Metallurgical
Thermodynamics
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics:
The word “thermodynamics” was derived from the Greek words:
“Thermo”= Heat
“Dynamics” = Force
“Thermodynamics” is essentially the study of heat due to force or heat due
to forces.
Definition of THERMODYNAMICS
The study of the flow of the heat or any other form of energy into or out of a system as it undergoes a physical or
chemical transformation is called thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics Terms
1. System
A thermodynamics System is that part of the universe which is under thermodynamics study.
2. Surroundings:
The space outside the thermodynamics system is known as the surrounding
3. System boundary
Anything which is separating the system and the surrounding is called boundary of the system.
The boundary may be:
Real or Imaginary Permeable or Non-permeable
Rigid or Non-rigid Adiabatic or non-adiabatic
Types of System
Depending on the nature of the boundary thermodynamics system can be in three different ways
Open Closed Isolated
1. Open System
An open system can exchange the mass and Energy, usually in the form of heat with its surrounding.
2. Closed System
Closed system is one in which energy but not mass be passed can be passed to or from the surrounding.
3. Isolated System
An isolated system is one in which neither energy nor can be passed from or to from the surrounding.
Thermodynamics properties
Thermodynamics properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable of specifying the system’s state
In general thermodynamics properties are divided into two classes:
Intensive properties
Extensive properties
Intensive properties
The state variable/properties of the substance which
are independent of the mass of the system is called
Intensive properties.
Ex: Chemical
potential ,concentration,pressure,Temperature,Dens
ity, specific gravity, refractive index, specific heat
capacity, Melting and Boiling point,Viscosisty Explanations: Refractive index of water in two different size of
container measured same refractive index. So it is refractive
index is called intensive properties.
Extensive properties:
The state variable /properties of the substance which are dependent on mass of the system is called extensive properties.
Example: Mass, Weight, Energy, Enthalpy, Gibbs Energy, Heat capacity, volume, internal energy.
State of a system
A thermodynamics state of a system at any instant is defined by specifying all its state variable, such as Temperature,
pressure, volume and Density.
State variable:
When the properties of the system define the state of that system is called state variable.
State Function:
A state function is a property of a system in thermodynamics that depends only on the current state of the system, not on
the path or process taken to reach that state.
Example: pressure, temperature, and volume,Internal Energy
State function=Final value – Initial Value
Path Function
A Path function is a function whose value depends on the path
followed by the thermodynamic process irrespective of the
initial and final states of the process.
Example: Heat Q and Work W
Process
When in a system there is two or more than two parameters get changed then it is known as system gets changed and
process occurs.
I. Cyclic Process: Sequence of processes which return back to its initial point.
II. Adiabatic Process: Process in which net heat change ( q) is equal to zero.
III. Isothermal Process: Process in which net temperature change ( u) is equal to zero.
IV. Isobaric Process: Process in which net pressure change ( p) is equal to zero.
V. Isochoric Process: Process in which net volume change ( v) is equal to zero.
VI. Quasi-static Process: It is the process in which every small steps are in equilibrium, so that entire process is in
equilibrium.
EQUATION OF STATES
Equations which depend on the state variables like P, V, T, n are known as equation of
states.
Universal Gas Law: = nRT
SIMPLE EQUILIBRIUM
Fig: Quantity of gas contained a cylinder with a piston
Above figure 1.3 represents particularly a simple system which consists of a fixed amount of gas in a cylinder by a
movable piston and top of the piston a weigh block having weight ‘W’. At equilibrium
1. Pressure exerted by the gas on the piston = Pressure exerted by the piston on the gas.
2. Temperature of the gas = Temperature of the surrounding. (Provided the heat can be
transport through the wall of the cylinder)
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
If in a system both thermal & mechanical equilibrium exists simultaneously. Then it is known as in thermodynamic
equilibrium.
Thermal Equilibrium: Uniform temperature throughout the system.
Mechanical Equilibrium: Uniform pressure throughout the system.
Chemical Equilibrium: Uniform chemical potential throughout the system.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics establishes the concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium, stating
that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other
Definition and Significance
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics is fundamental in defining temperature. It states that
if system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, and system B is in thermal
equilibrium with system C, then system A must also be in thermal equilibrium
with system C. This transitive property allows us to understand and measure temperature
as a fundamental characteristic of matter
Thermodynamics Equilibrium
• Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state in which a thermodynamic system's properties remain constant over
time, with no net flows of energy or matter, and all forms of equilibrium (thermal, mechanical, chemical) are
achieved
• Thermal Equilibrium: Occurs when two systems in contact have the same temperature, resulting in no heat
transfer between them.
• Mechanical Equilibrium: Achieved when the pressure is uniform throughout the system, preventing any net
force that would cause movement.
• Chemical Equilibrium: Established when the chemical potentials of the substances involved are equal, leading
to no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
Internal Energy
• It is hidden form of energy stored in the system.
• It consist of Kinetic energy of atom and molecule in the form of translation,rotation and vibration.
• Energy of interaction amongst atom and molecules.
significance of first law of thermodynamics
It is based on law of conservation of Energy.
Brought concept of internal Energy.
It separate heat interaction and work interaction between the system and surrounding as two differents terms.
Internal Energy is a state property.
Thank You
