Chapter 1.

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CERAMIC PRODUCTS
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1.8.1 DEFINITIONS

Ceramics
Ceramics' means the technology and the art of making
objects with clay and símilar materials by treating with fire.

Earthern ware

Earthenware is used for clay products burnt at lower

temperatures. They are coarse as well as opaque in character.
Ordinary cooking pots and pans usually used in villages come
in this category.

Stoneware
Stoneware is a product ofrefractory clay to which a large
amount of ground stone and pottery is added. It is burnt at
higher temperature to vitrification. Stone ware and earthware
together is called pottery.
Porcelain
The term porcelain' is used to the white translucent, strong

ermie material made of kaolin and felspar with transparent

T h e y are produced by firing at high temperatures. As it

e n colour, it. is also called whiteware. Dinnerplates, tea

cups szaucers come under this category.
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Terra-cotta
It is hard brownish, unglazed vitrified ceramic material
used for architectural ornamentation. Some tenacota producis
are made by wiring the clay with sawdust etc. and firing i
The sawdust burns and leaves a porous vitriñed clay product

Glazing
Provision of a transparent or opaque glass like coating is

called glazing. The coating is only 0.1 to 0.2 mm thick. It does

not last long when thin in floor tiles.

Tiles
Tiles are thin slabs of baked clay of all shapes and sizes

1.8.2 TYPES OF OF TILES

1. Common clay tiles for floors 9

2. Clay tiles for terraces ( z

3 . Clay tiles for ceiling

4. Glazed tiles for floors and walls
5. Vitrified tiles

6. Common clay roof tiles

7. Country roof tiles.

Tiles
1.8.2.1 Clay Terracing
made according to IS 2690 1964
These tiles are

made in the s a m e way a s floor tiles

Terracing tiles a r e flat tiles
but they a r e not usually glazed.
They c a n be hard-made o
burnt uniformly. The
usual size
machine pressed. They a r e

are 20 cm x 20 cm, 20 x 10 cm and 15 cmx 15 cm.

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 Tiles
Glazed Ceramic
1.8.2.2
Clazed ceramic tiles are made from special ceramic clays
body the of the tile is made and fired
in 2operations. Firstly, at

The products called biseuts.

around 1200" C to 1300 C.
are

These biscuts
are then coated with glaze, decorations etc and
in ovens to give opaque glazing.
again fired
These tiles are used as wall tiles for bathroomsin hospitals
With the advent of technology,
etc. where there is no traffic.
glazing thicker than before are being produced and these tiles
are used in floors in offices, airports etc.

Fully Vitrified Tiles

1.8.2.3
When special clay is mixed with oxides and burnt to very

the clay becomes vitrified and we get

high temperatures
these
coloured vitrified tiles. In contrast to ordinary grazed tiles,
tiles are usually made of vitrified clay. Special techniques
are

used to manufacture special surface. Such tiles farewell as floor

tiles in moderately heavy traffic.

Their water in 0.5%. They can be

absorption is only
the broken section
distinguished from glazed tiles by examining
of the tiles. After manufacturing the edges are grount again so
These tiles
that very close joints can be acquired while laying.
not break when
are mainly used as kitchen floor tiles as they do
any heavy object falls on it.

1.8.2.4 Roof Tiles

different from brick
Clay roof tiles are made of plastic clay
to section 1s
Clay. For making tiles, the clay has to be moulded
thinner than bricks. There are many types of clay roof tiles
roofs.
E S e are
commonly used for covering slopped stepped
The following are the popular roof tiles.

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 a.
Mangalore pattern roofing tiles
b. Half round country tiles (Spanish tiles)
c. Allahabad tiles (Italian tiles)

a. Mangalore pattern roofing tiles

These tiles are of various shapes and dimensions

They overlap on the tile below and also lock with the adjacent
tile as shown in fig.1.20. These tiles are available in 410 mmx
235 mm, 420 mm 250 mm, 425 mm X 260 mm size and the

minimum overlap length wiseis 60 mm and breadth wiseis

25 mm. They are classified into two types depending upon their
water absorption and breaking load as class AA and class A.

In class AA type, water absorption is 19% and breaking

load in (kg) is 102.

In class A type, water absorption is 24% and breaking

loadin kg)is 82.-

Common rafter

Reeper at 30 cm spacings

(b)
Valley

(c)
(a)
a) Plan view of back of tile b) Arrangement of tiles lengthwis"
c) Interlocking of two tiles broad thinwise
Fig. 1.21

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 b) Clay half round country tiles (Spanish tiles)

These tiles are made in Indian villages by potters and

are commonly used in villages. These are laid in nairs as

overtiles as shown in fig.1.22.

undertiles and
The undertiles are laid at a spacing of 26 cm with spaces
not less than 7.5 cm between their edges over the overtiles are
laid. These tiles are also placed over AC or GI sheets as
ornamentation. eMC

Fig. 1.22 Country tiles

c) Allahabad tiles (Italian tiles)

Overline

Underline

Pig.1.23 Allahabad tiles

These tiles consist of two types the bottom and top tiles.
ne bottom tiles are flat, tapered with upturned flanges at the

The overtiles half round and tapered shown

s are as in

"g,25. The trough tiles are 30 mm x 40 mm in size and the

C s are 15 em x 35 cm in size. Both are slightly tapered

towards one end.

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1.8.3 SANITARY APPLIANCES
ceramics made from
These are made of high grade a
materials such
mixture of suitable clays and finely ground as
as

quartz and fields par.

These appliances are of two types

for collection and discharge of

1. Soil appliances
matter. eg water closets, urinals, bidets ete
excretory

2. Waste appliances for discharge of

collection and

waste water from washbasins, drinking fountains.

etc. All exposed surfaces of sanitary wave should be
coated with an impervious vitreous glaze finish to
make it impervious.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART A (One mark)
1. State the different construction materials.

2. Define specific gravity.

3. What is porosity?
4. What is thermal capacity of a material? ,

5. How are rocks classified?

6. State any two igneous rocks.
7. State any 2 stratified rocks.
8. How are rocks chemically classified?
9. How are rocks physically classified?
10. List out the artificial stones used for flooring.
11. Name the building material used instead of stones
in construction work.
12. Name the ingredients of a good brick earth.
13. Name the methods of moulding.

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 14. Where is a pug mill used.

15, What are the two types of machines used in machine

moulding ?

How are bricks burnt ?

16.
17. Name the different types of kilns used for burning

bricks.
18. What should be the crushing strength value of a good
brick?

19. What is the size of std-brick?

20. What is the ratio of length to width of a good brick ?
21. State some ancient structures constructed with lime.
22. Name any two sources of lime.

23. What is calcination?

24. What is quicklime?
25. Name any two pozzolanic materials.

26. What is a flyash ?

27. How is surki made?
28. What are the chemical constituents of cement ?

29. What do you mean by OPC?

30. What are the different grades of cement?
31. Name any two admixtures.

Name any two types of cement available.

33. List the Test in bricks.
34 What is the Dimension Tolerance of bricks as per IS code.

35 Define the term Admistures.

36 What are the classification of Admixtures ?
87. List the
types of Admixtures.
06. What is the function of Retarders?
39. What
is the use of Accelerators?
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 value of Acidity in
water ued .
What is the Allowable
for
40.
Construction?

water.
term Brackish
41. Explain the
construction?
water in
42 What is the Role of
chloride presence in water?
43. What is the defect of

44. Define glass

45. What are the constituents of glass
uscd.
46. What is the range of thickness of glass
47. Name the different types of glass.

48. What is meant by the term tile?

49. What is ceramics?

50: Name any two types of tiles.
51. Name any two types of roof tiles
52. What is stoneware ?

PART B (Tweive marks)

1. State the physical properties of the construction
materials.
2. Explain in detail any five physical properties of the
construction materials.
3. What are igneous rocks
4. Write briefly about the physical classification of rocks.
5. Write briefly about the chemical classification of rocks.
6. Write briefly about the use of stone.
7. List out the natural stones used for
construction.
S. Define rocks and
explain in detail the variou
classification of rocks.
9. What are the requirements of a good building stone.2
10. Write
briefly about the artificial stones used for floorins
11. Describe bricks briefly.

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 brick earth and name its constituents ?
12 What is a

sienilicance of oxides of iron in brick

12 Write briefly the
earth.

14 What are the various steps in the manufacturine

process of brieks?

15. Write briefly about ground moulding.

about table moulding.
16. Write briefly
17. Write briefly about the process of drying of bricks.
18, What are clanips and explain briefly clamp burning
ofbricks?
19. Describe the classification of bricks.
20. Write briefly about the compressive strength of bricks.
21. Write in detail about the composition of good brick
earth.

22. Ilustrate and write in detail the preparation of earth

for brick manufacturing.
23. Write in detail about the moulding process in brick
manufacturing.
24. Describe the burning process of bricks in kilns.

25 What are the properties of good brick ?

26. Explain with sketches the special types of bricks.
27. Write briefly about the classification of lime.
28. Write briefly about the uses of lime.
29. Write briefly the advantages of adding pozzolana.
30. Describe in detail the pozzolanic materials.
1, Define cement and name its ingredients.
32 What are the BIS specifications of OPC?
33. What are admixtures and their uses.
4. List out the different
types of cement.

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35. Write briefly the uses of cement.
36. Write in detail the functions of cement ingredients.
37. Describe the storage of cement.
38. Mention the tests of cement and objects of each test.

39. Write about any five types of cement.

40. Describe the various Test conducted in bricks.
41. Explain the types and uses of Admixtures.
42. List the deleterious materials allowed in water
construction.
43. Write short notes on Brakish (or) sea water for
construction.
44. Write the procedure of Estimation of sulphates in ground
water.

45. Write the Specimen Test Report on water for construction

(Concreting).
46 How are glasses classified and discuss them briefly.
47. Discuss briefly the various functions and utilities of
soda-lime glass.
48. Discuss in detail the constituents of
glas.
49. Name the different types of glass and explain in
detail.
50. Discuss the of glass in
use
buildings.
51. How glasses classified and discuss them briefly.
are

52. Discuss briefly the various functions

and utilities of
soda-lime glass.
53. Discuss in detail the
constituents of glass.
54. Name the different
types of glass and explain in
detail.
55. Discuss the us of glass in buildings.
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