1.
INTRODUCTION
2. CERAMIC PRODUCTS
Ceramic materials, manufactured from fired clay, have been used in construction since at least 4000 BC in Egypt,
and represent the earliest manufactured building materials. Whilst the strict definition of ceramics includes glass, stone and
cement, this chapter deals only with the traditional ceramics based on clays.
The variety of traditional ceramic products used within the building industry arises from the wide range of natural
and blended clays used for their production. The roof of the spectacular Sydney Opera House is surfaced with white
ceramic tiles which reflect the changing light associated with the time of day
Sydney Opera House and ceramic tile roof detail.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Clay products are either formed by wet or dry
processes. In the former case the artefacts must be dried
slowly prior to firing, allowing for shrinkage without
cracking. Where a high level of dimensional accuracy is
required, as in wall and floor tiles, a dry process is used in
which powdered clay is compressed into the required form.
As the firing temperature is gradually increased, the majority
of the chemically-bonded water is removed by 500°C. At
800°C, carbonaceous matter has been burnt off as carbon
dioxide, and the sintering process commences, at first
producing a highly porous material. As the temperature is
further raised towards 1200°C, the alumina and silica
components recrystallise to form mullite. With an additional
increase in firing temperature, a more glassy ceramic is
produced due to further recrystallisation and if the firing
temperature reaches 1300°C, any remaining free silica is
recrystallised. In the presence of potassium or sodium salts
vitrification occurs giving an impervious product.
Firing of clays
2.1 FIRECLAY (đất sét nung)
A range of clays
(predominantly blends of
alumina and silica) high in silica
(40 – 80%) and low in iron
oxide (2 – 3%) produce fireclay
refractory products which will
withstand high temperatures
without deformation. Dense
products have high flame
resistance, while the insulating
lower-density products are
suitable for flue linings. White
glazed fireclay is typically used
for urinals, floor channels,
industrial and laboratory sinks.
2.2 BRICKS AND ROOFING TILES
(gạch gốm và ngói lợp)
Glazed bricks (gạch tráng men) are manufactured in a Roofing tiles are made from similar clays to bricks, such
wide range of high-gloss, uniform or mottled colours. as Etruria marl, but for both handmade and machine-made
Colour-fast glazed bricks offer a low maintenance, tiles, the raw materials have to be screened to a finer
frost- and vandal-resistant material suitable for light grade than for brick manufacture. Traditional red, brown,
reflecting walls. Standard and purpose-made specials buff, brindled or ‘antique’ ceramic roofing tiles are
can be manufactured to order. Normal bricklaying unglazed with a plain or sanded finish. While most
techniques are appropriate, but to reduce the visual interlocking clay tiles can be used to a minimum pitch of
effect of the mortar joints they may be decreased from 22.5°, one imported product with a double-side interlock
the standard 10 to 6 mm. For conservation work, in and a triple head/tail interlock may be used down to only
order to match new to existing it may be necessary to 10°. This product is available in natural terracotta red or
fire the glazed bricks a second time at a reduced slip-coated brown or grey. Where bright colours are
temperature to simulate the existing material colour required, high- and low-gloss pantiles are available in a
range of strong colours, or to individual specification. For
plain tiles, a range of standard fittings is produced for hips,
valleys, eaves, ridges, verges, internal and external angles.
Tiles are usually shrink-wrapped for protection and ease
of handling on site.
Roof tiles – feature tiles and plain tile fittings
2.3 TERRACOTTA (đất nung)
In order to produce intricately detailed terracotta
building components, the clay has to be more finely divided
than is necessary for bricks and roof tiles. The presence of
iron oxide within the clay causes the buff, brown or red
colouration of the fired product. During the latter part of
the nineteenth century many civic buildings were
constructed with highly decorative terracotta blocks. The
material was used because it was cheaper than stone,
durable and could be readily moulded. The blocks, which
were usually partly hollowed out to facilitate drying and
firing, were filled with concrete during construction.
Modern terracotta blocks may still be supplied for new
work or refurbishment as plain ashlar, profiled or with
sculptural embellishments. Terracotta may be used as the
outer skin of cavity wall construction or as 25 – 40-mm-
thick cladding hung with stainless steel mechanical fixings.
Terracotta ridge tiles and finials
2.4 FAIENCE (sứ)
Faience is glazed terracotta, used either
as structural units or in the form of
decorative slabs applied as cladding. It
was popular in the nineteenth century
and was frequently used in conjunction
with polychrome brickwork on the
facades of buildings such as public
houses. Either terracotta may be glazed
after an initial firing to the biscuit
condition or the slip glaze may be
applied prior to a single firing. The
latter has the advantage that it reduces
the risk of the glaze crazing although it
also restricts the colour range. Faience,
with an orange-peel texture, is available
with either a matt or gloss finish and in
plain or mottled colours. It is a highly
durable material being unaffected by
weathering, frost or ultraviolet light,
but strong impacts can chip the surface
causing unsightly damage.
2.5 STONEWARE (gốm đá)
Stoneware is manufactured from secondary plastic
clays, typically fireclays blended with an added flux such
as feldspar. On firing to between 1200°C and
1300°C the material vitrifies, producing an
impermeable ceramic product with high chemical
resistance. The majority of unglazed vitrified clay pipes
are stoneware. For most purposes push-fit
polypropylene couplings are used which allow flexibility
to accommodate ground movement; however, if
required, traditional jointed socket/spigot drainage
goods are also available in stoneware.
Large stoneware ceramic panels up to 1.2 m
square and 8 mm thick are manufactured as cladding
units for facades. The units, which are colour-fast,
frost - and fire-resistant may be uniform in colour or
flecked and glazed or unglazed. Fixing systems are
exposed or hidden; the open joint system offers rear
ventilation allowing any moisture diffusing from the
supporting wall to be dissipated by natural air
movement.
2.6 MOSAICS
Mosaics in glazed or unglazed porcelain are hard wearing, frost-proof
and resistant to chemicals. Unglazed mosaics may be used for exterior
use and other wet areas such as swimming pools, where good slip
resistance is important. Mosaics are usually supplied attached to paper
sheets for ease of application. Figure 1 illustrates a formal mosaic floor,
while Figure 2 shows the broken tile mosaic finish used by Calatrava
on the Tenerife Concert Hall, following the technique developed by
Gaudi.
Fig.1 Fig.2
Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural
BÀI TẬP LỚN
1. Chủ đề: Tìm hiểu và trình bày về cách sử dụng vật liệu chính bên ngoài
của các công trình Bảo tàng được xây dựng vào nửa cuối thế kỳ 20 đầu thế
kỷ 21.
2. Số lượng công trình: 01 đến 02 công trình.
3. Khối lượng: Nội dung trình bày trong 10 trang giấy A4 (bảo gồm cả
phần chữ + phần hình ảnh)
4. Định dạng file: Word hoặc PDF
