A Level Mathematics Formulas, Concepts, Applications, Questions, and Solutions Reference - Fully
Detailed Ultimate Version
1. Algebra
• Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)]/(2a)
• Sum and product of roots: α + β = -b/a, αβ = c/a
• Factor theorem: f(a) = 0 ⇒ (x - a) is a factor
• Remainder theorem: f(x) ÷ (x - a) ⇒ remainder = f(a)
• Binomial theorem: (a+b)^n = Σ[k=0 to n] C(n,k)a^(n-k)b^k
2. Functions & Graphs
• Domain and range
• Inverse functions: f(f⁻¹(x)) = x
• Composite functions: (f∘g)(x) = f(g(x))
• Transformations: y = af(b(x - c)) + d
3. Calculus
• Differentiation:
• Power rule: d/dx x^n = n x^(n-1)
• Product rule: (uv)' = u'v + uv'
• Quotient rule: (u/v)' = (u'v - uv')/v²
• Chain rule: dy/dx = dy/du * du/dx
• Integration:
• ∫ x^n dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C
• ∫ e^x dx = e^x + C
• ∫ a^x dx = a^x/ln(a) + C
• ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C
• Definite integrals: ∫_a^b f(x) dx
• Integration by parts: ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du
• Substitution: ∫ f(g(x))g'(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du
4. Trigonometry
• sin²x + cos²x = 1
• tanx = sinx/cosx
• sin2x = 2 sinx cosx; cos2x = cos²x - sin²x
• tan2x = 2 tanx / (1 - tan²x)
• sin(A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
• cos(A ± B) = cosA cosB ∓ sinA sinB
• Double-angle and half-angle formulas
• Trig identities for solving equations
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5. Vectors & Geometry
• Magnitude: |a| = √(a1² + a2² + a3²)
• Unit vector: â = a/|a|
• Dot product: a·b = |a||b|cosθ
• Cross product: |a×b| = |a||b|sinθ
• Equation of a line: r = a + λb
• Equation of a plane: n·(r - r0) = 0
6. Probability & Statistics
• Permutations: nPr = n!/(n-r)!
• Combinations: nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!]
• Probability: P(A) = favorable/total
• Independent events: P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B)
• Conditional probability: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B)
• Mean: μ = Σx/n
• Variance: σ² = Σ(x - μ)²/n
• Standard deviation: σ = √σ²
7. Sequences & Series
• Arithmetic: nth term: a_n = a_1 + (n-1)d; Sum: S_n = n/2(a_1 + a_n)
• Geometric: nth term: a_n = a_1 r^(n-1); Sum: S_n = a_1(1 - r^n)/(1 - r) if r≠1
• Infinite geometric: S_∞ = a_1/(1 - r) for |r|<1
8. Differential Equations
• First order linear: dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x) → integrating factor e^∫P(x)dx
• Separable: dy/dx = g(x)h(y) → ∫dy/h(y) = ∫g(x)dx
• Second order linear with constant coefficients: ay'' + by' + cy = 0 → characteristic equation ar² + br + c
=0
9. Matrices & Linear Algebra
• Addition: (A+B)ij = Aij + Bij
• Multiplication: (AB)ij = Σ Aik Bkj
• Determinant of 2×2: |A| = ad - bc
• Inverse: A⁻¹ for 2×2: 1/(ad-bc) [[d, -b], [-c, a]]
• Solving systems: AX = B → X = A⁻¹B
10. Complex Numbers
• z = x + iy; |z| = √(x² + y²)
• Conjugate: z̄ = x - iy
• Polar form: z = r(cosθ + i sinθ)
• Euler’s formula: e^(iθ) = cosθ + i sinθ
• Multiplication/division: r1e^(iθ1) * r2e^(iθ2) = r1r2 e^(i(θ1+θ2))
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Application Questions with Solutions
Algebra: 1. Solve 2x² - 5x + 3 = 0 - Solution: x = [5 ± √(25-24)]/4 → x = 1 or x = 3/2
Calculus: 1. Differentiate y = x² sinx - Solution: dy/dx = 2x sinx + x² cosx (product rule) 2. Integrate ∫ x e^x
dx - Solution: Integration by parts: ∫ x e^x dx = x e^x - ∫ e^x dx = x e^x - e^x + C
Trigonometry: 1. Solve sin2x = √3/2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360° - Solution: 2x = 60°, 120°, 420°, 480° → x = 30°, 60°,
210°, 240°
Sequences & Series: 1. Sum of first 10 terms of arithmetic series with a_1 = 3, d = 5 - Solution: S_10 = 10/2
(3 + 48) = 255
Probability: 1. Probability of rolling a sum of 7 with two dice - Solution: Favorable outcomes = 6; Total
outcomes = 36; P = 6/36 = 1/6
End of A Level Mathematics Formulas and Applications Reference
