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Thermodynamics: Fundamental Concepts

Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformations. It studies systems, their boundaries, surroundings and properties. A system can be isolated, closed, or open depending on whether mass and/or energy can cross its boundary. Properties can be intensive or extensive. Thermodynamics examines states, equilibrium, and processes as systems change between equilibrium states. The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium transitivity. Thermodynamics applies to many fields involving energy transfers and transformations.

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68 views15 pages

Thermodynamics: Fundamental Concepts

Thermodynamics is the science of energy and its transformations. It studies systems, their boundaries, surroundings and properties. A system can be isolated, closed, or open depending on whether mass and/or energy can cross its boundary. Properties can be intensive or extensive. Thermodynamics examines states, equilibrium, and processes as systems change between equilibrium states. The zeroth law establishes thermal equilibrium transitivity. Thermodynamics applies to many fields involving energy transfers and transformations.

Uploaded by

Shahdura Hammad Thauri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

CHAPTER
Thermodynamics

1 Lecture Notes:
SHAHDURA BINTI HAMMAD THAURI
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
International College Subang,
Fundamental
Concepts
What is Thermodynamics?

 The science of energy, that


concerned with the ways in which
energy is stored within a body.

 Energy transformations – mostly


involve heat and work movements.

 The Fundamental law is the


conservation of energy principle:
energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can only be
transformed from one form to
another.

2
System, surroundings and boundary

 System: A quantity of matter or a


region in space chosen for study.

 Surroundings: The mass or region


outside the system

 Boundary: The real or imaginary


surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.

3
Type of system
(isolated system)

 Isolated system – neither


mass nor energy can cross
the selected boundary

 Example (approximate): coffee in


a closed, well-insulated thermos
bottle

4
Type of system
(Closed system)

 Closed system – only energy


can cross the selected
boundary

 Examples: a tightly capped cup of


coffee

5
Type of system
(Open system)

 Open system – both mass and


energy can cross the selected
boundary

 Example: an open cup of coffee

6
NO
MASS

 Isolated system – both mass and


ISOLATED
energy can not cross the selected
SYTEM boundary

NO
ENERG
Y
Properties of a system
Properties of a system is a measurable characteristic of a system that is in
equilibrium.
Properties may be intensive or extensive.

 Intensive – Are independent of the amount of mass:


e.g: Temperature, Pressure, and Density,

 Extensive – varies directly with the mass


e.g: mass, volume, energy, enthalpy

8
Properties of a system
Specific properties – The ratio of any extensive property of a system to that
of the mass of the system is called an average specific value of that property
(also known as intensives property)
State, Equilibrium and Process

 State – a set of properties that describes the conditions of a


system. Eg. Mass m, Temperature T, volume V

 Thermodynamic equilibrium -
system that maintains thermal,
mechanical, phase and chemical
equilibriums.

10
State, Equilibrium and Process
 Process – change from one
equilibrium state to another.

Process Property held


constant
isobaric pressure
isothermal temperature
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy

11
State, Equilibrium and Process
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property
remains constant.

Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains constant.

Pressure is Constant (ΔP = 0)


State, Equilibrium and Process
Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process during which the specific volume v
remains constant

Process Property held


constant
Isothermal process: A process during
which the temperature T remains
isobaric pressure
constant. isothermal temperature
.
isochoric volume
isentropic entropy
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

“ If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third


body, there are also in thermal equilibrium with each
other.”

14
Application Areas of Thermodynamics

15

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