University of Engineering and

Technology, Lahore
FSD Campus Textile
Department

Subject Code: (TEX-206L)

Subject title: Dye Stuff & Color Science

Submitted by:

Hadia Nazir 2022-CD-TXE-01

Submitted to: Engr.Dr.Faiza/Ms Komal

Submission Date: 22/04/2024

Lab Report # 05

1|Page
 Table of Contents
Title:
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................03
1. Introduction:.............................................................................................................................................03
1.1 Para nitro aniline..............................................................................................................................03
1.2 β naphthol.........................................................................................................................................03
2. Preparation of Dye Solution.....................................................................................................................04
2.1. Factors on which the dying process depends..................................................................................04
3. Material and Methods..............................................................................................................................04
3.1. Material...........................................................................................................................................04
3.2. Methodology....................................................................................................................................04
4. Results and Discussions...........................................................................................................................05
4.1. Crocking fastness test ......................................................................................................................05
4.2. Results .............................................................................................................................................05
5.Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................05
6.Reference:.................................................................................................................................................05

2|Page
 Title: To dye the given fabric by using Para Red dye.

Abstract:
In this lab, the para red dye was made and applied to 100% cotton fabric that had been
bleached. After padding, the sample was dried, cured, and cleaned at a variety of temperatures.
After that testing of fabric was done a crock meter was used to verify the fastness property and
shade depth test was done.
1. Introduction
Para red dye, a vibrant and widely utilized synthetic coloring agent, belongs to the esteemed
family of azo dyes. Renowned for its intense red hue, para red dye finds applications across
diverse industries, including textiles, cosmetics, and food. Its nomenclature, "para," denotes the
positioning of chemical groups within its molecular structure. This dye is characterized by its azo
compounds, featuring nitrogen-nitrogen double bonds, which confer its distinct coloring
properties. In the textile realm, para red dye is instrumental in imbuing fabrics like wool and silk
with rich shades of red, while in cosmetics, it lends its bold hue to products ranging from
lipsticks to hair dyes. Historically, it has also been utilized in food applications, although its use
in this sector has diminished due to regulatory concerns. Despite its widespread use, the safety
and regulatory landscape surrounding para red dye remains under
scrutiny, reflecting ongoing efforts to ensure its responsible
application and consumer well-being.[1]
1.1. Para nitro aniline:
Para-nitroaniline is an organic compound recognized for its pivotal
role in chemical synthesis. With its chemical formula C6H6N2O2, it
features a benzene ring adorned with a nitro group at the para
position opposite an amino group. .[2] Typically observed as yellow
crystals or powder, it finds utility primarily as a chemical
intermediate. Its applications span diverse industries, including the
dye sector where it serves as a precursor for vibrant azo dyes, as
well as in pharmaceutical synthesis and analytical chemistry. While its contributions are
significant, caution is warranted due to potential health and safety risks associated with its
handling.[3]
1.2. β naphthol:
Beta-naphthol, also known as 2-naphthol, is a crystalline organic compound with the molecular
formula C10H8O. It is derived from naphthalene, a common aromatic hydrocarbon. Beta-
naphthol is characterized by its white to light yellow color and is sparingly soluble in water but
soluble in organic solvents. This compound finds wide application in various industries,
including dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and as a chemical intermediate. Additionally,
beta-naphthol has applications in analytical chemistry, where it is employed as a reagent for
detecting and identifying certain compounds. Due to its versatility and importance in various
industrial processes, beta-naphthol remains a valuable compound in the realm of organic
chemistry.[4]

3|Page
2. Preparation of Dye Solution:
To prepare the para red dye first we prepared the diazonium salt. 7 grams of para nitro
aniline was poured into a beaker and after that we add the water and hydrochloric acid of 15ml
each in the beaker. And then we boiled the solution to soluble the solid content. After that the
solution was to cool down to room temperature. To lower down its temperature to 0°C we placed
the beaker in a ice jacket. After the required temperature is achieved 3.5 grams of sodium nitrate
was added to the solution. And then we shake the solution.[4]
Secondly coupler was prepared. To prepare coupler 7.5g of β-naphthol and 20 ml ethanol was
taken in a beaker and the temperature was cooled down to 0°C.When we prepared the diazonium
salt and coupler, we mixed both solutions and stirred the solution for about 30 minutes. Then the
solution was filtered by filter paper.
2.1. Factors on which the dying process depends:
Following are the factors on which the dying process depends upon:
 Fabric Type
 Dye Concentration
 pH Level
 Temperature
 Duration of Dyeing
 Mechanical Agitation
 Chemical Additives
 Water Quality
 Environmental Conditions
3. Material and Method:
3.1. Material:
 Dye
 Stirrer
 Dropper
 Beaker
 Pipet
 Padder
 Weigh balance
 Stenter
 Crock Meter

4 | P a gFigure
e 2: Crock Meter Figure 3: Stenter Figure 4: Padder
 Recipe: Process condition:
Disperse dye = 2% Temperature = 100-110 oC
Carrier = 40 g/l Time = 40 min
Dispersing agent = 2g/l pH = 4 - 4.5
3.2. Methology:
 Firstly, take a beaker to make solution
 Add 2% dye and make solution of 100 ml solution according to percentage
 Next dye the fabric using padder machine.
 Dry the fabric using stenter machine for 3 mints to complete dry and cure the fabric.
 Dyed fabric was tested with crocking fastness and shade depth test.
4. Results and Discussions:
4.1. Crocking fastness test:
Sr.n Dry fastness Wet fastness
o
1. 4/5 4/5
Table 1: Crocking fastness test

Sample A: Dry fastness Sample B: Wet fastness

4.2. Results:
Table 1 shows that by using crock meter the dry fastness is 4/5 and wet fastness is 4/5.
5. Conclusion:
Dyeing fabric using Para Red dye involves several key steps to ensure successful
results. From preparing the fabric and dye bath to controlling factors like temperature, pH, and
rinsing, each stage contributes to achieving the desired color intensity and colorfastness. Safety
precautions, including wearing protective gear and working in a well-ventilated area, are
essential when handling chemical dyes like Para Red.
6. References:
[1]
Padma Shree Vankar, " Natural Dyes for Textiles Sources, Chemistry and Applications”
in Textiles & Polymers, India, Bombai, 2017.

[2] K. Lacasse, W. Baumann, “Textile Chemicals Environmental Data and Facts,” in

5|Page
[3] N. E. A. IBRAHIM, "Effect of cellulase treatment on the extent of post-finishing and dyeing of cotton
fabrics," Materials Processing Technology, 2005.

[4] https://www.ritdye.com/instructions/using-rit-all-purpose-dye/.

6|Page