Formulae

Trigonometry

1. sin(x +y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

2. sin(x -y) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y

3. cos(x +y) = cos x cosy -sin x sin y

4. cos(x -y) = cos x cosy +sin x sin y

5. tan(x +y) = (tan x +tan y) / (1 -tan x tan y)

6. tan(x -y) = (tan x -tan y) / (1 +tan x tan y)
7. cot(x +y) = (cot x cot y -1) / (cot x + cot y)
8. cot(x -y) = (cot x cot y +1) / (cot y - cot x)
9. sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x = 2 tan x / (1+ tan2x)
10. cos(2x) = cos2x – sin2x = 2 cos2x – 1 = 1 - 2sin2x = (1- tan2x) / (1+ tan2x)
11. tan(2x) = 2 tan x / (1- tan2x)
12. 2 sin x cos y = sin (x+y) + sin (x-y)
13. 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin ( x-y)
14. 2 cos x cos y = cos (x+y) + cos ( x-y)
15. 2 sin x sin y = cos (x-y) – cos (x+y)

16. cos 2x = ( 1+cos 2x) / 2

17. sin2x = ( 1-cos 2x) / 2

18. sin x + sin y = 2 sin {( x+y) / 2} cos {(x-y) / 2}

19. sin x - sin y = 2 sin {( x-y) / 2} cos {(x+y) / 2}

20. cos x + cos y = 2 cos {( x+y) / 2} cos {(x-y) / 2}

21. cos x - cos y = 2 sin {( x+y) / 2} sin {(y-x) / 2}

22. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x

23. cos 3 x = 4 cos3x – 3 cos x

3 tan 𝑥−𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
24. tan 3 x =
1−3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

25. sin(-x) = -sin(x)

26. cos(-x) = cos(x)

27. tan(-x) = -tan(x)

28. cosec(-x) = -cosec(x)

29. sec(-x) = sec(x)

30. cot(-x) = -cot(x)

31. Given Triangle abc, with angles A,B,C; a is opposite to A, b opposite B, c opposite
C:
Law of Sines

a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C)

Law of Cosines

c2 = a 2 + b 2 – 2ab cos (C)

b 2 = a 2 + c2 – 2ac cos (B)

a 2 = b 2 + c2 – 2bc cos (A)

Law of Tangents

(a - b)/(a + b) = tan [(A-B)/2] / tan [(A+B)/2]

 DIFFERENTIATION

𝑑𝑎
1. = 0 , where a is a constant
𝑑𝑥

𝑑[a .𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)]

2. =a. , where a is a constant
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)±g(x)] 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[𝑔(𝑥)]

3. = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)g(x)] 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[g(x)]

4. = g(x) + f(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑[𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑[g(x)]

𝑑[ ] g(x) − f(x)
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. = 2
𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)]

𝑑𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑦
6. = nyn-1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[sin 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
7. = cos y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[cos 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
8. = - sin y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[tan 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
9. = sec2y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[cot 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
10. = - cosec2y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[sec 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
11. = sec y tan y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
12. = - cosec y cot y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑒 𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦
13. = ey
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑎𝑦 ] 𝑑𝑦
14. = ay (ln a)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑[ln |x|] 1
15. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑[𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
16. = [1 / √1 − 𝑦 2 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
17. = [-1 / √1 − 𝑦 2 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
18. = [1 / (1+y2)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
19. = [-1 / (1+y2) ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
20. = [1 / {𝑦√(𝑦 2 − 1)} ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
21. = [-1 / {𝑦√(𝑦 2 − 1)} ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[sinh 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
22. = cosh y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑[cosh 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
23. = sinh y
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 INTEGRATION
𝑛 n+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [x / (n+1)] + c

2. ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =[ (ax+b)n+1 /(n+1) ] + c

𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|ax+b|
3. ∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) = 𝑎
+c

(𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
4. ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
+c

𝑥 𝑎𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + c
− cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
6. ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
7. ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

𝑙𝑛|sec(ax+b)|
8. ∫ tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

𝑙𝑛|sin (ax+b)|
9. ∫ cot(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

𝑙𝑛|sec(ax+b)+tan (ax+b)|
10.∫ sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

−𝑙𝑛|cosec(ax+b)+cot (ax+b)|
11.∫ cosec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

sec(ax+b)
12.∫ sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)tan (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎
 −cosec(ax+b)
13.∫ 𝑐𝑜 sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)cot (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

tan (ax+b)
14.∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

−cot (ax+b)
15.∫ 𝑐𝑜 sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +c
𝑎

16.∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = x ln x – x + c

1 𝑥 𝑥
17.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + c = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑎 + c
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
18.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 + c = − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑎 + c
𝑎2 +𝑥 2

1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
19.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑎 + c = − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑎 + c
𝑥√(𝑥 2 −𝑎2 )}

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
20.∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥) + c
𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
21.∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + c
𝑎2 +𝑏2

1 𝑥
22.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑎 + c = 𝑙𝑛 |x + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2

1 𝑥
23.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑎 + c = 𝑙𝑛 |x + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + c
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2

𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
24.∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + c
2 2 𝑎

𝑥√𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑎2
25.∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥= − 𝑙𝑛 |x + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c
2 2

𝑥√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑎2
26.∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥= + 𝑙𝑛 |x + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + c
2 2
 1 1 x−a
27.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 | |+c
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 x+a

1 1 a+x
28.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 | |+c
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 a−x

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
29.∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 [f(x)] + c
𝑓(𝑥)

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
30.∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +c
(n+1)

31.Integration by parts
∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑢′ ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of x and 𝑢′ is the derivative of 𝑢.