Muhammad Shaheer
Important formulas of maths:
Basic formulas:
1. (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
2. (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎
3. (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎
4. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
5. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
6. 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏 OR 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 2𝑎𝑏
7. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 4𝑎𝑏
8. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 +(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
9. (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4𝑎𝑏
10. (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 4𝑎𝑏
11. (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3
12. (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3
13. 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
14. 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑏)
15. 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
16. 𝑥 =
2𝑎
Trigonometric formulas:
1. sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
2. 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
3. 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
4. =1
𝜃
5. sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
6. cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
7. tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
8. cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃
9. sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃
10. csc(−𝜃) = − csc 𝜃
α+β α−β
11. sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
α−β α+β
12. sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
α+β α−β
13. cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
α+β α−β
14. cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
1
15. sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = [sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)]
2
1
16. cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = [sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)]
2
1
17. cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) + cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
2
1
18. sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = [cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) − cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)]
2
19. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
20. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
tan 𝛼+tan 𝛽
21. tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1−tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
22. sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
23. cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
tan 𝛼−tan 𝛽
24. tan(𝛼 − 𝛽) =
1+tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
25. sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
26. cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 −sin2 𝜃
= 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
27. tan 2𝜃 =
1−tan2 𝜃
Formulas of Differentiability:
𝑑
1. 𝑐=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
3. sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
4. cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5. tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6. cot 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
7. sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
8. csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 . cot 𝑥 . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 . ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑
11. ln 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
12. log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥.ln 𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑑
13. sin−1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑
14. cos −1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑
15. tan−1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑
16. cot −1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑
17. sec −1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑
18. csc −1 𝑥 = . 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥
Formulas of Integration/Antiderivatives:
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐 (𝑛 ≠ −1)
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑐
5. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
6. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
7. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(sec 𝑥) + 𝑐
8. ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(sin 𝑥) + 𝑐
9. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥 𝜋
= ln tan ( + ) + 𝑐
2 4
10. ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝜋
= ln tan ( ) + 𝑐
2
11. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
12. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐
13. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
14. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
15. ∫ √𝑎2−𝑥 2 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
16. ∫ 𝑎2+𝑥 2 = 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
17. ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 𝑎 sec −1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
18. ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥+𝑎) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
19. ∫ 𝑎2−𝑥 2 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛 (𝑎−𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
20. ∫ √𝑥 2+𝑎2 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
21. ∫ √𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
1 1 𝑥
22. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
1 1
23. ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
1 1
24. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
