
2 Ma02 t D2
2-
>2 k, M»0 t2Ho
3
Mn04 t H RMnO4 t Ma0t H,0
Comnaer u'a Preporathon :-

AJLkalne outhahve susibn ol Hho ollowe

by the eleckvo.lytic axdn munuganate.
 Fage oi% koH
MoO2 2

Oxt are r th atir/kNo

MnO

Mn0 Fleco lyttt oxd

th alealeht olo MoO4 +e
lo the ab MnO
ab, preprel by the 2t
oxd of Mo
sall w'
pemxoclusulphade ton
2+ 2
Mo5 S,Op84,0 MoO4 1os0, +16 H t
2

tso per hs
Isorms dosk punple
Cxynukals whith one
osruckmal w% those od
Soluble ch wate
kGdO t it uat hegblg
Actbn ot ent

K 2 M, Oa. t Ma02 t 02
Tuoo
physieal
Phys/cal propsh'es Suchthkense colous an
au
weako
we ak
kemp depend ent posamagnehtm Caun be
only one ban of moleculad ovbtkal eoplaine
theory.
Strkomes

Mn)

O)
mongunte 1ón emnangeunate on
 Ovubl'nhg Popendy
Auel'ecd kMaOy ond clerea.
a)dxal afe ton to co (Oxali aud s knOs)
2+

) Mohr salt x
ktnD4)
2+
5e MOa + 8H
2+ 3+
Mo +4h,0+5fe

emaunaguometrit ktmtrons

ke to ntbrate
5 No 24
MoOa + 6H Mo +
dthdiele o tbeline 04 550
2

Moo H0 I
AMn),taOH+19
9Sulphtde Ao sulphan
)4,503 h ,50, 5StMnO, +16 HT 2t
Mo +8H,0
t5S
In neutral os
iasntly atkalsht meem
thdade
i) trlphate o ulphate
id M 2t h NO th presenee o Z»s0 /7n0 as
takalyst
Noce
eamtungantde laationf tn
pesene et Hd
ve
unsahutacteiy Sin ce Hd extclaiesl
chlns he
Dsu i) Ih analyhtal ehenu'tkry
i) 0.A th Organt't ehuty (alkaline kMnDg
BaLyer's
Ble 8leuht'nq aseat iv) Dcolowmisaton ot otlrezgenb