Mechanics

velocity acceleration equations of motion newton's 2nd law

Δs Δv v = v0 + at ∑F=ma
v= a=
Δt Δt
x = x0 + v0t + ½at2 dp
∑F=
dt
ds dv v2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0)
v= a=
dt dt
v = ½(v + v0)

weight centrip. accel. momentum efficiency

W=mg v2 p=mv Wout
ac = ℰ=
r Ein
dry friction
ƒ = μN a c = − ω2 r

impulse impulse–momentum work work–energy

J = F Δt F Δt = m Δv W = FΔs cos θ FΔs cos θ = ΔE

J=
⌠ F dt ⌠ F dt = Δp W=
⌠ F · ds ⌠ F · ds = ΔE
⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡

kinetic energy potential energy power

 K = ½mv2 ⌠ F · ds ΔW dW
ΔU = − P= P=
Δt dt
gravitational p.e. ⌡
ΔUg = mgΔh F = − ∇U P = Fv cos θ P=F·v

angular velocity angular acceleration equations of rotation 2nd law for rotation
Δθ Δω ω = ω0 + αt ∑τ=Iα
ω= α=
Δt Δt
θ = θ0 + ω0t + ½αt2 dL
∑τ=
dt
dθ dω ω2 = ω02 + 2α(θ − θ0)
ω= α=
dt dt
ω = ½(ω + ω0)
v=ω×r a = α × r − ω2 r

torque moment of inertia rotational work rotational power

τ = rF sin θ I = ∑ mr2 W = τΔθ P = τω cos θ
τ=r×F ⌠ r2 dm ⌠ τ · dθ P=τ·ω
I= W=
⌡ ⌡

rotational k.e. angular momentum frequency hooke's law

K = ½Iω2 L = mrv sin θ 1 F = − k Δx
ƒ=
T
L=r×p elastic p.e.
 L=Iω ω = 2πƒ Us = ½kΔx2

universal gravitation gravitational field gravitational p.e. gravitational potential

Gm1m2 Gm Gm1m2 Gm
Fg = − r̂ g=− r̂ Ug = − Vg = −
r2 r2 r r

orbital speed escape speed s.h.o. simple pendulum

Gm 2Gm m ℓ
v= √ r v= √ r T = 2π √ k T = 2π √g

density pressure pressure in a fluid buoyancy

m F P = P0 + ρgh B = ρgVdisplaced
ρ= P=
V A

volume flow rate mass flow rate volume continuity mass continuity
V m A1v1 = A2v2 ρ1A1v1 = ρ2A2v2
φ= I=
t t

bernoulli's equation aerodynamic drag kinematic viscosity

ν= η
P1 + ρgy1 + ½ρv12 = P2 + ρgy2 + ½ρv12 R = ½ρCAv2
 ρ

dynamic viscosity reynolds number mach number froude number

F/A ρvD v v
η= Re = Ma = Fr =
Δvx/Δz η c √gℓ

F/A
η=
dvx/dz

young's modulus shear modulus bulk modulus surface tension

F Δℓ F Δx F ΔV F
=Y =S =B γ=
A ℓ0 A y A V0 ℓ

Thermal Physics

solid expansion liquid expansion sensible heat mean kinetic energy

Δℓ = αℓ0ΔT ΔV = βV0ΔT Q = mcΔT 〈K〉 = 3/2kT
ΔA = 2αA0ΔT ideal gas law latent heat internal energy
ΔV = 3αV0ΔT PV = nRT Q = mL ΔU = 3/2nRΔT
PV = NkT ΔU = 3/2NkΔT
 r.m.s. speed heat flow rate thermal conduction stefan-boltzmann law
3kT ΔQ kAΔT Φ = εσA(T4 − T04)
vrms = √ μ
Φ=
Δt
Φ=
ℓ
wien displacement law
3RT dQ b
vrms = √ M
Φ=
dt
λmax =
T

efficiency c.o.p. thermodynamic work entropy

QC QC ⌠ P dV ΔQ
ℰreal = 1 − COPreal = W=− ΔS =
QH QH − QC T
⌡
TC TC first law S = k log w
ℰideal = 1 − COPideal =
TH TH − TC
ΔU = Q + W

Waves & Optics

periodic waves frequency beat frequency intensity

v = ƒλ 1 fbeat = fhigh − flow 〈P〉
ƒ= I=
T A

power level interference fringes

 I P nλ = d sin θ
β = 10 log = 20 log
I0 P0
nλ x
≈
d L

index of refraction snell's law mirrors and lenses mirrors only

c n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 1 1 1 r
n= = + ƒ=
v ƒ do di 2
critical angle
n2 hi di
sin θc = M= =
n1 ho do

Electricity & Magnetism

coulomb's law electric field

q1q2
F=k 2 E=
Fe q
E = k ∑ 2 r̂ E=k
⌠ dq r̂
r q r
⌡r
2

field and potential electric potential

E=−
∆V
ΔV =
ΔUE
V=k∑
q
V=k
⌠ dq
q r
d
⌡r
 E = − ∇V

capacitance plate capacitor cylindrical capacitor spherical capacitor

Q κε0A 2πκε0ℓ 4πκε0
C= C= C= C=
V d ln (b/a) (1/a) − (1/b)

capacitive p.e.
1 1 Q2 1
U= CV2 = = QV
2 2 C 2

electric current ohm's law electric resistance electric power

Δq dq V = IR ρℓ V2
I= I= R= P = VI = I2R =
Δt dt A R
E=ρJ

resistors in series resistors in parallel capacitors in series capacitors in parallel

Rs = ∑ Ri 1 1 1 1 Cp = ∑ Ci
=∑ =∑
Rp Ri Cs Ci

magnetic force
 FB = qvB sin θ FB = q v × B FB = IℓB sin θ dFB = I dℓ × B

biot-savart law solenoid straight wire parallel wires

μ0I
B=
⌠ ds × r̂ B = µ0nI
B=
μ0I FB
=
μ 0 I1 I2
4π
⌡ r 2πr ℓ 2π r
2

motional emf electric flux magnetic flux induced emf

V = Bℓv ΦE = EA cos θ ΦB = BA cos θ ΔΦB dΦB
ℰ=− ℰ=−
Δt dt
ΦE =
⌠ E · dA ΦB =
⌠ B · dA
⌡ ⌡

gauss's law no one's law faraday's law ampere's law

Q dΦB dΦE
∯ E · dA = ε ∯ B · dA = 0 ∮E · ds = − ∮B · ds = μ0ε0 + μ0I
0 dt dt
ρ ∂B ∂E
∇·E= ∇·B= 0 ∇×E=− ∇ × B = μ0ε0 + μ0 J
ε0 ∂t ∂t

Modern Physics

time dilation length contraction relativistic mass relative velocity

 t ℓ' = ℓ √(1 − v2/c2) m u+v
t' = m' = u' =
√(1 − v2/c2) √(1 − v2/c2) 1 + uv/c2

relativistic energy relativistic momentum energy-momentum mass-energy

mc2 mv E2 = p2c2 + (mc2)2 E = mc2
E= p=
√(1 − v2/c2) √(1 − v2/c2)

relativistic doppler
photon energy photoelectric effect photon momentum
effect
ƒ
λ0
= =√
⎛ 1 − v/c ⎞ E = hf Kmax = E − ϕ = h(ƒ − ƒ0)
p=
h
ƒ0 λ
λ
⎝ 1 + v/c ⎠

schroedinger's equation uncertainty principle rydberg equation

1
∂
Ψ(r, t) = −
ℏ2 2
∇ Ψ(r, t) + V(r)Ψ(r, t) Δpx Δx ≥
ℏ
= −R∞
⎛1 −
1
⎞
iℏ
∂t 2m 2 λ
⎝n n
2 02
⎠
ℏ2 2 ℏ half life
Eψ(r) = − ∇ ψ(r) + V(r)ψ(r) ΔE Δt ≥
2m 2
N = N02−t/τ