Calculus - Differentiation Formulas
1. Basic Rules:
- d/dx[c] = 0 (where c is a constant)
- d/dx[xn] = nx(n-1)
- d/dx[c · f(x)] = c · f'(x)
2. Sum and Difference Rule:
- d/dx[f(x) + g(x)] = f'(x) + g'(x)
- d/dx[f(x) - g(x)] = f'(x) - g'(x)
3. Product Rule:
- d/dx[f(x)g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)
4. Quotient Rule:
- d/dx[f(x)/g(x)] = [f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)]/[g(x)]2
5. Chain Rule:
- d/dx[f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) · g'(x)
6. Common Functions:
- d/dx[sin x] = cos x
- d/dx[cos x] = -sin x
- d/dx[tan x] = sec2 x
- d/dx[ln x] = 1/x
- d/dx[ex] = ex
Polynomials
1. Expansion Formulas:
- (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
- (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
- (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
- (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
2. Difference of Squares:
a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a - b)
3. Sum and Difference of Cubes:
- a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
- a3 – b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
4. Roots of a Polynomial:
-For a quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0, the roots are:
x = [-b ± √(b2 - 4ac)] / 2a
Logarithms and Exponentials
1. Laws of Logarithms:
- log(ab) = log a + log b
- log(a/b) = log a - log b
- log(an) = n log a
2. Change of Base:
- logb a = log a / log b
3. Exponential Rules:
- a(m+n) = am · an
- am / an = a(m-n)
- (am)n = a(mn)
4. Logarithmic Differentiation:
- d/dx[ln x] = 1/x
- d/dx[ex] = ex
- d/dx[ax] = ax ln a
Trigonometry Formulas
1. Basic Identities:
- sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
- 1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x)
- 1 + cot2(x) = csc2(x)
2. Sum and Difference Formulas:
- sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
- cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
- tan(A ± B) = (tan A ± tan B) / (1 ∓ tan A tan B)
3. Double Angle Formulas:
- sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
- cos 2A = cos^2 A - sin^2 A = 1 - 2sin^2 A = 2cos^2 A - 1
- tan 2A = 2tan A / (1 - tan^2 A)
4. Half Angle Formulas:
- sin^2 A = (1 - cos 2A) / 2
- cos^2 A = (1 + cos 2A) / 2
- tan^2 A = (1 - cos 2A) / (1 + cos 2A)
5. Product-to-Sum Formulas:
- sin A sin B = 1/2[cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)]
- cos A cos B = 1/2[cos(A - B) + cos(A + B)]
- sin A cos B = 1/2[sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)]
6. Sum-to-Product Formulas:
- sin A + sin B = 2 sin((A + B) / 2) cos((A - B) / 2)
- sin A - sin B = 2 cos((A + B) / 2) sin((A - B) / 2)
- cos A + cos B = 2 cos((A + B) / 2) cos((A - B) / 2)
- cos A - cos B = -2 sin((A + B) / 2) sin((A - B) / 2)
