CHAPTER IX: GASES

Lesson 1

PRESSURE
Characteristics of Gases:

 Gas expands spontaneously to fill its container

 Gases are highly compressible: when pressure is applied to a gas, its volume readily
decreases
 Gases form homogeneous mixtures with each other regardless of the identities or
relative proportions of the component gases

Variables Used To describe Gaseous Samples:

Amount of gas, n, number of moles of gas
Volume of gas
Temperature proportional to the kinetic energy of gas particles
Pressure

Ideal Gases
 gases which under condition of high temperature and low pressure have many
properties of gases which become a function not of the molecules but of the space
between molecules
 These gases exist under conditions of negligible molecular volume and negligible
intermolecular forces

Pressure
 Pressure is the Force, F, that acts on a given area, A
 P = F/A

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

 used to define the atmosphere (atm) and the torr (also called the millimeter of
mercury)
 Barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643; used to measure the
atmospheric pressure

1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 101325 Pa

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 1

  Review # 1: Pressure

1. How does a gas differ from a liquid with respect to each of the following properties?
(a) Density – liquid is denser than gas
(b) Compressibility – gas is easier to compress than liquid
(c) Ability to mix with other substances of the same phase to form homogeneous mixtures

2. Consider the two people of the same mass standing on the floor in the same room. One
person is standing normally, and the other is standing on one foot.
(a) Does one person exert a greater force on the floor than the other?

(b) Does one person exert a greater pressure than the other?

3. How high in meters must a column of water be to exert a pressure equal to that of 760 –
mm column of mercury? (The density of water is 1.0 g/mL, whereas that of mercury is
13.6 g/mL)
Height of water = density of mercury
Height of Hg density of water

4. What is the pressure in atmosphere exerted on the body of a diver if he is 15 m below the
surface of freshwater when the atmospheric pressure of the surface is 1.00 atm?
P = (density water)(acceleration due to gravity)(depth)

5. The typical atmospheric pressure on the top of Mt. Everest (29,028 ft) is about 265 torr.
Convert this pressure to:
(a) atm
(b) mmHg
(c) Pascal

2 CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry |

 Lesson 2
GAS LAWS
1. Boyle’s Law. For any given mass of gas, the volume varies inversely with pressure,
provided the temperature is held constant. The relationship is best expressed
mathematically as:

The law is also expressed as PV = k = constant and the general formula is:

2. Charles’ Law. For any given mass of gas, the volume varies directly with the absolute
temperature, provided the pressure remains constant. It is expressed mathematically as
V T or V = kT and its general formula is:

3. Gay – Lussac’s Law. At constant volume, the pressure and absolute temperature of a
gas vary directly. Mathematically, it is expressed as P T or P = kT

The general formula is

4. The Combined Gas Law. For a given mass of gas the product of the pressure and
volume divided by its absolute temperature is a constant. This can be expressed as

The general formula is

5. Avogadro’s Law. Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain the same number of moles (molecules), n.

This is expressed mathematically as

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 3

6. Molar Volume. Volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP (standard conditions
0°C and 760 torr or 1 atm). This value is equivalent to 22.4 Liters.

7. Ideal Gas Equation. Describes the relationship between pressure, volume, number of
moles and absolute temperature for an ideal gas. It is Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and
Avogadro’s Law combined into one mathematical statement.

This statement can be written as a mathematical equation PV = nRT where R is a

proportionality constant known as the ideal gas constant. It is equivalent to

8. Dalton’s Law Of Partial Pressure. In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts the same
pressure as it would if it were in the container alone. The sum of these individual
pressures, called the partial pressures, is the total pressure of the mixture.

9. Graham’s Law Of Effusion (Diffusion). At constant conditions of temperature and

pressure, the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass/density.
a. Effusion – passage of a gas under pressure through a small opening into a vacuum
b. Diffusion – the ability of a gas to spread out spontaneously and to move through
another gas until it completely fills the container.

Thus if two different gases are present and under identical conditions can be related as:

Where M1 = molecular weight of gas 1 and M2 = molecular weight of gas 2

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 Summary of Gas Equations

Law Equation Constant Variable/Requirement

P1V1 = P2V2 Temperature

1. Boyle’s Law

V1T2 = V2T1 Pressure

2. Charles’s Law

P1T2 = P2T1 Volume

3. Gay – Lussac’s Law

P1V1 = P2V2
4. The Combined Gas Law T1 T2

V = kn
5. Avogadro’s Law

Vm = RT = 22.41 L Standard conditions:

6. Molar Volume P T = 273 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
7. The Ideal Gas Equation

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + …. P n
8. Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure

Temperature
9. Graham’s Law of Effusion Pressure
(Diffusion)

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 5

Sample Exercises:

1. Calcium carbonate decomposes upon heating to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. A
sample of Calcium carbonate is decomposed, and the carbon dioxide is collected in a 250 – mL
flask. After the decomposition is complete, the gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at a temperature
of 31 °C. How many moles of CO2 gas were generated?

Solution:

n = PV = (1.3 atm) (0.250 L)_______ = 0.013 mol CO2

RT (0.0821 L –atm/mol – K) (304 K)

2. The gas pressure in an aerosol can is 1.5 atm at 25 °C. Assuming that the gas inside obeys the
ideal – gas equation, what would the pressure be if the can were heated to 450 °C?

Solution:

P1 = P2
T1 T2
P2 = P1 x (T2/T1) = (1.5 atm) (723 K/298 K) = 3.6 atm

3. An inflated balloon has a volume of 6.0 L at sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to ascend in
altitude until the pressure is 0.45 atm. During ascent the temperature of the gas falls from 22
°C to -21°C. Calculate the volume of the balloon at its final altitude.

Solution:

P1V1= P2V2
T1 T2
V2 = V1 x (P1/P2) x (T2/T1)
= (6.0 L) (1.0 atm/0.45 atm) (252 K/295 K)
= 11 K

4. What is the density of Carbon tetrachloride vapor at 714 torr and 125 °C?

Solution:

d = (714 torr) (1 atm/760 torr) (154.0 g/mol) = 4.43 g/L

(0.0821 L – atm/mol – K) (398 K)

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  Review #2 The Gas laws

1. A fixed quantity of gas at 23°C exhibits a pressure of 749 torr and occupies a volume of
10.8 L.
(a) Use the Boyle’s Law to calculate the volume the gas will occupy at 23°C if the pressure
is increased to 1.88 atm.

(b) Use Charles’s law to calculate the volume the gas will occupy if the temperature is
increased to 165°C while the pressure is held constant.

2. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 125 m3 at 0.989 atm and 27.0°C.

(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas if its volume is decreased to 97 m3 while its
temperature is held constant.

(b) At what temperature in degrees Celsius is the volume of the gas 135 m3 if the pressure
is kept constant?

3. Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia gas as follows:

N2 (g) +3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

At certain temperature and pressure, 1.2 L of N2 reacts with 3.6 L of H2. What volume of
NH3, at the same temperature and pressure, will be produced? Find the limiting reactant,
first. Use stoichiometry.

4. (a) Write the ideal – gas equation, and give the units used for each term in the equation
when R = 0.0821 L - atm/mol – K.

(b) What is an ideal gas?

5. (a) What are the conditions represented by the abbreviation STP?

(b) What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP?

(c) Room temperature is often measured to be 25°C. Calculate the molar volume of an
ideal gas at room temperature.

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 7

Key Terms
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Avogadro’s Law - a gas law named after Amadeo Avogadro who, in 1811,hypothesized
that two given samples of an ideal gas, at the
same temperature, pressure and volume, contain the same number of molecules
2. Boyle’s Law - describes the inversely proportional relationship between the
absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within
a closed system
3. Charles’s law - is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand
when heated
4. Diffusion - describes the spread of particles through random motion from regions of
higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
5. Effusion - the process in which individual molecules flow through a hole without
collisions between molecules
6. Graham’s Law - states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of its molecular weight
7. Ideal – gas equation - the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas
8. Kinetic molecular theory - explains the forces between molecules and the energy that
they possess
9. Pressure - is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface
of an object
10. Standard Atmospheric pressure - the force per unit area exerted against a surface by
the weight of air above that surface in the Earth's atmosphere.

8 CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry |

CHAPTER IX:
GASES
Long test
Name: _______________________________ Date: ___________________
Score: _______________________________

Multiple Choices: Write the letter of the correct answer on the gap before the number. If
the answer is not in the choices, write N/A.

_____1.The kinetic molecular theory of an ideal gas assumes that:

a. matter is continuous
b. molecular collisions are elastic and molecules have zero size
c. molecular collisions are inelastic and molecules have appreciable size
d. molecular collisions are inelastic and molecules have zero size

_____2. The pressure of the gas inside a scuba diver’s lungs changes from 100 kPa to 150
kPa. If the diver’s lungs initially held 6 L of gas, their volume at this depth would be:
a. 3 L c. 6 L
b. 4 L d. 9 L

_____3. Two liters of Helium gas were measured at a temperature of 200 K and a pressure
of 1.0 atm. If the kinetic energy (temperature) of the molecules is doubled while
the pressure remains constant, what volume will the gas occupy?
a. 0.5 L c. 2.0 L
b. 1.0 L d. 4.0 L

_____4. 200 mL of gas at 27 °C and 700 mmHg pressure became 210 mL at 800 mmHg
pressure. The new temperature is:
a. 360 °C c. 187 °C
b. 87 °C d. 260 °C

_____5. A gas is trapped in a syringe with a brick putting pressure on it. Its volume does not
increase when:
a. the amount of gas in the syringe is increased
b. the syringe is heated
c. the gas is changed to a different gas of different molar mass
d. atmospheric pressure is suddenly decreased

_____6. Oxygen is collected in a vessel over water at 23 °C. At this temperature the vapor
pressure of water is 21 mmHg. The atmospheric pressure is 765 mmHg. The
pressure due to oxygen is:
a. 765 mmHg, atmospheric pressure
b. 744 mmHg
c. 786 mmHg
d. dependent on the volume of the vessel

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 9

_____7. At 15oC, 25mL of neon at 101.3kPa (1atm) pressure and 75mL of helium at 70.9kPa
(0.7atm) pressure are both expanded into a 1L sealed flask. What is the total
pressure of the gas mixture?

a. 7.8 kPa c. 7.7 atm

b. 6.8 kPa d. 8.3 atm

_____8. A rigid metal tank contains helium gas. Which applies to the gas in the tank when
some helium is removed at constant temperature?
a. the volume of the gas decreases
b. the pressure of the gas decreases
c. the average speed of the gad molecules decreases
d. the total number of gas molecules remains the same

_____9. Equal numbers of moles of He (g), Ar (g), and Ne (g) are placed in a glass vessel at room
temperature. If the vessel has a pinhole – sized leak, which of the following will be
true regarding the relative values of the partial pressures of the gases remaining in
the vessel after some of the gas mixture has effused?
a. P He > P Ne > P Ar c. P Ne = P He =P Ar
b. P Ar > P Ne> P He d. P Ne > P Ar>P He

_____10. A gas is heated from 23.00 °C to 127.0 °C at a constant pressure of 10.00 atm. If
the initial volume is V, which equation will best identify the new volume?
a. (20/123) · V c. (296/400) · V
b. (123/20) · V d. (400/296) · V

_____11. Under what conditions do the assumptions associated with the application of an
ideal gas hold true?
a. low pressure and high temperature
b. high pressure and large volume
c. large volume and high temperature
d. small volume and high temperature

_____12. A gas is confined in a rigid container is heated. Which of the following statements
is true?
a. the kinetic energy of the gas particles will decrease
b. the pressure will increase
c. the density will decrease
d. the number of moles of gas will increase

_____13.Non – ideal behavior for a gas is most likely to be observed under conditions of
a. standard temperature and pressure
b. low temperature and high pressure
c. low temperature and low pressure
d. high temperature and high pressure

_____14. At a particular temperature, which of the following molecules has an average

velocity closest to that of ethylene, C2H4, at the same temperature?
a. N2 c. NO2
b. CO2 d. O2

10 CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry |

_____15. Which of the following statements is true?
a. All particles moving with the same velocity have the same kinetic energy.
b. All particles at the same temperature have the same kinetic energy.
c. All particles having the same kinetic energy have the same mass.
d. As the kinetic energy of a particle is halved, its velocity is also halved.

_____16. Carbon dioxide gas diffuses through a porous barrier at a rate of 0.20 mL/minute.
If an unknown gas diffuses through the same barrier at a rate of 0.313 mL/minute,
what is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
a. 28 g/mole c. 39 g/mole
b. 35 g/mole d. 68 g/mole

_____17. Ammonia gas is synthesized according to the balanced equation

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
If 15.0 liters of nitrogen are reacted with an excess of hydrogen, how many liters
of ammonia could be produced? Assume all gas volumes are measured at the
same temperature and pressure.
a. 5.00 L c. 15.0 L
b. 10.0 L d. 30.0 L

_____18. What is the chemical formula of a gas if it has a pressure of 1.40 atm and a density
of 1.82 g/L at 27 °C?
a. CO2 c. CH4
b. CO d. O2

_____19. Which of the following gases has the greatest density at 0 °C and 1 atm?
a. N2 c. F2
b. O2 d. Ne

_____20. What are standard temperature and pressure conditions for gases?
a. 0 °C and 0 torr c. – 273 °C and 1 atm
b. 0 K and 760 torr d. 0 °C and 760 torr

_____21. If the volume of a confined gas is doubled while the temperature remains
constant, what change (if any) would be observed in the pressure?
a. It would be half as large c. It would be four times as large
b. It would double d. It would be ¼ as large

_____22. A given mass of gas in a rigid container is heated from 1000 °C to 500 °C. Which of
the following responses best describes what will happen to the pressure of the
gas?
a. The pressure will decrease by a factor of five
b. The pressure will increase by a factor of five
c. The pressure will increase by a factor of two
d. The pressure will increase by a factor of about eight

CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry | 11

_____23.Fruit is canned while it is steaming hot because
a. The added pressure inside helps to seal the jars
b. the fruit stays hot longer in sealed jars
c. the atmospheric pressure will be greater than the inside pressure when the jars
cool
d. the lids loosen as the fruit cools

_____24. As a liquid evaporates from an open container at 70 °C,

a. the liquid becomes warmer
b. the molecules of the liquid decompose
c. molecules return to the surface as fast as they leave
d. the vapor molecules have greater kinetic energy than the liquid molecules
remaining

_N/A_25. The expression standard temperature is

a. the Celsius temperature of melting ice
b. the Celsius temperature of boiling water
c. zero Kelvin
d. the Fahrenheit temperature at zero degrees

_____26. When the pressure of ammonia gas is increased at constant temperature

a. the energy of the molecules increases
b. the spaces between the molecules increase
c. the bonds between the atoms are broken
d. liquid ammonia forms

_____27. A toy balloon tends to become spherical when inflated because:

a. gases exert pressure equally in all directions
b. the balloon contains carbon dioxide
c. air tends to be permeable
d. the rubber used in balloons contains impurities

_____28. If the volume of a gas is constant, express T2 to show pressure change of a gas is
directly proportional to the change in temperature.
a. (P1 x T2)/P2 c. (T1 x P1)/P2
b. (P2 x T1)/P1 d. (P2 x T2)/P1

_____29. Boyle’s law relates to the effect of:

a. variations in pressure on the volume of gases at constant temperature
b. the rates of diffusion of two gases
c. increased temperature on the volume of gases
d. decreased temperature on the volume of gases

_____30. Doubling the initial pressure under which 1000 mL of a gas was confined causes
the volume of the gas to
a. double c. decrease very slightly
b. remain the same d. decrease greatly

12 CHAPTER IX: Gases| Chemistry |