6. Angular frequency: w = Vv 7. Energy in SHM: * KE: = }mw*(A? — 2”) 1 22 ° RE: = ymw*a" + Total Energy: = }mw*A? 8. Simple pendulum: + T=2n/t 9. Spring-mass system: T= ane 10. Damped oscillation equation 11. Resonance: Max amplitude at w = wo 12. Combination of SHM: + Same freq., phase diff: use vector addition + x= Ajsin(wt) + Ap cos(wt) Chapter 12: Waves 1. Wave speed: v = fr 2. Wave equation: y = Asin(ka — wt + ) 3. Relation: v = vt (string) 4. Wavelength in terms of speed and frequency 5. Speed of sound: 2kT M + Insolid: v = ,/¥ Vo * Ingas:v =6. Reflection & transmission at boundaries 7. Standing wave conditions: * Nodes & antinodes: L = n3 8. Harmonics in strings: * Fundamental: f = 37 * 2nd harmonic: f = pr ete. 9. Beats: freat = |fi — fa 10. Doppler Effect: * Observer moving: f’ = f(1+ “*) * Source moving: f’ = f (= Chapter 13: Electrostatics 1. Coulomb's Law: enel 2 P= qq? 2. Electric Field: B-F-1 q ~ reo” 7? 3. Electric field due to dipole on axial line: E=,.% Tre * 4. Electric dipole moment: p = q - 2a 5. Electric potential: V=,.-1 Ine 126. Potential due to dipole: = <1. poose Vs Arey r ion: E — —% 7. Relation: E = =< 8. Equipotential surfaces: EB 1 surface 9. Potential energy of two charges: u=.an Tro or 10. Capacitance: C = # 11. Capacitor parallel plate: C = “4 12. Series: + = 3 4 13. Parallel: C.g = > C; 14. Energy stored: U = }CV? 15. Dielectrics: C’ = KC 16. Gauss's Law: fE-dd=% Chapter 14: Current Electricity 1. Ohm's Law: V = IR 2. Resistance: R = py 3. Series: Reg = Ri + Ro +... 4. Parallel: iy = >> z 5. Power: P = VI =I?R= 6. Energy: W = Pt = VIt 137. EMF and internal resistance: V=e-Ir 8. Kirchhoff's Laws: + Junction: > Tin = 30 Tout * Loop: > V =0 9. Wheatstone bridge balance: & — Rk R 10. Potentiometer principle 11. Meter bridge: Rob R; b 12. Drift velocity: w= 13. Current density: J = 4 14. Relation: J = o E, where o = A Chapter 15: Moving Charges and Magnetism 1. Magnetic force: F = q(# x B) 2. Force on current: F = (LE x B) 3. Magnetic field due to straight wire: wl B= 4. Circular loop: B= af at center 1410. 11. . Solenoid: B= ponl . Biot-Savart Law: dB = # . ae '. Lorentz Force: F=q(E+@~xB) . Motion in magnetic field: + Radius: r = qB » — 2mm + Time period: T = 257! . Ampere’s Law: fB-dl= pol Torque on current loop: tT = NIBAsin#@ Magnetic moment: M = IA Chapter 16: Electromagnetic Induction 1. Faraday's Law: — _ de, fm . Magnetic flux: @p = B-A-cosé . Lenz's Law: Direction of induced EMF opposes the change in flux . Motional EMF: E=B-l-v-sind . Induced current: raf 156. Self-inductance: é=-La 7. Energy stored in inductor: U=3LP 8. Magnetic energy density: B U= uo 9. Mutual inductance: — al E=-MS Chapter 17: Alternating Current (AC) 5. Reactance: * Inductive: X; = wl 1. AC Voltage: itive: —1 V = Wsin(wt) * Capacitive: Xo = = 2. Current: 6. Impedance: I = hsin(ut + 4) B+ (Xt — Xc)P 7. Phase angle: 3. Mean value over half cycle: x.—X, tang = “* Tmean = 2 & RMSval 8. Power in AC: ‘ value: L P = Vemslrms 608 rms = Vv... = 9. Resonance: rms = © Xp=Xc —he ° 40 = 716 16Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Waves 1. Speed of EM wave: 1 Vie 2. Wave equation for E & B: + E= Epsin(ka — wt) + B= Bosin(kx — wt) 3. Relation: baie By = © 4. Energy density: u=eQk? == 5. Poynting vector: 5S=1ExB Ho Chapter 19: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 1. Reflection law: Zi = Zr 2. Refraction (Snell's Law): ny, sini = n2sinr 3. Refractive index: n= oi 4. Lens maker's formula: p=(-0(%- a) 175. Mirror formula: 114 il Frosty 6. Lens formula: Loko dk fv u 7. Magnification: =K— 2 he 10. Combination of lenses: 8. Total internal reflection condition: sin8, = = (form, > no) 9. Power of lens: — _ 100 P= Finem) Chapter 20: Wave Optics 1. Young's double-slit experiment: « Fringe width: p= 2 + Path difference: Az = dsin# 2. Constructive interference: Ag =nr 3. Destructive interference: ~ a Az = (2n - 1)3 18 Loatdagd FP fi fr 11. Apparent shift: Az =t(1-}) 4. Intensity: I« A? 5. Resultant intensity: T=l+h+2Vihcos¢ 6. Diffraction (single slit): * Minima: asin@ = nd 7. Polarization: * Brewster's law: tanOz =nChapter 21: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 3 x e > 2 Photon energy: = hy =" E=hv=* .. Photoelectric equation (Einstein): hy = 6+ Kaz . Kinetic energy of emitted electrons: Kmar = hv — .. Stopping potential eVo = Kinaz de Broglie wavelength: yahak p> mo Chapter 22: Atoms . Bohr radius: 1» = n2ag, where ay = 0.529 A 2. Energy of nth orbit: 3.6eV E, = -} 3. Frequency of emitted photon: hv = E; — Ey 4. Speed of electron in nth orbit: Un = Beohn 5. Angular momentum: L=nh 19o Chapter 23: Nuclei 1. Mass-energy equivalence: 4. E=me 2. Binding energy: 5. B.E. = |Zm, + (A— Z)mn — M}: 6. Chapter 24: Semiconductor Electronics Radioactive decay law: N = Ne Half-life: Tip = Activity: A=.AN Decay constant unit: 3. Resistance of semiconductor decreases with temperature 1. Charge carriers in semiconductors: 4. Logic gates: * Intrinsic: ny oc e~s/#T + AND:A-B 2. Current in pn junction: erent Bn + OR A+B T= h(eV"7 -1) = + Not:A 5. Truth tables for gates 6. Zener diode in reverse bias 7. Rectifier action of diode 8. NAND, NOR as universal gates Chapter 25: Communication Systems Key Formulas (10+) 1, Modulation: + AM: a(t) = Ac{1 + mecos(wnt)] cos(wet) 2. Modulation index m= 3. Bandwidth (AM): BW = 2fm, 20 4. Propagation modes: * Ground, Sky, Space 5. Frequency ranges: * Radio (up to 300 GHz), Microwave, etc.Chapter 1: Units & Measurements 1 a= dz o= 2 dv at . Dimension of force: [F’] = [MLT~? Dimensional analysis: [(Q] = [M*L°T Error in addition: Az = Aa + Ab Percentage error: 4 x 100 - Significant figures rules Distance Time Speed = Systematic vs Random error . S.1. base units list . Conversion of units (e.g., cm to m) Parallax method: D = 4 Least count of instrument Rules for rounding off . Order of magnitude estimation O01Chapter 2: Motion in a Straight Line 1.v=u+at 2. s=ut+ hat? 3. v? =u? + 2as 4. Average velocity: Petal Displerenrene aceueat v-u 5. Acceleration: a = > 6. Displacement in nth second: s, = u + $(2n — 1) 7. Graphical area = displacement 8. Slope of v-t graph = acceleration 9. Area under v-t graph = displacement 10. Motion under gravity: -u=0,a=-g *s= 5 gt? 11. Free fall vs upward motion 12. Relative velocity: v4g = v4 — VB 13. Instantaneous speed = slope of x-t graph 02Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane . Resultant vector: R = V/A? + B? + 2AB cos0 . Component of vector: A, = Acos@, A, = Asin@ . Projectile motion: * Time of flight: T = Busing * Maximum height: H = u? sin 20 g * Range: R = . Horizontal projection: + Time:t y2 + Range: R= u,t . Uniform circular motion: * Centripetal acceleration: a = £ * Angular velocity: w = = + Linear velocity: v = rw . Relative velocity in 2D . Vector addition/subtraction using triangle or parallelogram law . Dot product: A- B= ABcos0 . Cross product: \A x B| = ABsin@g . Displacement in 2D: s = \/(x2 — 21)? + (yw — m1) 03Chapter 4: Laws of Motion 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. . Newton's First Law . Newton's Second Law: F = ma . Newton's Third Law: Fip = —Fh, . Tension in string (vertical pulley, smooth pulley) . Frictional force: f = uN . Static vs Kinetic friction . Limiting friction: fmax = pts N . Motion on inclined plane: * a= g(sin@ — pcos) |. Circular motion with friction Apparent weight in lift: + Wapparent = m(g + a) Recoil velocity: v = — _ Impulse: J = Ap = FAt Law of conservation of linear momentum Pulley system accelerations Spring force: F = —kax Equilibrium conditions: - DF =0,5F,=0 04Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. . Kinetic Energy: K.E. = pmv' - Work: W = F-d-cos0 . Work done by variable force: W = f F(x) dx . Power: P= ¥,P=F-v 2 . Potential Energy: P.E. = mgh . Work-Energy Theorem: Wret = AK.E. . Conservative Forces: W = —AU . Mechanical energy conservation: K.£., + P.E.. = K.E.. + P.E. . Elastic potential energy: U = pha? Power in terms of force and velocity: P = Fu cos@ Efficiency: n = ea pee x 100% Collision types: + Elastic: both K.E. and momentum conserved + Inelastic: only momentum conserved Momentum: p = mu Impulse: J = Ap Coefficient of restitution: e = 2" 05Chapter 6: Rotational Motion 1. 2 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. Hyer.) — 38 Angular velocity: w = Angular acceleration: a = te 6=ut+ sat? w? = wi + 200 Torque: tT =r x F,r =Ia Moment of Inertia (M.I.): I = S> mir? Parallel Axis Theorem: I = Icy, + Md? Perpendicular Axis Theorem: I, = I, + Iy . Angular momentum: L = Iw r=4 Rotational K.E.: K.B. = } Iw? Rolling motion: ~v=Rw * Total K.E. = 3mv? + Iw? Dynamics of rigid body Conditions for pure rolling Radius of gyration: K = 4/4 06Chapter 7: Gravitation 10. 11. 12. ; G . Acceleration due to gravity: g = “pr . Gravitational field: E = Q = oat . Gravitational potential: V = — . Potential energy: U = — . Escape velocity: v. = 4/24! . Orbital velocity: v, = / Sf . Time period of satellite: T = 27 ou . Newton's Law of Gravitation: F = G™y2 GM GM e GMm r . Kepler's Laws (3 laws) Variation of g with height: g, = g(1 — a Variation of g with depth: gz = g(1 — 4) Satellite energy: * Total Energy: EB = — ike -— GM: © KE: = in « PE:= — Mm O7Chapter 8: Properties of Bulk Matter 10. . Capillary rise: h = . Pressure: P = A . Pascal's Law: AP = pgh . Archimedes’ Principle: Buoyant force = weight of displaced fluid . Continuity equation: Ayv; = Avy . Bernoulli's equation: P + ppv + pgh = constant . Viscosity: + F=nAt * Stokes' Law: F = 67nrv . Reynolds Number: Re = 222 ” . Surface tension: . F=T-L + Excess pressure in bubble: AP = 47 . — 2 * Drop: AP = = 2T cos @ rpg Elasticity: aE Stress = | in — AL Strain = Young's Modulus: Y = St#ess Strain 08Chapter 9: Thermodynamics 1. FirstLaw: AQ = AU + AW 2. Work done in isothermal: W = nRT In # 3. Work done in adiabatic: W = Pua Pae 4. PV? = constant (adiabatic) 5. Internal energy of ideal gas: * Monoatomic: U = 3nRT * Diatomic: U = 3nRT 6. Heat capacity: C = & 7. Molar heat capacity: C = Cy or Cp 8. Cp—Cy=R 9. Efficiency of Carnot engine: 7 = 1 — we 10. Heat engine: 7 = e 11. Refrigerator: 8 = ee 12. Adiabatic relations: + TV?! = constant + P!T? = constant 09Chapter 10: Kinetic Theory of Gases 1. Pressure: P = 3p" 2. KE = 3kT 3. Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT 4. PV = NkT, where N = nN, 5. Root mean square speed: U,:.5 = 4/ _ Vv a 6. Most probable speed: ¥,,), = 7. Average speed: Vang = Vv - 8. Degrees of freedom and internal energy: °U= $nRT 9. Mean free path: \ = Jina m 10. Maxwell's distribution curve concepts Chapter 11: Oscillations 1. SHM equation: « = Asin(wt + ) 2. Velocity: v = w/A?— 2? 3. Acceleration: a = —w*a 4. Time period: T = 2% 5. Frequency: f = = 10