Class 12 Physics: Important Formulas and Short Tricks
### Electrostatics
1. Coulomb's Law: F = (1 / (4*pi*epsilon_0)) * (q1*q2 / r^2)
2. Electric Field (E): E = F / q = (1 / (4*pi*epsilon_0)) * (q / r^2)
3. Electric Potential (V): V = W / q = (1 / (4*pi*epsilon_0)) * (q / r)
4. Capacitance (C): C = Q / V, For parallel plate: C = epsilon_0*A / d
### Current Electricity
1. Ohm's Law: V = IR
2. Resistance in Series: Rs = R1 + R2 + ...
3. Resistance in Parallel: 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...
4. Power (P): P = VI = I^2*R = V^2/R
### Magnetism
1. Magnetic Force: F = qvB sin(theta)
2. Torque on Current Loop: tau = NIAB sin(theta)
3. Biot-Savart Law: B = (mu_0 / (4*pi)) * (I dl sin(theta) / r^2)
4. Ampere's Circuital Law: Integral(B*dl) = mu_0*I
### Electromagnetic Induction
1. Faraday's Law: e = -dPhi/dt
2. Induced Current: I = e / R
3. Self-Inductance: L = (mu_0*N^2*A) / l
### Optics
1. Lens Maker's Formula: 1/f = (n - 1) * (1/R1 - 1/R2)
2. Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
3. Magnification: m = -v/u
### Modern Physics
1. Photoelectric Effect: KE = h*nu - Phi
2. Einstein's Relation: E = mc^2
3. De Broglie Wavelength: lambda = h / mv
### Rotational Dynamics
1. Torque (tau): tau = r × F = rF sin(theta)
2. Moment of Inertia (I): Examples: Solid Sphere = (2/5)MR^2
3. Angular Momentum: L = I*omega
4. Rotational Kinetic Energy: KE = (1/2)*I*omega^2
### Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
1. Displacement: x(t) = A sin(omega*t + phi)
2. Velocity: v = omega*sqrt(A^2 - x^2)
3. Acceleration: a = -omega^2*x
4. Time Period: T = 2*pi*sqrt(m/k) (Spring), T = 2*pi*sqrt(l/g) (Pendulum)
### Fluid Mechanics
1. Continuity Equation: A1*v1 = A2*v2
2. Bernoulli's Equation: P + (1/2)*rho*v^2 + rho*g*h = constant
3. Buoyant Force: Fb = rho_fluid*V*g
4. Pressure at Depth: P = P0 + rho*g*h
### First Law of Thermodynamics
1. DeltaQ = DeltaU + W
2. Isothermal Work: W = nRT ln(Vf/Vi)
3. Adiabatic Work: W = (P1*V1 - P2*V2) / (gamma - 1)
### Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. Kelvin-Planck Statement: Impossible to convert all heat into work.
2. Efficiency of Heat Engine: eta = (W/Q1) = (Q1 - Q2) / Q1
3. Entropy Change: DeltaS = DeltaQ / T
4. Carnot Engine Efficiency: eta = 1 - T2/T1
