TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 11. sin(_x) = _sin x
2. cos(_x) = cos x 12. sec2 x =
1
cos2 x
= 1 + tan2 x
3. sin(_ _ x) = sin x 13. cos(_ _ x) = _cos x
4. csc2 x =
1
sin2 x
= 1 + cot2 x 14. sin(_
2 _ x) = cos x
5. cos(_
2 _ x) = sin x 15. sin(x _ y) = sin x cos y _ cos x sin y
6. cos(x _ y) = cos x cos y _ sin x sin y 16. tan(x _ y) =
tan x _ tan y
1 _ tan x tan y
7. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x 17. sin2 x =
1 _ cos 2x
2
8. cos2 x =
1 + cos 2x
2
18. cos 2x = 2 cos2 x _ 1 = 1 _ sin2 x
9. cos x + cos y = 2 cos x + y
2
cos x _ y
2
19. sin x _ sin y = 2 sin x _ y
2
cos x _ y
2
10. sin x cos y =
1
2
(sin(x _ y) + sin(x + y)) 20. sin x sin y =
1
2
(cos(x _ y) _ cos(x + y))
21. cos x cos y =
1
2
(cos(x _ y) + cos(x + y))
INTEGRATION RULES
1. Z (Af(x) + Bg(x)) dx = AZ f(x) dx + B Z g(x) dx
2. Z f0(g(x))g0(x)dx = f(g(x)) + C
3. Z UdV = UV _ Z V dU
4. Z b
a
f0(x) dx = f(b) _ f(a) 5. d
dx Z x
a
f(t) dt = f(x)
A SHORT TABLE OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
I. Basic Functions
1. Z xndx =
1
n + 1xn+1 + C; n 6= _1 5. Z sin x dx = _cos x + C
2. Z 1
x
dx = ln jxj + C 6. Z cos x dx = sin x + C
3. Z axdx =
1
ln a
ax + C 7(a) Z tan x dx = _ln jcos xj + C
4. Z ln x dx = x ln x _ x + C; x > 0 7(b) Z cot x dx = ln jsin xj + C
7(c) Z sec2 x dx = tan x + C
7(d) Z csc2 x dx = _cot x + C
II. Products of ex; cos x; and sin x
8. Z eax sin(bx)dx =
1
a2 + b2 eax [a sin(bx) _ b cos(bx)] + C
9. Z eax cos(bx)dx =
1
a2 + b2 eax [a cos(bx) + b sin(bx)] + C
10 Z sin(ax) sin(bx)dx =
1
b2 _ a2 [a cos(ax) sin(bx) _ b sin(ax) cos(bx)] + C; a 6= b
11. Z cos(ax) cos(bx)dx =
1
b2 _ a2 [b cos(ax) sin(bx) _ a sin(ax) cos(bx)] + C; a 6= b
12. Z sin(ax) cos(bx)dx =
1
b2 _ a2 [b sin(ax) sin(bx) + a cos(ax) cos(bx)] + C; a 6= b
III. Integer Powers of sin x and cos x:
1
17. Z sinn x dx = _
1
n _sinn_1 x_cos x + n _ 1
n Z sinn_2 x dx; n positive
18. Z cosn x dx =
1
n _cosn_1 x_sin x + n _ 1
n Z cosn_2 x dx; n positive
19. Z 1
sinm x
dx = _1
(m _ 1)
cos x
sinm_1 x
+m_2
m_1Z1
sinm_2 x
dx; m 6= 1; m positive
20. Z 1
sin x
dx = Z csc x dx = ln[csc x _ cot x] + C
21. Z 1
cosm x
dx =
1
(m _ 1)
sin x
cosm_1 x
+m_2
m_1Z1
cosm_2 x
dx: m 6= 1; m positive
22. Z 1
cos x
dx = Z sec x dx = ln [sec x + tan x] + C
23. Z sinm x cosn x dx : If m is odd, let w = cos x: If n is odd, let w = sin x:
If both m and n are even and non-negative, convert all to sin x or all to cos x
(using sin2 x + cos2 x = 1), and use IV-17 or IV-18. If m and n are even and
one of them is negative, convert to whichever function is in the denominator
and use IV-19 or IV-21. The case in which both m and n are even and
negative is ommitted.
IV. Quadratic in the Denominator
24. Z 1
x2 + a2 dx =
1
a
arctan x
a
+ C; a 6= 0
25. Z bx + c
x2 + a2 dx = b
2
ln __x2 + a2__ + c
a
arctan x
a
+ C; a 6= 0
26. Z 1
(x _ a) (x _ b)dx =
1
a_b
(ln jx _ aj _ ln jx _ bj) + C; a 6= b
27. Z cx + d
(x _ a) (x _ b)dx =
1
a_b
[(ac + d) ln jx _ aj _ (bc + d) ln jx _ bj] + C; a 6= b
V. Integrands involving pa2 + x2; pa2 _ x2; px2 _ a2; a > 0
28. Z 1
pa2 _ x2
dx = arcsin x
a
+C
29. Z 1
px2 _ a2
dx = ln __x + px2 _ a2__ + C
30. Z pa2 _ x2dx =
1
2 _xpa2 _ x2 + a2 Z 1
pa2 _ x2
dx_+ C
31. Z px2 _ a2dx =
1
2 _xpx2 _ a2 _ a2 Z 1
px2 _ a2
dx_+ C
2
