GAS

LAWS
BEHAVIOR OF
GASES
 GAS
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
VOLUME
 Properties of Gas
• Gas has no definite shape and volume. Their
volume is the volume of their container
because they occupy all spaces available in
their container. They are compressible when
pressure is exerted and they also exert
pressure.
• Gases expand when heated and contract when
cooled. The intermolecular force of attraction
between their particles is negligible, thus, they
diffuse easily.
Measurable
Properties of
Gas
 The volume of a gas

Volu
is equal to the
volume of its
me container. This is
because the gas
occupies all spaces
available in its
vessel. The common
units of volume used
in gas measurements
 • The pressure of a gas is the
force exerted by the gas

Pres molecules on the walls of its

sure container divided by the

surface area of the container.
The Earth’s atmosphere
exerts pressure on us at 1.013
x105 N/m2 or 1 atm
(atmosphere). Atmospheric
pressure decreases as altitude
increases. The common units
of pressure and their
 • The temperature of a gas is the
average kinetic energy of the

Temper
particles of gas. It is usually
determined using a thermometer.

ature It is usually expressed in degree

Celsius (°C), degree Fahrenheit
(°F) and Kelvin (K). However, only
Kelvin is used in computations
involving temperature of gas. The
following are the useful formulas
in converting units of
temperature:

• °C = (°F -32) /
 • The standard condition for
Standa a gas is also known as STP
rd or the Standard

Conditi Temperature and Pressure.

The standard temperature
ons of is the melting of an ice
a Gas which is 0°C or 273K. The
standard pressure is the
average pressure of the
atmosphere at sea level
which is equal to 1 atm.
 Kinetic
Molecular
The behavior of gases is determined by the behavior of its individual
particles. To explain behavioral properties of gases, The Kinetic
Molecular Theory was formulated. According to this theory, gas has the

Theory
following characteristics:
1. Gas is made up of particles that continuously move in random and
straight-line motion.
2. The spaces between these particles are so wide that the force of
attraction is negligible, thus, they diffuse easily and mix readily with
other gases.
3. The collision of particles to each other and to the walls of its
container is perfectly elastic. This means that they don’t lose or gain
energy as they collide.
4. The average kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature. This means that when the temperature is
high, particles of gas are rapidly moving or colliding to each other.
 GAS
LAWS
 Boyle’s Law
 Pressure and
vo lu m e a r e in v e r se ly
re la te d a t c o n st a n t
temperature.

R ob er
 P1V1 = P2 2tVBoyle
 Boyle’s law, also
called Mariotte’s law, a
Boyle’s relation concerning the
Law compression and expansion
of a gas at constant
temperature. This empirical
relation, formulated by the
physicist Robert Boyle in
1662, states that the pressure
(p) of a given quantity of gas
varies inversely with its
volume (v) at constant
 EXAMPL
1. A gas sample ES
contained in a cylinder
equipped with a
moveable piston
occupied 300.0 mL at a
pressure of 2.00 atm.
What would be the
 EXAMPL
2. A balloon that ES
contains 1.50 L of air at
1.00 atm is taken
underwater to a depth
at which the pressure
is 3.00 atm. Calculate
the new volume of the
Group 1 & 4
• If 22.5 L of nitrogen at 748 mm Hg are compressed to 725 mm Hg at
constant temperature. What is the new volume?

Group 2 & 5
• A gas with a volume of 4.0L at a pressure of 205kPa is allowed to expand
to a volume of 12.0L. What is the pressure in the container if the
temperature remains constant?

Group 3 & 6
• A 40.0 L tank of ammonia has a pressure of 12.7 kPa. Calculate the
volume of the ammonia if its pressure is changed to 8.4 kPa while its
temperature remains constant.
 C h a r l es ’ L a w
 Volume of a gas varies directly
with the a bsolute te m pe rature at
constant pressure.

 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Jacques-Alexandre
Charles
 Kelvin temperature
Charle’s
Law
 EXAMPL
1. Several balloons are ES
inflated with helium to a
volume of 0.75 L at 27C.
One of the balloons was
found several hours later,
the temperature had
dropped to 22C. What
would be the volume of
 EXAMPL
2. A weather balloon is ES
filled to the volume of
150.0 L on a day when
the temperature is 10.0C.
If no gases escaped,
what would be the
volume of the weather
balloon after it rises to an
 Gay-Lussac
atwconstant
LA
volume, pressure
and absolute
temperature are
di re c t l y re l a t e d .
Josep h - L o u is
 P1 /GTa1y= us
-LP 2 /
s T
ac2
 Gay-Lussac’s law is a gas law which

Gay-
states that the pressure exerted by a
gas (of a given mass and kept at a

Lussac’
constant volume) varies directly with
the absolute temperature of the gas. In

s law
other words, the pressure exerted by a
gas is proportional to the temperature
of the gas when the mass is fixed and
the volume is constant.
This law was formulated by the French
chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac in the year
1808. The mathematical expression of
Gay-Lussac’s law can be written as
follows:
P ∝ T ; P/T = k
Where:
•P is the pressure exerted by the gas
 EXAMPL
1. A sample of gas ES
occupies 10.0 L at
100.0 torr and
27.0C. Calculate the
pressure if the
temperature is
changed to 127C
 EXAMPL
2. The ES
temperature of
200.0 mL of a gas
originally at STP is
changed to -25C at
constant volume.
 Combined GAS
LAW
The formulae of
Boyle’s, Charles’
and
Boyle’s
Gay-Lussac’s
Charles’ Gay-
law:
Law
Law: Lussac’s
Law:

P1V1 = P2V2 V1T2 = V2T1 P1T2 = P2T1

The Combined Gas Law
states that a gas
pressure x volume x
temperature =
constant. ... the first
one being Boyle's law
and it talks about the
relationship between
pressure and volume
of a particular gas. The
next one should be
Charles law which talks
about the volume and
 EXAMPL
1. A 280.0 mL ES
sample of neon
exerts a pressure of
660.0 torr at 26.0C.
At what temperature,
C, would it exert a
pressure of 940. torr
 EXAMPL
2. A certain gas has a volume ofES
500.0 mL at 77.0 C and 600.0
o

torr. Calculate the temperature

if the volume decreased to
400.0 mL and the pressure is
increased to 760. torr and
assume the number of moles
does not change.
 Ideal Gas Law
Before we look at the Ideal Gas
Equation, let us state the four gas
variables and one constant for a better
understanding. The four gas variables
are: pressure (P), volume (V), number
of mole of gas (n), and temperature (T).
Lastly, the constant in the equation
shown below is R, known as the the gas
constant, which will be discussed in
 PV=nRT
atm
Torr
Pressure P Pa
mmHg
L
Volume V m³
Moles n mol
Temperature T K
Gas Constant R* 0.082057 L atm mol-1 K-1
 EXAMPL
5.0 g of neon isES

at 256 mm Hg
and at a
temperature of
35º C. What is
 EXAMPL
What is a gas’s ES
temperature in
Celsius when it has
a volume of 25 L,
203 mol, 143.5
atm?
 WORKSHEET
Boyle’s Law Problems:
1. If 22.5 L of nitrogen at 748 mm Hg are compressed to 725 mm Hg at constant temperature. What is the
new volume?
2. A gas with a volume of 4.0L at a pressure of 205kPa is allowed to expand to a volume of 12.0L. What is
the pressure in the container if the temperature remains constant?
Charles’ Law Problems:
3. Calculate the decrease in temperature when 6.00 L at 20.0 °C is compressed to 4.00 L.
4. A container containing 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100 K and then allowed to expand to 20.0 L. What
must the new temperature be in order to maintain the same pressure (as required by Charles' Law)?
Guy-Lussac’s Law 1. The gases in a hair spray can are at a temperature of 27o C and a pressure of 30 lbs/in2
. If the gases in the can reach a pressure of 90 lbs/in2 , the can will explode. To what temperature must the
gases be raised in order for the can to explode? Assume constant volume. (630 o C) 2. Maybelline
Cousteau’s backup oxygen tank reads 900 mmHg while on her boat, where the temperature is 27o C. When
she dives down to the bottom of an unexplored methane lake on a recently-discovered moon of Neptune,
the temperature will drop down to –183o C. What will the pressure in her backup tank be at that
temperature? (270 mmHg)