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Chapter 1

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Surveying involves determining the spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring distances, angles, directions, and establishing reference points. There are different types of surveys for various purposes like cadastral surveys for property boundaries, topographic surveys to create maps, and construction surveys. Surveying data is presented graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Precise geodetic surveys are used for large areas while plane surveying neglects Earth's curvature over smaller areas. Standard metric units like meters and millimeters are used to report survey measurements, which are rounded according to set rules.

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Chapter 1

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odyson santos
45 views2 pages
Surveying involves determining the spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring distances, angles, directions, and establishing reference points. There are different types of surveys for various purposes like cadastral surveys for property boundaries, topographic surveys to create maps, and construction surveys. Surveying data is presented graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Precise geodetic surveys are used for large areas while plane surveying neglects Earth's curvature over smaller areas. Standard metric units like meters and millimeters are used to report survey measurements, which are rounded according to set rules.

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Surveying involves determining the spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring distances, angles, directions, and establishing reference points. There are different types of surveys for various purposes like cadastral surveys for property boundaries, topographic surveys to create maps, and construction surveys. Surveying data is presented graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Precise geodetic surveys are used for large areas while plane surveying neglects Earth's curvature over smaller areas. Standard metric units like meters and millimeters are used to report survey measurements, which are rounded according to set rules.

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45 views2 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

odyson santos
Surveying involves determining the spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring distances, angles, directions, and establishing reference points. There are different types of surveys for various purposes like cadastral surveys for property boundaries, topographic surveys to create maps, and construction surveys. Surveying data is presented graphically in maps, profiles, and diagrams. Precise geodetic surveys are used for large areas while plane surveying neglects Earth's curvature over smaller areas. Standard metric units like meters and millimeters are used to report survey measurements, which are rounded according to set rules.

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Definition of Surveying

 Surveying has to do with the determination of the relative spatial location of points on or
near the surface of the earth.
 It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring
angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear measurements.
 Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculations.
 Distances, angles, directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus
determined from the data of the survey.
 Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross
sections, and diagrams.
The importance of the Surveying
Land surveying is basically an art and science of mapping and measuring land. The
entire scope of profession is wide; it actually boils down to calculate where the land boundaries
are situated. This is very important as without this service, there would not have been railroads,
skyscrapers could not have been erected and neither any individual could have put fences
around their yards for not intruding others land
Classification of Surveying
Geodetic Surveying:
The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. These surveys
are of high precision and extend over large areas

Plane Surveying:
The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane,
or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected, with regard to horizontal distances and directions.
Types of Surveys

 Cadastral Surveys: Usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural
locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries
 City Surveys: Made for planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines
fixing reference monuments and preparing maps.
 Topographic Survey: Made to gather data to produce a topographic map showing the
configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.
 Hydrographic Survey: The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation,
water supply, or sub-aqueous construction.
 Mining Survey: Made to control, locate and map underground and surface works related
to mining operations.
 Construction Survey: Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering
works.
 Route Survey: Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary
for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and
pipelines.
 Photogrammetric Survey: Made to utilize the principles of aerial photogrammetry, in
which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of
photographed objects.
 Forestry surveys: A type of survey executed in connection with forest management and
mensuration and the production and conservation of forest lands.
 Industrial Survey: Sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying
techniques in ship building, construction o aircrafts and other industries where very
accurate dimensional layouts are required.

Units of Measurement

The unit of measurement used in engineering survey is the International System of Units, or SI.
Units of measure in the metric system. The units of length or linear size are derived from the
metre. They comprise of the kilometre (km) that is 1000 meters, the centimetre (cm), and the
millimetre (mm) which is 1/1000th of a meter.

Rounding off Numbers


Rule 1: Digit is less than 5. When the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the number is witten
without the digit.
Rule 2: Digit is equal to 5. When the digit to be dropped is exactly 5, the nearest number is used
for the preceding digit. Thus 26.175, rounded off to the nearest hundredth becomes 26.18. Also,
156.285 would be 156.28
Rule 3: Digit is greater than 5. When the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, the number is
written with the preceding digit increased by one.

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