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Mitoprep

CLASS 11 PHYSICS

Unit 1: Physical World and Measurement

#### Physical Constants
• Speed of light: \( c = 3 \times 10^8 \text{m/s} \)
• Planck constant: \( h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \text{J·s} \)
• Gravitation constant: \( G = 6.67 \times 10^{-11} \text{m}^3 \text{kg}^{-1} \text{s}^{-2} \)
• Boltzmann constant: \( k = 1.38 \times 10^{-23} \text{J/K} \)
• Molar gas constant: \( R = 8.314 \text{J/(mol·K)} \)
• Avogadro's number: \( N_A = 6.023 \times 10^{23} \text{mol}^{-1} \)
• Charge of electron: \( e = 1.602 \times 10^{-19} \text{C} \)
#### Dimensions and Units
• Force: \( [M L T^{-2}] \)
• Energy/Work: \( [M L^2 T^{-2}] \)
• Power: \( [M L^2 T^{-3}] \)
Unit 2: Kinematics
#### Equations of Motion
• First equation of motion: \( v = u + at \)
• Second equation of motion: \( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 \)
• Third equation of motion: \( v^2 = u^2 + 2as \)
• Average velocity formula: \( s = \frac{(u + v)t}{2} \)
#### Relative Motion
• Relative velocity: \( v_{AB} = v_A - v_B \)
#### Projectile Motion
• Horizontal displacement: \( x = u \cos\theta \times t \)
• Vertical displacement: \( y = u \sin\theta \times t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2 \)
• Time of flight: \( T = \frac{2u \sin\theta}{g} \)
• Range: \( R = \frac{u^2 \sin 2\theta}{g} \)
• Maximum height: \( H = \frac{u^2 \sin^2 \theta}{2g} \)
Unit 3: Laws of Motion
#### Newton's Laws
• Newton's second law: \( F = ma \)
• Newton's third law: \( F_{AB} = -F_{BA} \)
• Linear momentum: \( p = mv \)
#### Friction
• Static friction: \( f_s = \mu_s N \)
• Kinetic friction: \( f_k = \mu_k N \)
#### Circular Motion
• Centripetal force: \( F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r} \)
• Centripetal acceleration: \( a_c = \frac{v^2}{r} \)
• Linear velocity relation: \( v = r\omega \)
Unit 4: Work, Energy and Power
#### Work and Energy
• Work done: \( W = F \cdot d \cos\theta \)
• Kinetic energy: \( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \)
• Gravitational potential energy: \( PE = mgh \)
• Elastic potential energy: \( PE = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 \)
• Work-energy theorem: \( W = \Delta KE \)
#### Power
• Average power: \( P = \frac{W}{t} \)
• Instantaneous power: \( P = F \cdot v \)
Unit 5: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
#### Centre of Mass
• Centre of mass position: \( x_{cm} = \frac{\sum m_i x_i}{\sum m_i} \)
• Centre of mass velocity: \( v_{cm} = \frac{\sum m_i v_i}{\sum m_i} \)
#### Rotational Motion
• Torque: \( \tau = r \times F \)
• Angular momentum: \( L = I\omega \)
• Rotational kinetic energy: \( KE_{rot} = \frac{1}{2}I\omega^2 \)
• Angular acceleration: \( \alpha = \frac{d\omega}{dt} \)
#### Moment of Inertia
• Moment of inertia: \( I = \sum mr^2 \)
• Parallel axis theorem: \( I = I_{cm} + Md^2 \)
Unit 6: Gravitation
#### Universal Gravitation
• Newton's law of gravitation: \( F = \frac{GMm}{r^2} \)
• Acceleration due to gravity: \( g = \frac{GM}{R^2} \)
• Escape velocity: \( v_e = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{R}} \)
• Orbital velocity: \( v_o = \sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}} \)
#### Kepler's Laws
• Kepler's third law: \( T^2 \propto a^3 \)
• Kepler's third law (exact): \( T^2 = \frac{4\pi^2}{GM}a^3 \)
Unit 7: Properties of Bulk Matter
#### Elastic Properties
• Young's modulus: \( Y = \frac{F/A}{\Delta L/L} \)
• Bulk modulus: \( B = -\frac{\Delta P}{\Delta V/V} \)
• Shear modulus: \( \eta = \frac{F/A}{\theta} \)
#### Fluid Mechanics
• Hydrostatic pressure: \( P = \rho gh \)
• Buoyant force: \( F_B = \rho Vg \)
• Equation of continuity: \( A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2 \)
• Bernoulli's equation: \( \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + P + \rho gh = \text{constant} \)
#### Surface Tension
• Surface tension: \( \gamma = \frac{F}{l} \)
• Excess pressure in droplet: \( \Delta P = \frac{2\gamma}{r} \)
• Capillary rise: \( h = \frac{2\gamma \cos\theta}{\rho gr} \)
Unit 8: Thermodynamics
#### Temperature and Heat
• Fahrenheit to Celsius: \( F = \frac{9C}{5} + 32 \)
• Kelvin to Celsius: \( K = C + 273.15 \)
• Heat capacity: \( Q = mc\Delta T \)
• Latent heat: \( Q = mL \)
#### Kinetic Theory
• Ideal gas law: \( PV = nRT \)
• RMS speed: \( v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}} \)
• Average speed: \( v_{avg} = \sqrt{\frac{8RT}{\pi M}} \)
• Average kinetic energy: \( KE_{avg} = \frac{3}{2}kT \)
#### Thermodynamic Processes
• First law of thermodynamics: \( \Delta U = Q - W \)
• Carnot engine efficiency: \( \eta = 1 - \frac{T_c}{T_h} \)
• Isothermal work: \( W = nRT \ln\left(\frac{V_f}{V_i}\right) \)
• Adiabatic work: \( W = \frac{nR(T_f - T_i)}{1 - \gamma} \)
Unit 9: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
#### Gas Laws
• Combined gas law: \( \frac{P_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2 V_2}{T_2} \)
• Adiabatic process: \( PV^\gamma = \text{constant} \)
• Adiabatic temperature-volume relation: \( TV^{\gamma-1} = \text{constant} \)
Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves
#### Simple Harmonic Motion
• Hooke's law: \( F = -kx \)
• Time period of spring: \( T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}} \)
• Time period of simple pendulum: \( T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}} \)
• Displacement in SHM: \( x = A \sin(\omega t + \phi) \)
• Velocity in SHM: \( v = \omega A \cos(\omega t + \phi) \)
• Acceleration in SHM: \( a = -\omega^2 A \sin(\omega t + \phi) \)
#### Wave Motion
• Wave equation: \( v = f\lambda \)
• Progressive wave equation: \( y = A \sin(kx - \omega t) \)
• Wave speed on string: \( v = \sqrt{\frac{T}{\mu}} \)
• Sound wave speed in fluid: \( v = \sqrt{\frac{B}{\rho}} \)
• Sound wave speed in gas: \( v = \sqrt{\frac{\gamma P}{\rho}} \)

CLASS 12 PHYSICS

Unit 1: Electrostatics
#### Coulomb's Law
• Coulomb's law: \( F = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \)
• Electric field: \( E = \frac{F}{q} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{Q}{r^2} \)
• Electric potential: \( V = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{Q}{r} \)
• Work done in electric field: \( W = q(V_2 - V_1) \)
#### Electric Dipole
• Electric dipole moment: \( p = qd \)
• Potential due to dipole: \( V = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{p \cos\theta}{r^2} \)
• Electric field on axial line: \( E_{axial} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{2p}{r^3} \)
• Electric field on equatorial line: \( E_{equatorial} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{p}{r^3}
\)
#### Gauss's Law
• Gauss's law: \( \oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{S} = \frac{q_{in}}{\varepsilon_0} \)
• Electric field due to infinite sheet: \( E = \frac{\sigma}{2\varepsilon_0} \)
• Electric field due to line charge: \( E = \frac{\lambda}{2\pi\varepsilon_0 r} \)
Unit 2: Current Electricity
#### Current and Resistance
• Electric current: \( I = \frac{Q}{t} \)
• Current density: \( J = \frac{I}{A} = \sigma E \)
• Ohm's law: \( V = IR \)
• Resistance of wire: \( R = \rho \frac{l}{A} \)
• Temperature dependence of resistance: \( R = R_0(1 + \alpha \Delta T) \)
#### Kirchhoff's Laws
• Kirchhoff's current law: \( \sum I = 0 \)
• Kirchhoff's voltage law: \( \sum V = 0 \)
#### Power
• Electric power: \( P = VI = I^2 R = \frac{V^2}{R} \)
Unit 3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
#### Magnetic Force
• Lorentz force: \( \vec{F} = q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B}) \)
• Force on current carrying wire: \( \vec{F} = I(\vec{l} \times \vec{B}) \)
• Radius of charged particle in magnetic field: \( r = \frac{mv}{qB} \)
• Time period in magnetic field: \( T = \frac{2\pi m}{qB} \)
#### Biot-Savart Law
• Biot-Savart law: \( d\vec{B} = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{I d\vec{l} \times \vec{r}}{r^3} \)
• Magnetic field due to straight wire: \( B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r} \)
• Magnetic field at center of circular loop: \( B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{2R} \)
• Magnetic field inside solenoid: \( B = \mu_0 nI \)
#### Ampère's Law
• Ampère's circuital law: \( \oint \vec{B} \cdot d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I_{enclosed} \)
Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
#### Electromagnetic Induction
• Magnetic flux: \( \Phi = \vec{B} \cdot \vec{A} = BA \cos\theta \)
• Faraday's law: \( \varepsilon = -\frac{d\Phi}{dt} \)
• Motional EMF: \( \varepsilon = Blv \)
• Self-inductance: \( L = \frac{\Phi}{I} \)
• Self-induced EMF: \( \varepsilon = -L \frac{dI}{dt} \)
#### AC Circuits
• RMS current: \( I_{rms} = \frac{I_0}{\sqrt{2}} \)
• RMS voltage: \( V_{rms} = \frac{V_0}{\sqrt{2}} \)
• Capacitive reactance: \( X_C = \frac{1}{\omega C} \)
• Inductive reactance: \( X_L = \omega L \)
• Impedance: \( Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L - X_C)^2} \)
• Phase angle: \( \tan\phi = \frac{X_L - X_C}{R} \)
• Average power: \( P = V_{rms} I_{rms} \cos\phi \)
Unit 5: Electromagnetic Waves
#### EM Wave Properties
• Speed of EM waves: \( c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \varepsilon_0}} = 3 \times 10^8 \text{m/s}
\)
• Wave equation for EM waves: \( c = f\lambda \)
• Relation between E and B fields: \( \frac{E_0}{B_0} = c \)
Unit 6: Optics
#### Reflection
• Law of reflection: \( \theta_i = \theta_r \)
• Focal length of spherical mirror: \( f = \frac{R}{2} \)
• Mirror formula: \( \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v} \)
• Magnification: \( m = -\frac{v}{u} \)
#### Refraction
• Refractive index: \( n = \frac{c}{v} \)
• Snell's law: \( n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin\theta_2 \)
• Critical angle: \( \sin C = \frac{1}{n} \)
• Refraction at spherical surface: \( \frac{n_2}{v} - \frac{n_1}{u} = \frac{n_2 - n_1}{R} \)
#### Lens Formula
• Lens maker's formula: \( \frac{1}{f} = (n-1)\left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2}\right) \)
• Lens formula: \( \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} \)
• Power of lens: \( P = \frac{1}{f} \)
#### Wave Optics
• Fringe width in Young's experiment: \( \beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d} \)
• Path difference in YDSE: \( \text{Path difference} = \frac{dy}{D} \)
• Single slit diffraction minima: \( \sin\theta = \frac{n\lambda}{a} \)
Unit 7: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
#### Photoelectric Effect
• Energy of photon: \( E = hf \)
• Einstein's photoelectric equation: \( hf = \phi + KE_{max} \)
• Stopping potential: \( eV_0 = hf - \phi \)
• Momentum of photon: \( p = \frac{h}{\lambda} \)
#### De Broglie Waves
• De Broglie wavelength: \( \lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv} \)
• De Broglie wavelength from KE: \( \lambda = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2m KE}} \)
Unit 8: Atoms and Nuclei
#### Atomic Structure
• Bohr radius: \( r_n = \frac{n^2 r_0}{Z} \)
• Energy levels in hydrogen: \( E_n = -\frac{13.6Z^2}{n^2} \text{eV} \)
• Rydberg formula: \( f = R\left(\frac{1}{n_1^2} - \frac{1}{n_2^2}\right) \)
#### Nuclear Physics
• Mass-energy equivalence: \( E = mc^2 \)
• Binding energy: \( BE = (\Delta m)c^2 \)
• Radioactive decay law: \( N = N_0 e^{-\lambda t} \)
• Half-life: \( T_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda} = \frac{0.693}{\lambda} \)
Unit 9: Electronic Devices
#### Semiconductor Physics
• Carrier concentration: \( n = n_i e^{\frac{qV}{2kT}} \)
• Diode equation: \( I = I_0(e^{\frac{qV}{kT}} - 1) \)