Ultimate Physics Formula Bank for Olympiads & Advanced Exams (Savant Level)

Mechanics

Kinematics (Extended): - v = u + at - s = ut + 12 at2 - v 2 = u2 + 2as - s = vt − 12 at2 - vavg = u+v

2
(constant acceleration) - Relative velocity: vAB = vA − vB - Polar components: vr = ṙ , vθ = rθ̇

Dynamics: - F = ma - Friction: f = μN - Tension in pulley systems, pseudo forces in non-inertial frames -

Newton’s second law in polar coordinates: radial & transverse equations

Work, Energy, Power: - W = F d cos θ - KE = 12 mv 2 - PE = mgh , general potential: U = − ∫ F ⋅ dr -

Work-energy theorem: Wnet = ΔKE - Power: P = F v = dW dt

Momentum & Impulse: - p = mv , J = Δp - Elastic collisions: conserve KE and momentum - Inelastic:

only momentum conserved, vcommon = m1mv1 +m2 v2
1 +m2

Rotation & Rigid Body Motion: - Moment of inertia: I = ∑ mi ri2 - Parallel Axis Theorem: I = Icm + M d2
- Perpendicular Axis Theorem: Iz = Ix + Iy - Torque: τ = Iα - Angular momentum: L = Iω , L = r × p -
Rotational KE: 12 Iω 2 - Rolling condition: v = Rω , a = Rα - Gyroscope precession: τ = dL dt - Kinetic energy
1 1 1
of rigid body: K = 2 M vcm + 2 Icm ω - Common moments of inertia: - Rod (center): 12 M L2 , Rod (end):
2 2
1 2 2 1 2
3 M L - Ring (center): M R , Disc (center): 2 M R

∑ mi ri
Center of Mass & Systems of Particles: - Center of mass: Rcm = ∑ mi - Angular momentum: L=
I ω , L = r × p - Torque: τ = dL
dt

Gravitation: - F = GM m
r2 , g = GMr2 - Gravitational potential: V = − r - Escape velocity: ve =
GM
2gR -
Orbital velocity: v = r - Total energy of satellite: E = − 2r - Inside Earth: g = g0 (1 − R )
GM GM m r

Thermal Physics & Thermodynamics

• Ideal gas law: P V = nRT

• Internal energy: U = nCv T
• First law: ΔQ = ΔU + W
V
• Isothermal work: W = nRT ln Vf
i
• Adiabatic relations: P V γ = const, T V γ−1 = const

Heat Transfer: - Conduction: Q= kAΔTt

d - Radiation: P = σAeT 4 - Newton’s law of cooling: dT
dt =
−k(T − Ta )

Statistical Mechanics: - Average energy: Eavg = 32 kT - Maxwell speed distribution: most probable, mean,
rms - Boltzmann distribution: f (E) ∝ e−E/kT

1
Electromagnetism
1 1
Electrostatics: - Coulomb’s Law: F = 4πε 0
⋅ qr1 q2 2 - Electric field: E = F
q = 4πε0 ⋅ Q
r2 - Gauss’s Law: ∮E⋅
qenc 1
dA = ε0 - Potential: V = 4πε0 ⋅ Qr - E = −∇V

1
Capacitance & Current Electricity: - C= Q
V = ε0 Ad - Series: Ceq = ∑ C1i , Parallel: Ceq = ∑ Ci - Ohm’s
V2
Law: V = IR , P = V I = I 2 R = R - Drift velocity: vd = I
nAe - Current density: J= I
A = σE

μ0 Idl sin θ
Magnetism & Electromagnetic Induction: - Biot-Savart Law: dB = 4π ⋅ r2 - Ampère’s Law: ∮ B ⋅
dl = μ0 Ienc - Lorentz force: F = q(E + v × B) - Induced EMF: ε = − dΦ
dt , Self-inductance: ε = −L dt -
di

Magnetic energy: U = 12 LI 2

Waves, Optics & EM Waves

• Wave speed: v = fλ
• General wave: y(x, t) = A sin(kx − ωt + ϕ)
2
• Intensity: I ∝A
• Interference: Δx = λD d
• Diffraction minima: a sin θ = nλ
• Malus’ Law: I = I0 cos2 θ
• Brewster’s angle: tan θB = μ
• Lenses: f1 = v1 − u1 , P = 100
fcm
• Mirrors: f1 = v1 + u1
• Prism deviation: δ = (μ − 1)A
• Apparent depth: da = μd
• EM wave intensity: I = 12 cε0 E02 , B0 = E0
c

Modern Physics

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: - Photon energy: E = hf = hc

λ - Photoelectric equation: Kmax =
hf − ϕ - de Broglie wavelength: λ = h
p = h
2meV

Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen Atom: - Radius: rn = n2 a0 , where a0 = 0.529 Å - Energy: En = − 13.6

n2 eV -
2
Velocity: vn = 2εe h ⋅ n1 - Angular momentum: L = nℏ
0

= R0 A1/3 , R0 ≈ 1.2 fm - Mass defect: Δm = Zmp + N mn − M - Binding

Nuclear Physics: - Radius: R
energy: Eb = Δmc - Decay law: N = N0 e−λt , T1/2 = lnλ2
2