This document summarizes key concepts in basic separation processes. It discusses component recoveries and product purities, including conservation of mass equations. It also covers separation power (separation factor) and split fraction/ratio. Other topics include selection of feasible separation processes based on feed/product conditions, property differences to exploit, and characteristics like ease of scale-up. Keller's correlation shows how product price depends on feed concentration. The technological maturity and ease of scaling separation processes are also discussed.
This document summarizes key concepts in basic separation processes. It discusses component recoveries and product purities, including conservation of mass equations. It also covers separation power (separation factor) and split fraction/ratio. Other topics include selection of feasible separation processes based on feed/product conditions, property differences to exploit, and characteristics like ease of scale-up. Keller's correlation shows how product price depends on feed concentration. The technological maturity and ease of scaling separation processes are also discussed.
This document summarizes key concepts in basic separation processes. It discusses component recoveries and product purities, including conservation of mass equations. It also covers separation power (separation factor) and split fraction/ratio. Other topics include selection of feasible separation processes based on feed/product conditions, property differences to exploit, and characteristics like ease of scale-up. Keller's correlation shows how product price depends on feed concentration. The technological maturity and ease of scaling separation processes are also discussed.
This document summarizes key concepts in basic separation processes. It discusses component recoveries and product purities, including conservation of mass equations. It also covers separation power (separation factor) and split fraction/ratio. Other topics include selection of feasible separation processes based on feed/product conditions, property differences to exploit, and characteristics like ease of scale-up. Keller's correlation shows how product price depends on feed concentration. The technological maturity and ease of scaling separation processes are also discussed.
( ) [Ch. 1] • Component Recoveries and Product Purities -SSplit li ffraction i - Split ratio • Separation Power (Separation Factor) • Selection of Feasible Separation Processes - Keller’s correlation - Technological and use maturities - Ease of scale-up Component Recoveries and Product Purities • Separation process – Conservation of mass – For no reaction and continuous,, steady-state y operation p
N ni( F ) ni( p ) ni(1) ni( 2 ) ni(3) ... ni( N 1) ni( N ) p 1
i : 1 ~ C Components p : 1~ N Product phases F : feed
The molar Th l ((or mass)) fl flow rate iin the h ffeed d iis equall to the sum of the product molar (or mass) flow rates Split Fraction and Split Ratio
• Split fraction ni(1) SFi ,k ,k Fraction of component i ni(,Fk ) found in the first product ni(1) ,k • Split ratio
ni(,1k) SFi ,k ni(,Fk )
SRi ,k Separator k n ( 2) i ,k (1 SFi ,k )
i : component k : separator ni(2) ,k
(F) : feed (1) : first product (ex: top product) (2) : second product (ex : bottom product) [Example] Hydrocarbon Recovery Process 3 4 C3 6 iC4
Feed 1 C1 C2 C3
2 5 7 C4 rich nC i h C5+ rich Product Purity and Specification
max
• Product specifications - mol%, vol%, wt% - ppm (parts per million), ppb (parts per billion) Separation Sequences • Hydrocarbon feed : propane (C3), isobutane (iC4), n-butane (nC4), isopentane (iC5), ) n-pentane (nC5) ⇒ Products : C3, iC4, nC4, iC5 + nC5 Separation Power • Separation power (relative split ratio; separation factor) : relative degree of separation between two components components, i and jj, measured by the compositions of the two products
Ci(1) / Ci(2) SRi SFi / SFj
SPi , j (1) (2) Cj /Cj SR j (1 SFi ) /(1 SFj )
Key-component split Column Separation power
nC4H10 / iC5H12 C1 137.1
C3H8 / iC4H10 C2 7103
iC4H10 / nC4H10 C3 377.6
Achievable SP depends on the number of stages, and the relative
thermodynamic and mass transport properties of components Selection of Feasible Separation • Selection of a best separation process – Selection among a number of feasible candidates – A combination of two or more operations may be best • Factors that influence the selection of feasible separation - Composition Most important - Flow rate feed conditions Feed conditions - Temperature - Pressure Can be altered by - Phase state pump, compressor, - Required purities and heat exchangers - Temperatures Product conditions Mostt iimportant M t t - Pressures - Phase states product conditions - Molecular Property differences Determine D t i method th d off - Thermodynamic that may be exploited - Transport separation - Ease of scale-up - Ease of staging Characteristics of - T, P, phase-state requirements separation operation - Physical size limitations - Energy requirements Keller’’s correlation Keller
• The cost of recovering
and purifying a chemical in a mixture can depend strongly on the concentration. • The more dilute the feed, the higher the product price.
Effect of concentration of product in
feed material on price Technological and Use Maturities of Separation Processes
Separation by barrier Expensive Separation by solid agent
Creation or addition of Cheap second phase
Technological and use maturities of
separation processes Ease of Scale- Scale-up
• If two parallel units are installed, • The capacity of a single unit can the additional investment is 100% be doubled for an additional investment cost of about 60%
