DJJ20063 THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Introduction
The word thermodynamics is come from Greek
Thermo – Heat
Dynamics – power
Study on the relationship of heat, work and energy including energy and
deformation properties of the substance
It is mostly used to describe the performance of refrigerators, fluid flow, power
generation system, combustion etc.
Applications of Thermodynamics
1.1 System, Boundary and Surrounding
System: A quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.
Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
Boundary: The real or imaginary
surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.
1.2 Conservation Of Energy
Law of Conservation Energy
-Energy can be neither created or
destroyed
-It can only be converted from one
form to another
1.3 Process & Cycle
Process: When a system change undergoes from one state to another state. Example: constant
volume process, constant pressure process
Reversible Processes : processes in Irreversible Processes : processes in
which both the system and its which the system and its surroundings
surroundings can be simultaneously cannot be simultaneously returned to their
returned to their initial states after the initial states after the process has been
process has been completed without any completed.
change in thermodynamics properties
Reversible Process & Irreversible Process
Reversible Process Irreversible Process
Can be restored to the initial state from Cannot return the system and the
the final state without any change in surroundings to their original conditions
thermodynamics properties
This process the ideal process which That is commonly found in the nature
never occurs
It is slowly process It proceeds at measurable speed
At any stage the equilibrium is not Equilibrium may exist only after the
disturbed completion of the process
It takes infinite time for completion It takes finite time for completion
Work obtained in this process is maximum Work obtained in this process is not
maximum
Cycle
Cycle: A process during
which the initial and final
states are identical
Or
When a system goes through
different change of states and
returns to its initial state at the
end of the process
1.4 Properties of the System
Property: any characteristic of a system.
some familiar properties are pressure p, temperature t, volume v, and mass m.
properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties Extensive properties
It is independent to the size of a system. It is dependent on the size of the system.
Example: temperature, pressure, specific Mean that, if the mass is increased the
volume, specific energy and density. values of the extensive properties also
increase.
Example: Volume, energy
Equilibrium: A state of balance.
In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the
system.
Thermal Equilibrium –When the heat transfer stops because there is no temperature
difference between two bodies
State – a set of properties that completely the describes the ‘condition’ of a system.
Path: The line joining the change of states the system. Types of path are isobaric,
isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic
1.5 Zeroth’s Law of Thermodynamics
