DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

DERIVATIVES
d⁄ d⁄ d⁄
dx c=0 dx sin x = cos x dx arcsin x = 1⁄√ (1 - x2)
d⁄ d⁄ d⁄
dx x=1 dx cos x = - sin x dx arccos x = - 1⁄√ (1 - x2)
d⁄ d⁄ d⁄
dx x n = n x n-1 dx tan x = sec 2 x dx arctan x = 1⁄ (1 + x2)
d⁄ d⁄ d⁄
dx ex = ex dx cot x = - csc 2 x dx arccot x = - 1⁄ (1 + x2)
d⁄
dx ln x = 1⁄x d⁄
dx csc x = - csc x cot x d⁄
dx arcsec x = 1⁄ x √ (x2 - 1)
d⁄ d⁄ d⁄
dx c x = c x ln x dx sec x = sec x tan x dx arccsc x = - 1⁄ x √ (x2 - 1)

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
INTEGRALS
IBP ∫udv = uv - ∫vdu ; u is an algebraic expression

∫ 0 dx = C ∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C ∫ 1⁄√ (1 - x2) dx = arcsin x + C

∫ 1 dx = x + C ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C ∫ - 1⁄√ (1 - x2) dx = arccos x + C
∫ x n dx = (xn+1) ⁄n+1 + C ∫ tan x dx = - ln cos x + C ∫ 1⁄ (1 + x2) dx = arctan x + C
∫ 1⁄x dx = ln x + C ∫ cot x dx = ln sin x + C ∫ - 1⁄ (1 + x2) dx = arccot x + C
∫ e x dx = e x + C ∫ csc x dx = - ln (csc x + cot x) + C ∫ 1⁄ x √ (x2 - 1) dx = arcsec x + C
∫ a x dx = (a x) ⁄ln a + C ∫ sec x dx = - ln (sec x + tan x) + C ∫ - 1⁄ x √ (x2 - 1) dx = arccsc x + C

TRIGONOMETRY

IDENTITIES

sin (-x) = - sin x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x tan (A-B) = tan A - tan B⁄1 + tan A tan B
cos (-x) = cos x cos 2x = cos 2 x - sin 2 x sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tan (-x) = - tan x cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x - 1 sin (A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
csc (-x) = - csc x cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin 2 x cos (A+B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
sec (-x) = sec x tan 2x = 2 tan x⁄1 - tan2 x cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cot (-x) = - cot x sin x⁄2 = ± (1 - cos x⁄2)1/2 sin A cos B = 1⁄2 [ sin (A+B) + sin (A-B) ]
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 cos x⁄2 = = ± (1 + cos x⁄2)1/2 cos A sin B = 1⁄2 [ sin (A+B) - sin (A-B) ]
1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x tan x⁄2 = ± (1 - cos x⁄1 + cos x)1/2 cos A cos B = 1⁄2 [ cos (A+B) + cos (A-B) ]
1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x tan (A+B) = tan A + tan B⁄1 - tan A tan B sin A sin B = 1⁄2 [ cos (A-B) - cos (A+B) ]
 ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

DISTANCE: CIRCLES:
Distance between two points Center at origin.
d2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 x2 + y2 = r2
Distance between a point and a line Center at point (h, k)
d = |Ax + By + C| ⁄(A2+ B2)1/2 (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
LINES: PARABOLAS:
Slope - intercept formula Axis parallel to x - axis with vertex at origin
y = mx + b y2 = ± 4ax
Point - slope formula Axis parallel to x - axis with vertex at (h, k)
y - y1 = m (x - x1) (y - k)2 = ± 4a(x - h)
Two - point form Axis parallel to y - axis with vertex at origin
y2 - y1 = m (x2 - x1) x2 = ± 4ay
General form Axis parallel to y - axis with vertex at (h, k)
Ax + By + C = 0 (x - h)2 = ± 4a(y - k)

ALGEBRA DERIVATIVE

LOGARITHM EXPONENTS

Multiplication by constant cf cf’

Power Rule xn nxn−1
Sum Rule f+g f’ + g’
xm = a ⤇ log x a = m
Difference Rule f-g f’ − g’
log a 1 = 0
log a a = 1
Product Rule fg f g’ + f’ g

log a (xy) = log a x + log a y Quotient Rule f/g (f’ g − g’ f)/g2

log a (x⁄y) = log a x - log a y Reciprocal Rule 1/f −f’/f2
log a (x m) = m log a x Chain Rule fºg (f’ º g) × g’
Chain Rule (using ’ ) f(g(x)) f’(g(x))g’(x)
Chain Rule (using d/dx ) dy/dx = dy/du*du/dx
 FIRST–ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
VARIABLE - SEPARABLE HOMOGENOUS EXACT
y’ is NON-SEPARABLE but
Degrees in variable(s) must be
𝑭𝒙𝒚 = 𝑭𝒚𝒙
same to another to be
𝑦 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝒇(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 HOMOGENOUS.
EXACT!
Separation between x and y (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 𝑦 1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 1 𝑦 1 dy
Fxy ; x is constant
variables along with their All raised to 2
Fyx ; y is constant
respective derivatives.
For trigonometric and
STEPS:
Note: Two variables inside a exponential functions, variables
A. Check Exactiveness
parenthesis means higher must be divided by another
B. Integrate shorter
chance of being NON- variable to be HOMOGENOUS.
Function + C(constant)
SEPARABLE.
𝑥 𝑥 ∫Fx + C(y) ; y is constant
𝑒 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 sin ( )
STEPS: 𝑦
F is General Solution
A. Separate Variables STEPS:
B. Integrate to get G.S. (can A. Substitute all:
C. Derivative in terms of the
be udu, Synthetic/Long x = vy ; dx = vdy+ydv ; v = x/y
constant + C’(constant)
Division, IBP, and or
Fy + C’(y)
Trigonometric Substitution) y = vx ; dy = vdx+vdv ; v = y/x
D. Equate Old Fy
C. Substitute x and y values
Fy + C’(y) = Fy
to get C. B. Simplify (Cancel)
E. Integrate C’(constant)
D. Then, Substitute C to C. Integrate
∫C’(y) ; x is constant
G.S. for new P.S. D. Substitute to Recall
F. Substitute C(constant) to
E. Simplify Original Variables
G.S. for P.S.
E. Simplify Again
G. Simplify
DETERMINATION OF
LINEAR BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
INTEGRATING FACTORS

Note: Almost same to Linear

Note: Find a variable with only y’ is NON-SEPARABLE and but with a twist.
one degree separated to 𝑭𝒙𝒚 ≠ 𝑭𝒚𝒙
others. STEPS:
STEPS: NOT EXACT! A. Equate into
A. Equate into 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚𝒏 ; 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏
𝒅𝒚 STEPS: 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙) 𝒂= 𝟏−𝒏
𝒅𝒙 A. Get Fxy and Fyx
B. Equate into
B. Find Integrating Factor: 𝑭𝒙𝒚 − 𝑭𝒚𝒙 B. Find Integrating Factor:
𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒂 ∫ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

C. Apply General Solution: 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒈(𝒙) C. Apply General Solution:

C. Determine I.F.:
𝒚 ∙ 𝒗(𝒙) = ∫ 𝑸(𝒙) ∙ 𝒗(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪 𝒚𝒂 ∙ 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒂 ∫ 𝑸(𝒙) ∙ 𝒗(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝑭𝒚 ; 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
D. Get C and use in G.S. for 𝑭𝒙 ; 𝒗(𝒚) = 𝒆− ∫ 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 +𝑪
P.S. D. Apply Exact Equations. D. Get C and use in G.S. for
P.S.