BỘ CÔNG THƯƠNG

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP THỰC

PHẨM TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH
- BÀI GIẢNG -

IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS)

Ngoc-Tran Le, PhD

CHAPTER 2_2
SENSORS
 OUTLINE
❖ Sensors Classification
❖ Working Principle of Sensors

❖ Criteria to Choose a Sensor

❖ Generation of Sensors
 Sensors Classification
❖ Based on applications:
o Industrial process control
o Measurement and automation
o Automobiles,
o Consumer electronics
o Aircraft
o Medical products.
Sensors - Medical product
 Sensors Classification
❖ Based on power or energy supply: Active & Passive
sensors
Passive Sensors
Active Sensors
▪ It produce electric voltage or ▪ It generates a change in quantity
current in response to the of electrical energy, e.g.
environmental change. resistance, inductance, or
▪ It provide their own energy capacitance as a result of
source for illumination. environmental changes.
▪ They are able to obtain ▪ It generate energy when the
measurements anytime (day & natural energy (like sunlight) is
night) available.
▪ They can obtain measurements
only in the Day time
Sensors Classification
Active Sensors
Sensors Classification
❖Classification based on output of sensor: Analog and
Digital sensors.
❑ Analog sensor:
o Analog sensors produces a continuous analog signal
(Voltage) proportional to the measured physical parameters.
o It senses the external parameters (wind speed, solar
radiation, light intensity etc.) and gives analog voltage
as an output. The output voltage may be in the range
of 0 to 5V. Logic High is treated as “1” (3.5 to 5V)
and Logic Low is indicated by “0” (0 to 3.5 V).
o An analog-to-digital converter is required to read the sensor
by microcontroller or processor.
 Sensors Classification
❑ Analog sensor:

▪ The advantage of an Analog sensor, it’s price, analog sensor is

cheep compared to digital sensors.
▪ The disadvantage of an analog sensor, you need an ADC module in
your microcontroller to convert the signal from analog to digital to
make it possible for your microcontroller to read it.
 Sensors Classification
❑ Digital sensor: Digital Sensor produce discrete values (0
and 1’s). Discrete values often called digital (binary)
signals in digital communication, which can be directly
processed through a controller or processor.

https://www.codrey.com/electronics/different-types-of-sensors/
 Sensors Classification
❖ Classification based on the type of sensor:
❑ Accelerometers: Accelerometers
are based on the technology
named “microelectromechanical
sensor.” They can be used in
dynamic systems.

❑ Biosensors: Biosensors are

based on the electrochemical
technology. They can be used for
medical care devices, water
testing, food testing, etc.
 Sensors Classification
❑ Image sensors: These are developed
on the basics of the complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
technique. These are widely used into
video surveillance, biometrics, and traffic
management.

❑ Motion detectors: Motion detectors are

based on the infrared, ultrasonic, and
microwave/radar technology. These are
used in security purposes.
 Sensors Classification
❖ Classification based on property: The sensors are also
classified on the basis of the property of the physical
parameter. Thermocouples
❑ Temperature: Thermocouples,
thermistors, resistance
temperature detectors (RTDs).

thermistors

resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)

 Sensors Classification

❑ Flow: Thermal mass, differential

pressure, electromagnetic, positional
displacement, etc.

❑ Level sensors: Ultrasonic radio

frequency, radar, thermal displacement,
etc.
 Sensors Classification
❑ Pressure: Fiber optic, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT),
elastic liquid-based manometers, vacuum, electronic
 Sensors Classification
❑ Proximity and displacement:
Capacitive, LVDT, magnetic,
photoelectric, ultrasonic

❑ Gas and chemical: Semiconductor,

conductance, infrared, electrochemical
 Sensors Classification
❑ Biosensors: Electrochemical, resonant mirror, surface plasmon
resonance
❑ Image: Charge-coupled devices, CMOS
❑ Acceleration: Accelerometers, gyroscopes
 OUTLINE
❖ Sensors Classification
❖ Working Principle of Sensors

❖ Criteria to Choose a Sensor

❖ Generation of Sensors
 Working Principle of Sensors
❑ Temperature sensor: The temperature sensor measures the
environmental temperature and converts it to an electrical signal.
The principle of the thermometer is expansion and contraction
of mercury in glass.
o Contact sensor: The sensor that needs to be in physical contact
with the object.
o Noncontact sensor: The sensor that needn’t to be in physical
contact with the object. This type of sensor uses Plank’s Law to
measure temperature, which senses the heat radiated from the
source to measure the temperature.
Working Principle of Sensors
Examples of temperature sensors:
➢ Thermocouple: Thermocouple is made of two wires, each with
different metals. A junction is formed by joining the ends.
This junction is open to the object for which temperature
needs to be measured; the other end is connected to a measuring
device. The current will flow through the metal, due
to a difference in temperature of two junctions.
➢ Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs): An RTD is type of
thermal resistor that is designed to alter the electrical resistance
with a change in temperature.
➢ Thermistors: It is type of thermal resistor that changes the
resistance in proportion with small changes in temperature.
Working Principle of Sensors
❑ IR sensor: An IR sensor emits and detects the infrared rays to
sense a specific environment. It is sensitive toward noise and light.
The application of an IR sensor includes thermography, heating,
meteorology, climatology, spectroscopy, and communications.
 Working Principle of Sensors
❑ UV sensor:
o A UV sensor measures the
intensity or the power of an
incident ultraviolet radiation.
o A polycrystalline diamond material
is used for ultraviolet sensing. It
can transmit different types of
energy signals but can accept only
one type of signal.
o The electrical meter is used to read
the output signals and processed
to the computer through analog-to-
digital converters.
o The UV sensor is used in UV water
treatment, light sensors,
UV spectrum detectors, etc.
Working Principle of Sensors

❑ Touch sensor:
o A touch sensor is a variable resistor that changes
its resistance as per the location where it gets touched. It is
made of a conductive and a partially conductive substance and
insulated in a plastic cover. The flow of current is due to a
conductive material that allows current partially.
o The touch sensor is a cost-effective solution for many
applications, such as washing machines, fluid-level sensors, and
dishwashers.
https://www.raypcb.com/touch-sensor/
 Working Principle of Sensors

❑ Proximity sensor: A proximity sensor can detect the presence of

an object without any contact point. The working principle is
electromagnetic waves that are emitted by the sensor and return
when the object is in range of the waves. The presence of the
object is detected with the change in filed radiation. The proximity
sensors working are of different types, like inductive, capacitive,
photoelectric sensor, ultrasonic, and Hall-effect.
 Working Principle of Sensors
o Inductive proximity sensor: This type of sensor has an oscillator as
an input, which changes the loss resistance by the proximity of an
electrically conductive medium. For metal detection, these types of
sensors are used.
 Working Principle of Sensors
o Capacitive proximity sensor: This type of sensor converts
capacitance by changing electrode displacement. It can be done by
bringing the object within the variable frequencies.
o For plastic targets, these types of sensors are used.

• When the metal or the dielectric approaches the electrode, the capacitance between a main
electrode and ground potential increases by the effect of the electrostatic induction.
• The oscillation circuit that starts oscillation depending on the capacitance change of this
electrode is composed, and the approach of the sensing object is detected by increase of the
oscillation amplitude.
• When the sensing object is the dielectric, the change in the capacitance between a main
electrode and ground potential grows by the relative permittivity large and it is easy for the
sensor to detect it.
 Working Principle of Sensors
❑ Ultrasonic sensor: An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the
distance of an object. The working principle is the time duration
between the emission and receiving of the waves after reflecting
from the object. Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to measure
the distance of an object.
 OUTLINE
❖ Sensors Classification
❖ Working Principle of Sensors

❖ Criteria to Choose a Sensor

❖ Generation of Sensors
Criteria to Choose a Sensor

1. Accuracy
2. Cost
3. Range of communication
4. Repeatability
5. Resolution
6. Environmental constraints
7. Data calibration
 OUTLINE
❖ Sensors Classification
❖ Working Principle of Sensors

❖ Criteria to Choose a Sensor

❖ Generation of Sensors
 Generation of Sensors
❑ First generation: The first-generation sensors were associated with
electronics. Most of the structures were based on silicon structure.
Few sensors had the facility of analog amplification on a microchip.

❑ Second generation: This generation of sensors was analog in

nature with MEMS element combined with analog amplification.
These had the facility of an analog-to-digital converter on one
microchip.

❑ Third generation: This generation of sensors had a combination of

sensor element, analog amplification, and analog-to-digital converter
with the on-chip digital intelligence and temperature compensation.
 Generation of Sensors
❑ Fourth generation: This generation of sensors had an additional
feature of memory cell for calibration and temperature
compensation, along with the features of the third generation.

❑ Fifth generation: This is generation of intelligent sensors with the

capability of communication.