APPLICATION TO SITE CONSTRUCTION AND ESTIMATES Dr. Florante D. Poso, Jr. OUTLINE - Introduction to Surveying and Types of Surveying Instruments Care and Adjustments by Surveyors Classification of Surveying Types of Surveys Roles and Work of Surveyor in Construction What are the Duties of a Surveyor? Work Characteristics of Surveyor Field Work Conducted by Surveyors The field note Office Works done by a surveyor OUTLINE Measurement of distance, Errors in Measurement Types of Measurements Types of Errors Sources of Errors Tape Corrections
Measurements of Directions and Angles,
Bearing and Azimuth, and Magnetic Declination
Balancing the Traverse and Area Computation
Traversing Area Computation Methods OUTLINE Topographic Surveying Missing Data
Earthwork Operations
Survey applications on site construction
Surveying for Construction of Irrigation Projects Surveying for New Railway Line Construction Underground Surveying Methods and Applications Use of survey data in estimates Use of softwares in contouring and surface mapping theart and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent and relative position of points, lines and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extra-terrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use specialized equipment and techniques. Plane surveying – is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distance and area involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
Geodetic surveying – survey of wide extent
which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Cadastral survey – usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners and area.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING City survey – are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments determining the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Construction surveys — surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects and builders.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Forestry surveys – surveys executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Hydrographic surveys — refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams. They are of general importance in connection with navigation, development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydroelectric power, subaqueous constructions and recreation.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Industrial surveys — sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Mine surveys — surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations. to calculate excavated volumes and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Photogrammetric surveys — surveys which make use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Route surveys — involve the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals. transmission lines, and other linear projects.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Topographic surveys — surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location, and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Astrolabe — The astrolabe of Hipparchus is considered to be one of the best known of the measuring instruments. It was developed sometime in 140BC, and further improved by Ptolemy.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Telescope – The invention of the telescope in 1607 is accredited to Lippershey. In 1609, Galileo constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical observations.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Trantsit - The invention of the transit is credited to Young and Draper who worked independently from each other sometime in 1830.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Semicircumferentor – An early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Plane table – It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Dioptra –which was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a copper tube supported on a standard and could be rotated in either a horizontal or vertical plane.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Roman Groma – It is an instrument for aligning or sighting points. It consisted basically of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Libella – The instrument had an A - frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Vernier – The vernier is a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Diopter – An instrument developed by the Greeks sometime in 130B.C. It was used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Compass – The magnetic compass came into wide use during the 13th century for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Gunter's Chain – The Gunter's Chain, which was invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in 1620, was the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances. It is 66ft long and contains 100 links. Each link is 0.66ft long. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Chorobates - This instrument was designed for leveling work. It consisted of a horizontal straight-edge about 6m long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5cm deep and 1.5m long on top.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING – the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard. It is a tact that the best surveyor is not the one who makes the most accurate and precise measurements, but the one who is able to choose and apply the required or appropriate degree of precision.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING It was concentrated on angles, elevations, times, lines, areas, and volumes. Note: – Measurements are never exact and they will always imperfect no matter how carefully made. – The physical measurements acquired are correct only within certain limits because errors cannot be totally eliminated.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Direct measurement – a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind.
Indirect measurement – in this type of
measurement, the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known values. The observed value is determined by the relationship to some other known values.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING – the international unit of linear measure. It is now defined as a length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light produced by burning the element krypton.
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING The following more deca – = 10 commonly used deci – = 0.1 prefixes are added centi – = 0.01 to basic names. milli – = 0.001 mega – = 1,000,000 micro – = kilo – = 1,000 0.000001 hecto – = 100 nano – = 0.000000001 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING The SI unit for plane angles is the radian. The radian is defined as an angle subtended by an arc of a circle having a length equal to the radius of the circle.
