Chapter 1 Communication Methods

Learning Objectives
1. Provide a basic definition of communication 2. Demonstrate knowledge of various methods communication:
3. Verbal communication 4. Non-verbal communication
5. Visual communication

Introduction
Communication means the exchange of ideas and information through speech, writing, gestures or
some other means. Communication is an essential human activity. In our daily lives we need to
communicate with others for one purpose or the other. A teacher communicates with students to
share knowledge and information. An author communicates his ideas, wisdom, views and
experiences by writing a book for readers. A manager of a company or business communicates
policies or instructions with employees through a notice or circular. Communication plays a vital role
in every sphere of human activity. Here, we will learn about methods of communication.

Various Methods of Communication

Having good communication skills means being able to put our point of view in a clear, effective and
unambiguous manner. It helps us not only within our organization but also helps us build new and
profitable relationships with people around us. Let us learn about the three basic methods of
communication that we use to express ourselves—Verbal, Non-Verbal and Visual.

Verbal Communication
Verbal communication is a type of communication in which we pass on knowledge and information
through speaking or writing. As such there are two means of verbal communication—Oral and
Written. Let us learn about them in this section.

Oral Communication
When a message or information is communicated to others by
speaking or through word of mouth it is called Oral
communication. When we use oral communication we get
immediate feedback or response to our message from the
listener/s. In an organization, managers mostly rely on oral
communication to interact with the employees and pass on
individual messages. Oral communication is convenient, quick
and direct. It allows for the immediate clearing of doubts
between the speaker and listener/s. A major disadvantage, Oral Communication
however, of oral communication is that it cannot be preserved for future reference as no records are
maintained for such a communication.

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The following are a few tip for effective oral communication:
Think of what you are saying as your words will have an impact on the listener/s.
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Be calm and composed. Be mindful of your tone and mood while communicating.
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Do not show negative body language while speaking as this also gets conveyed.
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Repeat what you are communicating if you feel there is a scope for doubt.
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Be a good listener. Listen intently with undivided attention when others speak.
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Seek clarification if you have any doubts and repeat the clarification.
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Do not interrupt the other person as this will disrupt his/her train of thought.
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Be open to constructive criticism and suggestions.

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Do you Know? Interpersonal skills are the skills we use when engaged in face-to-face communication with
one or more people.

Written Communication
When the message or information is passed to others in the written form then communication is said
to be written communication. Written communication is very effective when we want to convey the
same message to a large group of people. Examples of written communication are emails, letters,
memos, circulars, newspapers, etc. One major advantage of the written communication is that it can
be preserved for future reference.

A good communicator must have good writing skills. Some things to keep in mind to do this are:
Keep your reader or the receiver of your communication in mind while drafting the message.
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Use simple and precise words. Avoid using difficult and flowery language.
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Keep the message brief. Use short precise paragraphs.

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Give facts to support your viewpoint in the message.

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Add a summary of your message at the end.

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Give appropriate captions for graphical elements wherever required.

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Before sending a written message, check your grammar and spellings.

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Re-read and check if the communication aptly expresses the information you wish to convey.
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Written Communication Communicating through Sign language

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Non Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication takes place without
speaking or writing any word, simply through facial
expressions, touch, one's posture, eye contact, body
language and hand gestures. Non-verbal communi-
cation is used in situations where verbal communi-
cation is not possible or not required. Examples of
such communication are a thumbs up, a thumbs down,
winking, shrugging shoulders and other gestures that
we use in our daily life as a part of non-verbal
communication.
Non-verbal communication

Do’s and Don’ts in Non-Verbal Communication

It is said, “Actions speak louder than words.” Therefore, between verbal and non-verbal
communication, the latter speaks louder. For example, if during an interview with a prospective
employee you are speaking words that depict your confidence, however your body-language
portrays lack of confidence, the interviewer will pick up on the latter. He/she will think that you are
being hypocritical in your communication. For effective communication, your verbal and body
language should both convey the same thing. A few common body language mistakes that you must
avoid are being outlined here:
1. Do not rub your hands, clasp them or fidget with them while communicating. This indicates
that you are nervous.
2. Do not keep your arms crossed. Instead keep
your arms open and away from your body
throughout. This communicates a sense of
warmth and trust.
3. Do not keep looking here and there while
communicating. Make brief eye contact with
the person/s you are communicating with. This
shows that you are confident.
4. Keep a good posture. This portrays a confident
attitude. A bad body posture conveys a careless
Keep your arms open
attitude that may render your communication
ineffective.
5. Do not make annoying body movements like moving your arms and legs quickly, pacing, etc.
Such actions have a negative effect on people.
6. Do not fidget with your hands and feet or change your position while sitting or standing.
Instead stand or sit firmly, be aware of yourself and make calculated moves. This conveys
confidence.

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Visual Communication
Visual communication refers to communication through
pictorial or visual representation of information. In visual
communication information is in the form visual elements
that can be seen and read by the receiver. The proverb “A
picture is worth a thousand words” underlines the power
of visual communication. Often visual communication is
more powerful than verbal and non-verbal forms of
communication. Signboards, maps, pictures, displays,
charts, graphs, television programs, hoardings, banners,
A map represents information visually
etc. are a few examples of visual communication.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Good communication skills allow you to improve your relationships with others.
2. Poor communication skills can sour your business or personal relationships.
3. Visual communication is always better than the verbal communication.
4. You do not need to check the spellings of your written communique.
5. Written communication cannot be called a type of verbal communication.
6. During communication we only speak, we do not need to listen to others.

Worksheet 2 Answer the following:

1. What is verbal communication? Give an example.

2. How does oral communication differ from written communication?
3. What is non-verbal communication? Explain giving an example.
4. Why is it important to have good communication skills?
5. What is visual communication?
6. Can an email be considered a form of written communication? Give reasons for your answer.

Practical Exercises
1. Think about the different methods of communication i.e., verbal (oral and written) and non-
verbal. List the pros and cons of using these different methods of communication.
2. Keep practicing and observing others to improve your verbal and non-verbal communication
skills.
3. List do’s and don’t for avoiding common body language mistakes.

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 Elements of the
Chapter 2 Communication Cycle
Learning Objectives
1. Comprehend meaning and importance of communication
2. Comprehend the idea of communication cycle 3. Identify elements of Communication cycle

Introduction
We communicate to express our ideas, feelings, attitude, purposes, etc. Using various means of
communication, we describe events and objects in the world and beyond it. Communication is used to
express our feelings, emotions, ideas and thoughts with others. Human civilization has advanced
greatly throughout history due to the various means of communication. In the 21st century it is
advancing at a tremendous rate due to the modern means of communication. Communication is the
means using which human communities have developed throughout history. What exactly is
communication? What is being communicated? Who is the target of the communication? Let us learn.

Meaning of Communication
Communication is a complex process. Different scholars have
defined communication differently, depending on their context.
Simply put communication can be defined “as the process by which
a message is transmitted from a source to a receiver.” Here, the
message can be anything from a thought, a feeling, an experience, an
opinion, a suggestion, a piece of information, etc. Communication
can also be defined, “as a process of exchanging or sharing ideas,
thoughts, feelings, experiences, information, etc. among people.”
Communication is a two way process
Examples of communication are of a teacher teaching students in a
class, a father talking to his son, a secretary writing an email to the director of another company, etc.

Remember Communication is a two-way process between sender/s of a communique' and its receiver/s.
Taking notice of the verbal and non-verbal signals of yourself and of others is, therefore, essential
for effective communication.

Purpose and Functions of Communication

Human beings live in society. They have to, therefore, communicate with each other. The primary
purpose of such a communication is to effect a change in someone's action in the overall interest of a
community, society at large or an enterprise. Communication enables us to understand others and to
make ourselves understood by them. Without communication we cannot live or work together in an
organized manner. Communication is the glue that binds people together in a community, society or
organization. Some essential functions performed by communication are given here:

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Communication
m makes social interactions possible by strengthening old relationships and
building new ones.
Communication makes it possible for us to engage in business and trade. In this context, it allows
m
us to convey to others things like what we want to buy, sell, etc.
Communication
m allows us to express and share ideas, experiences, opinions, feelings and
knowledge, etc. with others.
Communication helps to mobilize people to work together for social and political development.
m

Communication
m enables exchange of values and cultures to enable people from diverse
backgrounds to live in peace and harmony.

Benefits of Effective Communication Skills

We know that communication plays an extremely vital role in human life, be it at home, at school, at a
workplace or in society at large. Effective communication skills are essential to make a lasting
impression. By developing effective communication skills, we can ensure that we interact with others
in a more constructive and productive manner. In this way the place of communication can become a
positive and thriving environment. Then, we can receive many benefits, some of which are being
outlined here.
1. Enhances your ability to learn: Good communication skills help you absorb information.
2. Helps you express yourself better: Effective communication helps you to express your thoughts
and ideas in a clear, concise and meaningful manner to be better understand.
3. Helps develop trust and build your confidence: They minimize distrust between people and
promote mutual understanding. This builds trust and confidence.
4. Helps to build relationships: Good communication skills helps build good relationships be they
through face-to-face or over technology conversations.
5. Helps in better decision making: If information is communicated effectively, it enables people
to make well-considered decisions, thus improving the decision-making process.
6. Enhances Managerial skills: Effective communication is the backbone of effective management.
When clear, correct and timely information is communicated, it helps in the management of
situations more efficiently.
7. Helps to boost Morale: Effective internal communication between people boosts the morale of
the people and helps them to work efficiently.
8. Increases one's Value: Communication skills give a person the ability to listen carefully, speak
clearly and put others at ease. This increases one’s value.
9. Other Benefits: The timely delivery of correct information ensures better planning, staffing,
placement, etc. in an organization and in society at large.

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Characteristics of Communication
Communication has certain characteristic
features. Here we will understand the
characteristics in more detail.
1. Communication process involves at
least two people: Communication
involves at least two people, a sender
and a receiver. Sender is the person who
sends the communication and issues the
message and the person who receives
the message is the receiver.
2. Communication must have a Message:
Every communication has a message for
example, content of a letter, speech,
order, instructions, suggestion, etc. If
there is no message there is no
communication.
3. Communication may be Written, Oral
or Gestural: Communication includes
everything that may be used to convey a Written Communication
message from one person to another. Sometimes non-
verbal means of communication such as the movement of lips, the waving of hands, etc. are used
to convey more meaning than spoken or written words.
4. Communication is a two-way Process: Communication involves both the information
communicated as well as its understanding. Communication is not complete unless the receiver
has understood the message properly and his response is known to the sender.
5. Primary Purpose of Communication—To Generate a Response: A good communicator
motivates people to give a response by drafting an effective message and by communicating it at
a proper time so that it is understood.
6. Communication may be Formal or Informal: Formal communication follows the formal or official
channel provided in the organization or social structure. Informal communication flows from
informal channels in society or an organization through inter-personal contact.
7. Continuity: Communication is an endlessly ongoing process of information-sharing between
individuals and groups at different levels.
8. It is an Integral Part of the Process of Exchange: Exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions,
knowledge and information between two or more people is an integral part of communication.

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The Elements of Communication Cycle
Communication, is a two-way process in which information is transmitted from a sender to a receiver.
In this process, both the sender and receiver can respond to each other. This leads to a cyclic process
known as the communication cycle. Communication is a well-defined and systematic process of
sharing information. The communication process begins with the sender who wants to transmit an
idea, opinion or other information to the receiver and ends with the receiver's feedback to the sender.
The various elements of the communication cycle and what role these elements play in the
communication cycle are explained here:
Communicator or Sender: The sender, also known as the
communicator, is a person who wants to convey an idea or Communication Cycle
concept to others.
SENDER
Message or Idea: The message or idea is the information
that the sender wants to convey to the receiver. The
IDEAS
sender, first formulates a clear idea that he wants to
convey.
ENCODING OF MESSAGE
Encoding of Message: Encoding refers to the way the

FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK
sender chooses to compose the message by selecting the CHANNEL
ORAL, WRITTEN, SYMBOLS, ETC.
appropriate words, symbols or gestures which he/she
thinks will be understood by the receiver. Then the sender
RECEIVER
encodes the message in the form of a letter, email, etc. This
process is known as encoding of the message. DECODING THE MESSAGE
LISTENING, READING, OBSERVING
Selection of Communication Channel: The channel or
the medium/media through which the message will be Miscommunication
Communication
sent is selected, be it a face-to-face conversation, a as Noise

telephone call, an e-mail, a letter, a radio or television

program, etc.
Message sent to Receiver: The message is sent through the selected media to the receiver or the
person/s to whom the sender intends to send the message to.
Decoding of Message: The message is then decoded by the receiver. Decoding refers to how the
receiver interprets and understands the message.
Communication: In case the message has been understood by the receiver it is termed as a
communication. If the communication is effective, it brings the desired changes in the receiver.
Noise: If the message is not received or not understood by the receiver, it is noise. Noise is a distorted
messaged due to the different perceptions, language barriers, interruptions, etc. between the sender
and receiver.
Miscommunication: In case the message is not understood by the receiver, it is termed as a
miscommunication. This does not bring any change in the actions or behaviour of the receiver.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

message response communication

mobilize information sender

1. ____________________ is a two way process in which ____________________ is transmitted from

a sender to the receiver.
2. In communication cycle, the information that one wants to convey to a receiver is called
____________________ .
3. The person who wants to convey a message or idea to others is called a ____________________ .
4. The primary purpose of communication is to generate a ____________________ .
5. Communication helps to ____________________ people to work together for social and political
development.

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Message is not a mandatory element of the communication cycle.

2. Anything that reinforces a message in a communication cycle is called noise.
3. Communication may be Written, Oral or Gestural.
4. The person to whom the message is sent is called the sender.
5. Communication as the process of transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver.
6. During communication we should only speak, listening to others is not important.

Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of these is not an element of the communication cycle?

a. Sender b. Encoding
c. Idea d. Emotion
2. Which is not a characteristic feature of communication?
a. Communication process involves at least two persons
b. Every communication must have a message.
c. Communication can only be in written or oral form.
d. Communication is a two-way process.

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3. The receiver interprets and understands a message through:
a. Encoding b. Decoding
c. Identifying d. Realizing
4. What is a message that is not understood by the receiver called?
a. Channel b. Copy
c. Encoding d. Noise

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What is communication? Give an example.

2. What is the main purpose of communication?
3. Write any functions that communication accomplishes in our day-to-day life.
4. Write any two characteristics of communication?
5. What is the communication cycle?
6. Write the functions of the following elements in a communication cycle:
a. Sender b. Idea c. Encoding d. Decoding
7. Why is communication called a two-way process?
8. What is the importance of communication? Write any three points.

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 Factors Affecting Perspectives
Chapter 3 of Communication
Learning Objectives
1. Understand perspectives in communication
2. Identify the factors affecting our perspectives in Communication

Introduction
Communication is a process that is constantly taking place everywhere around us through verbal,
non-verbal and visual methods of communication. Today we have many tools and technologies that
help us to communicate with people near and far with a simple a click of a button. In this session we
will learn about the modern means of communication that are available for the dissemination of
information and the factors that affect our perspectives of communication.

Means of Oral Communication

We have learnt that when communication takes place through word of mouth, it is known as oral or
voice-based communication. The following are some important devices for this:

Telephone: The telephone is the most popular means of voice-based

communication between individuals. It is extensively used by
individuals, businesses, governments, etc. Mobile phones are a
modern wireless variant of the traditional wire-based phones.
They give unhindered connectivity to the people while on the
move.
Radio and Television: Both radio and television are means of mass
communication that allow audio and audio-visual communication
respectively to masses over a large geographical area.

Symbolic Communication
Symbolic communication uses certain signs and
symbols to communicate a message. For example, traffic
lights convey a definite meaning to people travelling on
the road, which help to control the movement of traffic.
Deaf and blind people use special types of signs and
gesture-based languages for the purpose of
communication. Such communication is called symbolic
communication. Traffic signs

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Means of Written Communication
We have learnt earlier that when communication takes place through written words it is known as the
written communication. The following are some important ways to effect such communication:
Postal services: This is the oldest means of communicating written messages. Through this, written
messages and documents are physically transferred from one place to another.
Letters: Letters are the conventional means of formal communication between people in society,
governments, organizations, etc. Throughout history and even today people use letters to share
information, issue orders, give instructions and guidelines within an institution or organization or
between two or more institutions and organizations. Letters are also used for informal
communication.
Telex: Telex is an international system of communicating through a telephone line to
communicate written messages, news or display train and flight schedules.
Fax (Facsimile): Fax machines provide a way to communicate lengthy messages over
long distances in the same format as the original message. It works through telephone Telex
line.
E-mail: E-mail is an internet-based service that allows people to communicate a
written message electronically anywhere across the word in a few seconds. Most
people, institutions and organizations use emails to communicate with each other.
Fax
Websites: Websites are internet-pages that communicate information in the written
form through the World Wide Web (www). The www is the largest global library of information.
Printed Pages: Written pages can be communicated in print form through newspapers, magazines,
leaflets, brochures, books, etc.

Website

Remember There are many other forms of written communication such as contracts, advertisements, etc.
Any form of written communication, whether hand-written or printed word is a written
communication.

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Perspective in Communication
Our perspective refers to our approach or point of view about something. Different social
scientists have studied human communication from different perspectives or approaches.
Understanding some perspectives of communication will help us understand
communication better.
a. Technical perspective: The technical perspective sees communication as a linear process
communicated through channels. Here the emphasis is on the transmission of the
intended message with less attention given to the outcome or effect of the message on the
receiver. The communication is said to be effective or successful if its outcome is received
from the receiver; otherwise it is not successful. This is termed as breakdown in
communication.
b. Psychological perspective: Theories of communication developed from psychological
perspective state that messages are filtered primarily through individuals, not through
channels as stated in the technical approach. This perspective assumes that one person's
outward behavior affects the cognition or behavior of another. Such influences contribute
to the messages sent and the feedback received. The target is to arrive at a consistent
communication between the sender and the receiver, thereby reducing uncertainties in
the messages' meaning.
c. Pragmatic perspective: According to the pragmatic perspective, communication consists
of a system of interlocking, independent, behaviors that become a pattern over time. It
argues that the act of communication is much like playing a game: with the sender-
receiver becoming partners when they decide to communicate; talking is like a move or a
turn, where the speaker and listener alternate their roles.
d. Social constructionist perspective: The social constructions perspective states that we
never experience the world directly. We take significant parts of it, process them and
connect them to other things we know, then respond to them in ways our society or
culture sees significant. Most of what we know and believe about the world comes
through communication. Culture itself is a web of interconnected acts of communication.

Understanding depends on one’s perspective

Remember Our perspective decides how we perceive a message or how we make sense of it.

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Factors that Affect our Perspective of Communication
There are certain factors that affect and shape our perceptive about the messages communicated to
us. Let us learn about these.
Visual Perception: Visual perception is the ability to see, organize and interpret our environment.
Every individual is a unique being. They differ in the way they view the world and perceive different
events around them. Different images transmit varying messages that individuals receive and
evaluate according to their mental makeup, cultural upbringing and sense of propriety.
Language: Language is one of the fundamental tools of human communication. Through language
the sender aims to communicate information about the environment and what they perceive of it.
However, different human languages have different ways to package and process the same
information. People speaking different languages may perceive the same information differently.
Prejudice: Prejudice refers to the attitudes and feelings—whether positive or negative and whether
conscious or non-conscious—that people have about members of other groups. Our prejudices have
a profound effect on the way we communicate with others and interpret the messages we receive
from them. If we have a prejudice that people belonging to a particular group are generally dishonest,
we will view every communication from them with suspicion. The success of communication
between us and these people will be slim.
Feelings: Our feelings or emotions can be put in four main categories—joyful, affectionate, hostile
and sad. Showing inappropriate emotions during a communication can have a bad impression on
other people. It may even permanently damage our relationship with them. If we display positive
emotions, it will generally have a positive effect in the communication process.
Past Experiences: Our past experiences and the events that have occurred in the past have a profound
influence on our senses and thought process. This affects our responses to various communication
stimuli. Our past experiences and responses are instrumental
in shaping our future course of action.
Environment: Environmental contexts refer to the physical
location where the communication is taking place and when
that communication takes place. Environmental contexts can
have negative or positive effects on interpersonal
communication. For example, a conversation outside on a
park bench during a windy day will face challenges, while a
conversation in a quiet room on a sofa will be more effective.
Therefore, the environment like the location, temperature,
weather or time of day may affect a communication and
present different challenges to or support effective Our environment affects our communication
communication.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Telephone perspective Website

Visual languages

1. Our ability to see, organize and interpret our environment is called our ____________________
perception.
2. People using different ___________________ may perceive a same message or information
differently.
3. Our _____________________ refers to our approach or point of view about something.
4. A _____________________ is a collection of web pages that communicate information in the form
of written text, pictures, audio, video etc.
5. The ____________________ is the most popular means of voice-based communication between
individuals.

Worksheet 2 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of these is a means of oral communication?

a. Email b. TV
c. Radio d. Television
2. Which of the following involves written communication?
a. Telephone b. Radio
c. Email d. Signages
3. Which of these is not a perspective used for studying communication?
a. Technical b. Physiological
c. Pragmatic d. Psychological
4. Which of these is an international system of communicating written messages through telephone
lines?
a. Fax b. Telegraph
c. Radio d. Telex
5. What do we call the preconceived notions that one group of people may have towards another
group of people?
a. Prejudice b. Hostility
c. Temperament d. Environment

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Worksheet 3 Answer the following:

1. What is meant by perspective?

2. Name any four factors that affect our perspective on communication.

3. What are the means of oral communication? Give examples.

4. What is symbolic communication? Explain with the help of suitable examples.

5. Discuss the role that environment plays to shape up our perspective of communication?

6. What is visual perception? How does it affect our perspective of communication?

Practical Exercises
1. Read books to augment your knowledge. With better knowledge you will be able to
communicate effectively with people in different situations. Keep practicing and observing
other people who are better communicators to improve your communication skills.
2. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of the communication cycle.
3. With a partner, role-play the following scenarios to practice appropriate formal and informal
communication skills for a college setting. You and your partner should role-play the scenario
once and then switch roles and do it again so you can each play both roles in all the scenarios.
Feel free to make up any details that are not specified in the scenario.
Scenario 1: You need to speak with a teacher after class to ask a question about the topic she has
taught today in the class.
Scenario 2: You received your first assignment in your company where you need to write letters
to the all the listed dealers informing them about a new washing powder or detergent launched
by your company. How would you do it?
Scenario 3: You want to interview one of your professors for an assignment in another class.
What should you ask the professor after class? What about during office hours? After each role play
share the experiences of the factors that affected your communication in the different scenarios.
Scenario 4: Organize a group discussion on the factors affecting perspectives in communication.
Share your experiences on the factors affecting perspectives with others.
4. Make a group of 4-5 friends and organise a group discussion on factors affecting perspectives
in communication. Also have your own experiences about how these factors have affecting
your perspective in communication.
5. Suppose you are working in a bank. How working in your workplace has affected your
perspective in communication? Thin and discuss.

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 Chapter 4 Basic Writing Skills
Learning Objectives
1. Demonstrate basic understanding of phrases, kinds of sentences, parts of sentence, parts of speech,
and use of articles etc.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of basic writing skills and paragraph construction

Introduction
Almost one-third of total communication in the social and business spheres takes place in written
form. Proficiency in the written form of communication is beneficial in all aspects of life. Whether you
want to make notes, write an email or post a comment in the social media, having good writing skills
is essential. Good writing skills allow to you to draft your message and express your ideas and
feelings in a way that can be easily understood by others. In this session we will learn about the basics
of developing effective writing skills.

Use of Correct Grammar

Grammar lays the groundwork for effective communication. Good communication is not possible
without having a command over grammar. The use of correct grammar is essential to convey the
correct meaning of the intended message. This makes a written message more readable and, in turn,
more interesting. People find it difficult to read and understand a message with grammatical errors.
The proper use of grammar reduces the chances of being misunderstood while communicating.
Incorrect use of grammar in official communications can prove detrimental for one's career
progression as other people will consider the person incapable of effective communication. As such
higher management jobs will not be available for such a person. It is, therefore, very important to have
a good command over the grammar of the language that we are communicating in. Let us learn how.

Selection of Right Words

Selection of right words while writing a message is very important if we want to communicate our
ideas effectively. It can make the difference between being understood or misunderstood while
communicating our ideas. When we choose the right words to convey a message, it automatically
becomes concise, impressive and easy to follow. We should also remember that using the right words
does not mean using difficult and complex words. It means using common and simple words at the
right place to convey the right meaning. We should be extra careful not to use unfamiliar words, and
when we need to do so, we should check their meaning more than once to make sure that we are using
them correctly to convey our message. We should also use the synonyms of a word carefully, as all
synonyms may not have equal relevance in the context of our message, and the use of an irrelevant
word or context can negate the whole meaning of our message.

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Use of Easy Sentences
A sentence is a group of words that conveys a complete meaning. While writing a message we should
take into account for whom we are writing. We should, then write our thoughts in as clear a language
as possible, to avoid any possible ambiguity. It is best to write simple, short and precise sentences so
that anyone can easily understand the message we want to convey. When a sentence becomes too long
and complex, people often have difficulty analyzing it and understand its meaning. We should also
use correct punctuation while writing our message. Incorrect punctuation will confuse the message.
For example, the confusing sentence “No one is still here.” will give clear meaning when we put
comma in the right place, i.e.,“No, one is still here.” We should also take care to use verbs and other
parts of speech at correct places in the sentences we write. This ensures effective communication.

Use Phrases Wherever Needed

A phrase is a group of words that has an incomplete meaning within a clause. “The nice neighbour”,
“After the meal” and “Were waiting for the bus” are examples of phrases. While, they make sense, but
they do not make complete sense. Phrases are of many types. Some important types of phrases are
given below:
a. Noun phrase: A phrase that acts like a noun in a sentence is known as a noun phrase. It contains a
noun and other associated words which modify the noun.
Examples: A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
He was wearing a black linen shirt.
b. Verb phrase: A verb phrase is a group of main verb and helping verbs in a sentence.
Examples: She is writing a letter.
They have been playing the game since morning.
c. Adjective phrase: A phrase that acts like an adjective in a sentence is called an adjective phrase.
The job of an adjective is to qualify the noun.
Examples: The boy in the shop is my friend.
She gave me a glass full of milk.
d. Adverb phrase: A phrase that acts like an adverb in a sentence by qualifying the verb in it is called
the adverb phrase.
Examples: The racer was running very fast.
The boy sat beside his mother.
e. Preposition phrase: A phrase comprising of a preposition and the object of a preposition is called
the preposition phrase.
Examples: She wanted to build a house near the beach.
They are sleeping on the carpet.

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Kinds of Sentences
A sentence is a group of words that make complete sense. A sentence expresses a definite idea. Based
on the clauses used, there are three types of sentences—Simple sentences, compound sentences and
complex sentences. Let us learn about them here.
1. Simple sentences: A simple sentence is one that has a single clause and no dependent clauses.
Examples: The girl waited for the train.
The cat chased the rat.
2. Compound sentences: A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent
clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction like
for, and, but, yet, etc.
Examples: Ram started in time, but he missed the train.
This car is too expensive and that car is too small.
3. Complex sentences: A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause or
complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence.
Examples: Metal robots are cool, and look tough.
Weeds are easy to grow, and hard to kill.

Parts of a Sentence
A sentence has four main parts. These are subject, predicate, clause and phrase.
a. Subject: The person or thing that performs the action in a sentence is called the subject. The
subject is generally a noun or a pronoun. Every sentence must have subject but there are a few
exceptions to this rule. For example, look at the sentence that gives a command like 'Open the
door'. In this sentence, the subject is not mentioned. It is assumed that the subject must be present
in front of the speaker.
b. Predicate: The part of the sentence that indicates the action being performed is called the
predicate. The person or thing on which the action is being performed in a sentence is called the
object. For example, look at the sentence: “I go to the park every day.” In this sentence, ‘park’ is
the object. Remember, a sentence may or may not have an object.
c. Clause: A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a complete
or incomplete sentence. For example: Brush your teeth before you go to bed.
d. Phrase: A phrase is a group of words that convey an incomplete meaning. For example: Leena
gave the little boy a candy. Here 'the little boy' is a phrase.

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Parts of Speech
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in
meaning as well as grammatically, within the sentence.
a. Noun: A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea, like Raman, man, house, happiness etc.
Nouns are of five main types—Proper noun, Common noun, Collective noun, Material noun
and Abstract noun. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter while common nouns do not.
Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence.
b. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. For example, look at the sentences: “Shaan
is a good singer. He also acts very well.” He in the 2nd sentence is a pronoun used in place of the noun Shaan.
He, she, it, you, we, they, etc. are some other examples of pronouns.
c. Verb: The verb in a sentence is a word that expresses the action being performed. There is a main
verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. For example, look at the sentence: “She can sing.”
In this sentence, ‘sing’ is the main verb and can is the helping verb. A verb must agree with its
subject in number. Verbs also take different forms in different tenses.
d. Adverb: An adverb is a word that qualifies a verb in a sentence. For example, look at the sentence:
“Seema is standing near the tree.” In this sentence, the word 'near' qualifies the verb standing and
hence is an adverb.
e. Adjective: An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. For example,
look at the sentence: “The lychees are red.” In this sentence, the word ‘red’ qualifies the noun
‘Lychee’ and, hence, is an adjective.
f. Preposition: A preposition is a word that establishes the relationship between the subject and the
object in a sentence. For example, look at the sentence: “Seema has brought some apples from the
market.” In this sentence, the word ‘from’ is a proposition.
g. Conjunction: A conjunction is a word that joins two sentences, clauses or phrases into a complete
sentence. For example, look at the sentence: “He is a singer and an actor.” In this sentence, the
word ‘and’ is a conjunction.
h. Interjection: An interjection is a word in a sentence that expresses some felling, surprise, sudden
joy or sorrow. A sentence with an interjection always ends with an exclamation mark. For
example, look at the sentence: “Oh my God! How did this happen?” This sentence is carrying an
interjection.

Articles
There are two types of articles in English language—definite articles and indefinite articles.

Definite Articles
'The' is the definite article. When it is placed before a noun it limits its meaning to one particular thing.
For example:
After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.
By using the article the, we have shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup
of tea that tasted good.

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Indefinite Articles
The indefinite article takes two forms— ‘a’ and ‘an’. Article ‘a’ precedes a word that begins with a
consonant sound. Article 'an' precedes a word that begins with a vowel sound. The indefinite article
indicates that a noun refers to a general idea, rather than a particular thing.
For example: After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.’
By using the article ‘a’, we have created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste
good after any long day.

Construction of Paragraphs
A paragraph is a group of sentences organized around a central topic. In fact, the rule of paragraph
writing is to focus on one idea. While writing a paragraph, we must keep in mind the following four
elements that form the foundation of good paragraph writing: unity, order, coherence and completeness.
Let us understand this here.
1. Unity: Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one single,
controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first sentence of the
paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting sentences
providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good topic sentence, think about your theme
and all the points you want to make. Decide which point drives the rest and then write it as your
topic sentence.
2. Order: Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Order can be
chronological order, order of importance or another logical presentation. A solid paragraph
always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader follows along easily,
aided by the pattern he/she has established. Order helps the reader grasp your meaning and
avoid confusion.
3. Coherence: Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within
a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. Also, while writing a
paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and point of view are important ingredients for
coherency.
4. Completeness: Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and
sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not enough
sentences or enough information to prove your point, then the paragraph is incomplete. The
concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main idea by
reinforcing your topic sentence.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 State whether the following sentences are meaningful or not. If not, write correct
sentences.

1. daily I walk morning go for a. ______________________________________

2. Two feet I have. ______________________________________
3. Reena promised my friend help to. ______________________________________
4. I am ten years old. ______________________________________
5. What beautiful a flower! ______________________________________
6. Birds fly. ______________________________________
7. The have gone children home. ______________________________________
8. Merry X’ mas. ______________________________________
9. Works very hard he. ______________________________________
10. May you live long! ______________________________________

Worksheet 2 Tick (ü
) the option that is a complete sentence from amongst the following:

1. a. In the east sun rises the. 2. a. There was a knock on the door.
b. The sun rises in the east. b. On the door a knock was there.
c. Sun east rises. c. Was door there a on the knock.
3. a. My sister came to see me. 4. a. This my is pen.
b. came my sister see me to. b. Is my this pen.
c. me came to see my sister. c. This is my pen.
5. a. My legs is ached. 6. a. Beautiful this very flower is.
b. My legs ached. b. This very beautiful is flower.
c. ached my legs. c. This flower is very beautiful.
7. a. She comes here everyday. 8. a. I food eat boiled.
b. Everyday comes she here. b. I eat boiled food.
c. Here she everyday comes. c. Eat food boiled.
9. a. It was raining when I went out. 10. a. Kind how she is.
b. When was raining I went it out. b. She is kind how.
c. I was raining it went out when. c. How kind she is.
11. a. Where are you going? 12. a. The bright shines sun.
b. Where going you are? b. Sun shines the bright.
c. Where you are going. c. The sun shines bright.

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13. a. Ashoka was a great king. 14. a. Is India a democratic country?
b. A great king was Ashoka. b. Indian is a democratic country.
c. King Ashoka was a great. c. A democratic country India is.
15. a. Does sing she well? 16. a. Rose is a flower beautiful.
b. She does sing well? b. Rose is a beautiful flower.
c. Does she sing well? c. A beautiful flower rose is.

Worksheet 3 Answer the following questions describing your strengths and weakness.

1. What is your greatest strength?

___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is your greatest weakness?
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which activity do you find hard to resist?
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is your nature like?
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. What would you do to overcome your greatest weakness?
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. Which thing makes you angry?
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. What do you find most challenging in your day-to-day life?
___________________________________________________________________________________

Worksheet 4 Complete the following conversation between a customer and a shopkeeper.

Conversation 1.
Buyer: Do you have _________ long shirt?
Shopkeeper: Do you prefer ____________ straight _________ frilled one?
Buyer: I want __________ .
Shopkeeper: Look ___________ .
Buyer: How __________ ?
Shopkeeper: This one is ____________ . But I have __________ also.
Buyer: No, this ____________ . But ____________ in red colour?
Shopkeeper: What size __________?

23
 Buyer: ____________ XL one.
Shopkeeper: Sure. I have ____________ .
Buyer: Fine, pack _______________ .
Conversation 2.
Customer: How much is _____________ of Tomatoes?
Seller: Sir, They are ______________ .
Customer: So expensive. Last week I purchased ________________ .
Seller: Yes, but since then __________ very expensive.
Customer: They are probably ____________ .
Seller: No, they are fresh ones. How ____________ ?
Customer: I wanted to ___________ but since they are so expensive give me ___________ .
Seller: O. K. As you wish.

Worksheet 5 Underline the phrases used in the following sentences.

1. The lion is an animal of great strength.

2. A hard working child is always able to succeed.
3. He listened to me with great attention.
4. Do not play with naughty boys.
5. Kolkata is a city with a thick population.
6. He is full of courage.
7. She was wearing a bangle made of gold.
8. An old man lived beside the lake.
9. The boy stood on the burning deck.
10. He wants to go home.
11. Do you enjoy reading this book?
12. The wicked boy loves getting people into trouble.
13. He speaks like a born leader.
14. I have forgotten how to play this game.
15. He succeeded in the long run.

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 Practical Exercises
1. a. Invitation to a Wedding Anniversary
i. Hello, I am Raghav here, How are you?
ii. Hi Raghav, I am fine. How are you?
iii. Fine! Actually I wanted to invite you to Dinner. Could you join us this Saturday at 9:00 p.m.?
iv. Great! I will definitely like to come. But what is the occasion?
v. It’s my 25th wedding anniversary. I look forward to meeting you.
b. Invitation to a Birthday Party
Ravi: Hi Shyam, You are looking very happy today.
Shyam: Yes, It is my birthday today.
Ravi: Oh really! Happy birthday! My best wishes for your long life!
Shaym: I am going to throw a party in the evening. Could you join us at the country club by
6:00 p.m.? You may bring your swimsuit with you. Please do come. It will be real fun.
Ravi: I will love to come. I am already looking forward to it.
2. Write Paragraphs of the following topics:
a. Our National Flag b. Growing Population
c. Global warming d. Climate Change
e. Child Labour f. Importance of trees

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 Self Management –
Chapter 5 Meaning and Importance
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the meaning and importance of self-management.
2. Identify and analyze her/his own strengths and weaknesses.

Introduction
Each one of us is born with latent potential. It is by learning self-management that we are able to not
only manage ourselves, but also actualize our latent potential to succeed. This means that by
developing ourselves we are able to succeed. By managing ourselves we are able to develop our
personalities, manage our time, plan our days, sets a roadmap for achieving our goals and strive to
succeed in them. This is why we need to develop the necessary self-management skills in ourselves.
Without self-management skills, we will never be able to realize our full potential and lead
productive and successful lives.

Meaning of Self-Management
Self-management means to manage our own thoughts, behaviour and actions to the best of our
ability. The term self-management is made of two words—self and management. Self means you and
the sum of your personality that includes your potential, abilities, thoughts and the goals you set for
yourself in your life. Management means the way you go about understanding your potential, your
abilities and completing the tasks, to achieve your predetermined goals. Thus, self- management can
also be defined as a process that helps you to understand your potential personality (potential and
abilities) and helps you to plan your life and manage yourself so you can succeed.

Self management is key to success

Self-management skills are important for success in life and any career that one seeks to follow. Some
people, by instinct, follow self-management skills, others can learn them through motivation,
guidance and motivation. Let us learn how in this session.

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Self Management Skills
The set of skills that help us to manage ourselves are called the self-management skills. This means
developing skills such as a positive attitude, self-control, excellence, self-confidence, patience,
emotional discipline, persistence and resilience. Let us understand these self- management skills.
a. POSITIVE ATTITUDE: A positive attitude means that your thoughts, behaviour and actions are
always positive and your outlook is optimistic. Then you are able to take difficult situations as
opportunities, take problems as challenges, take shocks as blessings to learn from, etc. to you can
succeed. A positive attitude is the key to succeed.
b. SELF-CONTROL: The essential skill for self-management is self-control. Instead of asking
others to do things, we should be ready to do things ourselves as mentioned in the famous quote
of Mahatma Gandhi, 'Be the change you wish to see in the world.' When one has self-control, one
is able to stop blaming others for the vows of the life and stop living in complaint (negativity).
Then one is able to take responsibility for one's life's actions and manage the situations of life.
c. EXCELLENCE: Another important self-management skill is to make excellence your goal. This is
the essential message that Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, gave to Indian
youth. If you are able to strive towards excellence than you will be able to reach great heights of
success and become contributors of positive construction in society and the workplace.
d. SELF-CONFIDECE: Self-confidence is the ability to believe in yourself and trust your own
judgment. This skill is very important for working in an organization, especially when you need
to make decisions under tight deadlines. Self-confidence also gives others confidence in your
abilities. This makes you a valuable member of a work team or society.
e. PATIENCE AND EMOTIONAL DISCIPLINE: Patience is an, essential self-management skill.
It helps you to remain calm in the face of provocation. If you get troubled in the face of problems
and provocation in the workplace and society, you are be unable to handle the situations
effectively. If you are able to remain patient, then you will be able to think clearly in difficult
situations and chart out a plan to handle them effectively. When you are patient you are able to be
emotionally disciplined. How you behave in difficult situations shows your character. If you
show yourself the impulsive, angry, stressed, you are showing your lack of character. If you are
able to rise above negatively, be patient, then you not only show that you have a high character,
but are also able to handle the situations of life creatively and effectively, to succeed.
f. PERSISTENCE AND RESILIENCE: Persistence and resilience are other names for hard work.
Persistence allows you to relentlessly pursue your goals, even under the most difficult situations.
Resilience allows you to adapt to or overcome setbacks that might otherwise prevent you from
achieving your goals. These are essential skills for self-management.
g. A HEALTHY BODY LEADS TO A HEALTHY MIND: Keeping the body healthy and fit is a
critical self-management skill. It is said, “A healthy body leads to a healthy mind,” therefore a
healthy mind lives in a healthy body. When we are healthy we can do more things and cope with
many more challenges. Indulging in regular physical activity like jogging, sports, etc.
strengthens our body, tones up our muscles and keeps us energetic all through the day.

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Positive Results of Self Management
Developing self-management skills renders many positive results. It helps you to solve problems,
manage time, stress and anger and even convert failures into success. Then you will be able to
achieve your short-term and long-term goals, increase your performance and contribute towards
creating a positive work environment. Let us understand some of the positive results of self-
management.

a. PROBLEM SOLVING: Problem solving skills help you to tune your brain as a mechanism for
making right decisions. Problem solving requires us to make right assumptions and analyze the
situation based on facts, review problems and find effective solutions for them.

b. TIME MANAGEMENT: Time management is an extremely important self-management skill

that increases your productivity at home, at the workplace and in society. It helps you to be result-
oriented, which is central to success.

c. STREES MANAGEMENT: A stressful situation generally blocks our ability to think and make
rational decisions. When we are under stress we are not able to cope even with the simplest tasks.
Managing stress is, therefore, essential. It is usually problems that make us stressed. When we
understand that problems are a natural part of our life, which we cannot eliminate, only manage;
this understanding makes us stress-free. Then we are able to keep a calm mind and handle the
situation at hand as we manage any other situation at the workplace.

d. ANGER MANAGEMENT: Anger is the major reason for relationships going sour. Anger stokes
a quarrel which then begets negativity, hatred and bad relations. It is, therefore, important to
manage anger. We can manage anger by first understanding that anger, in itself, is not an evil,
failure to control anger is an evil. And anger is nothing but a temporary reaction to a provocation,
and it can subside if we do not react for a few seconds, simply keep quite. Then we will find that
anger subsides on its own and we are able to return to normalcy. So we simply have to not let our
anger get flared up, then we will be able to control anger and the situation.

e. TURNING FAILURE INTO SUCCESS: Almost all super-achievers in history were super-losers
at first. Success always comes to those who are able to make failures stepping stones to progress.
A positive personality does not lose courage from failure, but, subsequently, re-plans his course
of action. No failure can stop anyone in the quest for success, provided one maintains positivity.
When the first plan fails, the experience of failure will activate one's mind. Then our failure will
spur us on to work in a more effective way and attain a resounding success.

If one is able to develop the self-management skills then one finds that they are able to achieve many
positive results that help them in interpersonal communication and succeeding in life and the
workplace.

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Additional Benefits of Self-Management
The essential formula for self-management skills is: “Manage yourself and you will be able to
manage the world.” This means that if you are able to manage yourself: your thoughts, behaviour
and actions, you will be able to develop a positive personality that succeeds itself and contributes to
making a positive environment for others to succeed. If you are able to manage yourself, you will
receives many benefits, some of which are being out lined here.
a. Improves your efficiency and productivity by making more organized.
b. Makes you more disciplined by breaking your bad habits and helping you acquiring good ones.
c. Makes you better equipped to set and achieve goals.
d. Helps you to manage stress and anger to create a congenial atmosphere at the work place.
e. Helps you to manage time so you becomes result-oriented. Then you begin your tasks early,
manage your time well and set right priorities to accomplish the task successfully within time.
f. Boosts your morale and self-confidence, helping you to take initiatives.
g. Brings about both quantitative and qualitative improvement in your work.
h. Improves your focus, allowing you to concentrate on the task at hand and increase your
concentration and efficiency.
Practicing self-management skills gives you many positive benefits. You are able to do this by
managing yourself and improving your interpersonal and communication skills. Then, you can start
climbing the ladder to progress.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Problem solving Self-confidence Self management

yourself personality

1. Mange ____________________ and you will be able to manage the world.

2. ____________________ helps us to realize our latent potential achieve success in the world.
3. Self means you and the sum of your ____________________ including your potential, thoughts,
abilities and the goals that you have set for yourself.
4. The ____________________ skills help you to tune your brain as a mechanism for making right
decisions.
5. ____________________ is the ability to believe in yourself and trust your own judgement.

29
Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Problem solving skills help to tune your brain as a mechanism for making right
decisions.
2. Self-management helps you to manage yourself, so you can manage situations.
3. A positive attitude is not necessary for success in life.
4. Self-management skills help us to do tasks on time.
5. Increase in the concentration levels usually results in lower efficiency at work.
6. Self-management reduces stress and creates a congenial atmosphere at the work place.
7. Patience lets you stay calm while dealing with adverse situations.

Worksheet 3 Answer the following questions.

1. What is self-management?
2. What is meant by the self-management skills?
3. Name any three self-management skills.
4. Why is a positive attitude essential for self-management?
5. How is persistence and resilience important in self-management?
6. What is meant by time management?
7. What are the positive outcomes of developing self-management skills?
8. How can we manage anger and stress?
9. What is the importance of time management?
10. How can you turn failure into success?

Practical Exercises
1. List your strengths and weaknesses on a sheet of paper. A sample has been given below:

Now, analyze your weaknesses and discuss the ways to overcome them by discussing them with your
parents, teacher and elders.

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2. In the following table circle the self-management skills that are most descriptive of you.

Accurate Adaptable Adventurous Assertive Calm Capable

Cheerful Clever Competent Confident Conscientious Considerate

Cooperative Creative Curious Dependable Determined Efficient

Energetic Enterprising Enthusiastic Fair-minded Flexible Friendly

Helpful Honest Humorous Imaginative Independent Ingenious

Intelligent Kind Logical Loyal Mature Methodical

Meticulous Open-minded Optimistic Organized Outgoing Patient

Persevering Polite Practical Precise Purposeful Reasonable

Reflective Reliable Resourceful Responsible Self-controlled Sensible

Sensitive Sincere Sociable Sympathetic Tactful Thorough

Thoughtful Trustworthy Understanding Versatile Warm Witty

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 Chapter 6 Building – Self Confidence
Learning Objectives
1. Clearly define the meaning of self confidence.
2. Identify the various factors that help in building self-confidence.

Introduction
Self-confidence is a feeling of trust in your abilities to perform a particular task. Every person
has some strengths and some weaknesses. People having self-confidence not only have faith in their
strengths but also have conviction that they can deal with their weaknesses and overcome them. Self-
confidence is key to success at the workplace as it helps to boost productivity and efficiency.

Factors that Effect Self-Confidence

People have different levels of confidence. Some have a higher level of confidence; while others have
lower levels of confidence. We can build our self-confidence using some tools. Let us understand the
factors that affect self-confidence in people so we can build our self-confidence.

Social Factors
There are many factors that affect our self-confidence. These are: the society that we live in, the people
who shape us, our upbringing and belief-system, etc.
a. UPBRINGING: If a child is raised in a loving, caring environment and supporting environment,
he/she will have a greater degree of self-confidence. A child who is raised in a hostile
environment has to remain positive to face the challenges of life. Then he/she will also be able to
develop confidence.
b. SOCIETAL INFLUENCES: Behaviour of the people around us and their expectations from us
also influence the development of our self-confidence. Societal pressures to excel in studies and
be successful in life often hinder the development of self-confidence.
c. MEDIA: In the contemporary world the media—advertisements, television, social media,
etc.—also play a major role in our development. These influence our minds and thinking process.
Under external pressures we have misplaced notions of self-esteem. We should try to ourselves
based on our own natural abilities, not allowing ourselves to get affected from external pressures.
d. BELIEF-SYSTEM: Exposure to irrational beliefs affects development of self-confidence
negatively. On the other hand rational beliefs promote self-confidence. For example, the belief
that “I must do well and get the approval of everybody who matters to me or I will be a worthless
person”, is an irrational belief, which can completely destroy a person's
self-confidence. Rational beliefs like belief in an omnipotent being who is always there to help
you, even in times of your direst need, gives you confidence.

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Cultural Factors
Culture refers to the shared values, beliefs and norms of a specific group of people. Culture,
therefore, influences our manners, how we live and behave, etc. Let us understand these.
a. Cultural Norms: If our culture is conservative and binds us down with too many restrictions
(do's and don'ts), we will most likely have lower degrees of self-confidence. We should discipline
ourselves and develop self-confidence from our inner strengths and belief system.
b. Gender Stereotypes: At times certain cultures discriminate against the girls and considers them
as inferior to male children. Girls from such cultures will surely have lower levels of self-esteem
and self-confidence than girls coming from a non-discriminatory culture.

Physical Factors
It is often said that the appearance of a person and their physical fitness levels affects their self-
confidence. This is true to a certain extent. However, stereotypes like a certain colour or a certain
body-type as the base-line should not be followed. We should have
confidence in ourselves.
a. Body Image: Poor body image comes from negative thoughts and
feelings about your appearance. A healthy body image is made up of
positive thoughts and feelings about your appearance. A healthy body
makes people confident.
b. Physical Fitness: Physically fit people are generally more confident
than people who have a poor physique or have certain disease or Keeping fit
disabilities.

Self Confidence Building Tips

Focus on your unique qualities: Every individual is a unique being. Everyone has some unique
m
qualities. Identify your unique qualities and focus on developing them. You will feel a lot more
confident about yourself.
Focus on your education: Learning gives you the power to make a difference in your life and in
m
the lives of others.
Participate
m in sports: Sports can be a great way to stay healthy and fit. This adds to your
confidence.
Talk to
m positive people: Positive people exude positive vibes. They inspire people to face
challenges in life and find solutions to the problems of life. Interaction with such people
encourages you to think in a positive manner.
Take up a new hobby: Have you ever wanted to play the guitar? Yes, but you never had the time
m
to pursue this hobby. Stop making excuses and start pursuing the things you always wanted to
do. Finding your hidden talents will serve to boost your self-confidence.

33
Set and
m reach new goals: Having something to look forward to can give you a sense of
achievement and help you work through the various challenges of life.

Stay clean and

m well-dressed: Staying clean and dressing well gives us a sense of confidence as
people around us take our presence positively. Keeping clean also keeps us healthy and boosts
our energy levels, which again serves to boost our self-confidence.

Be an inspiration to others: If you have faced difficult situations positively and with confidence,
m
you may find it rewarding to share your experiences with others.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Self-confidence unique appearance

environment media

1. To build self-confidence you should focus on strengthening your ___________________ qualities.

2. The ___________________ is the key to success at work place.
3. If a child is raised in a loving and caring ___________________, he/she will have a greater degree
of self-confidence.
4. In the modern times, _____________________ exercises a great influence on our mid and thought
process.
5. Poor body image arises from the negative thoughts one has about his/her ___________________ .

Worksheet 2 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which cultural factor influences self-confidence negatively?

a. Positive Outlook b. Gender Stereotyping
c. Socializing d. None of these
2. Raman thinks he is too fat to go to social gatherings. Which of these is likely to be true about him?
a. He is of a reserved nature b. He does not like socializing
c. He has a low self-confidence d. None of these
3. Which of these is not important in building self-confidence?
a. Knowledge b. Social status
c. Body image d. All of these are important

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4. Which of these factors promotes the development of self-confidence?
a. Negative self-imaging b. Staying clean and dressing well
c. Arrogance d. Impulsiveness
5. Which of these can be damaging for your self-confidence?
a. Focusing too much on your shortcomings b. Doing regular self-evaluation
c. Acting on your strengths d. Indulging in social activities

Worksheet 3 Answer the following questions.

1. What is self-confidence?
2. Write some cultural factors that influence the build-up of self-confidence among individuals.
3. What are some social factors that build one's confidence?
4. How do beliefs held by a person influence his/her self-confidence?
5. What role does gender stereotyping play in the development of self-confidence?
6. What is the importance of finding your unique qualities and using them to develop your
confidence?
7. How can you overcome set-backs with self-confidence?
8. Can you build your own confidence or do you need someone else to do it for you?

Practical Exercises
1. Look at the following scenarios and tick on the response that shows what you will do under
these situations:
Scenario 1. Your friend has invited you to a party that you would really like to attend.
Unfortunately you have nothing new to wear and you do not have the money to buy a new outfit.
Which of the following would you do?
a. Turn down the invitation.
b. Go, but know everyone realizes you could not afford a new outfit.
c. Think of some way to modify an old outfit and go.
d. Realize that you were invited, not your clothes, and go.
Scenario 2. Your boss asks you to organize a tea party for the office staff. You have never done this
before. Which of the following would you do?
a. You will tell your boss that you cannot do it.
b. You will ask your boss to pick someone else because you have never done this before.
c. You talk to someone who has done this before and take their advice and then do the job.
d. You will immediately leave your job.

35
 Scenario 3. Your class assignment has been due for six days, but you have not submitted it
because you were not able to figure out some of the answers. What would you do?
a. Copy your neighbor's work.
b. Skip class.
c. Don't hand in the assignment.
d. Hand in what you have done with an explanation that, although you tried, you were not able
to answer all of the questions and ask for an appointment so your teacher can help you.
With a few friends try to enact a role play for each situation in a scenario. Try to find out of in
each case which option makes you feel most confident about your choice.

2. Learn about metaphors. What they are and what are they used for? Learn some positive
metaphors and try to use them in your day-today conversations.

3. Use positive strokes while interacting with others like a glance or smile or recognition, a
thumbs up nod while talking etc.

4. Help others in any way you can; not only with money but also by sharing your ideas with
them, giving them your time and investing your energy in doing them tiny favours.
Remember, helping others improves our self confidence.

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 Chapter 7 ICT in Daily Life
Learning Objectives
1. Clearly outline the meaning of the term ICT 2. Describe the role of ICT in day-to-day life

Information and Communication Technologies—An Introduction

We are living in the information age. Today
diverse daily tasks such as communicating
with people; booking airline tickets, gas
cylinders, etc.; withdrawing money;
shopping; ordering food and much more can
be undertaken using technology. Have you
ever thought how these tasks are
accomplished? They are being accomplished
with the help of ICTs.

ICTs, an abbreviation of information and

communication technologies is an umbrella
term that includes a diverse set of
technological tools and resources that can be
used to create, analyze, store, manage, access ICTs is a set of technological tools
and share or exchange information through electronic means to communicate with others. These
technological tools and resources include computers, mobile devices, tablets, the Internet,
broadcasting technologies (such as radio and television), e-mail, telephony and others.
As global citizens it is, therefore, essential to have the basic knowledge and skills of ICTs to forge
ahead in life. Prior to understanding the use of the actual technologies, let us first learn about the
importance of ICT in our lives.

Role and Importance of ICTs in Daily Life

ICTs play an important role in our daily lives. We can read e-newspapers on our computers
or mobile devices. We can stay connected to our friends, family, colleagues and business associates
through electronic mail, WhatsApp, yahoo messenger, call or video conferencing, etc. We can learn
with the help of e-books, the Internet and various computer and mobile applications. Medical tests
and patient records maintenance use ICTs. ICTs have become integral to our lives. Let us learn about
the importance of ICTs in major fields.

37
ICTs in Education
The use of ICTs ensures easy access to diverse
information. It gives learners the freedom to learn at their
own pace. Quality material can be made available to
learners anywhere in the world, even the remotest areas.
It even makes available quality learning tools to students
in the language that they are comfortable with. ICT tools
also allow interaction between peers and experts sitting
anywhere in the world. Teachers can also use
Multimedia ICT tools to enrich the learning experience of
students. ICTs can also track the students' progress and
skill proficiency quickly and effectively. ICT tools and
resources have, therefore, become essential in education.
Computer Aided Learning

ICTs in Medical
One field that has benefitted enormously from ICT is
healthcare and medicines. Through the use of ICTs the
records of patients can be accessed easily by their
healthcare providers. Information regarding various
health problems is available on different websites. ICTs
allow heathcare experts to share knowledge and their
research work. Telemedicine (where an expert examines
the records of a patients from a distance and prescribes
them treatment) has been made possible by the use of
ICTs. A number of computer-enabled devices (like
pacemakers, endoscopes, dialysis machines, etc.) have
proved a boon to a large number of patients with life-
threatening conditions. Computer assisted healthcare

ICTs in Business
ICTs have also radically changed the way business
houses worked and did their business. The Internet has
provided a huge market to companies where they can
display their products to a wider audience nationally
and internationally. It has reduced the cost of reaching
out to consumers and, thus, enabled many smaller
companies to compete with larger companies. Use of
ICTs have also enabled companies to make their internal
working more efficient and less costly. The payments can
also be transferred quickly and safely online. An e-shopping website

38
40
ICT Tools
ICT tools are digital devices that are used to communicate information with others. These include
mass-communication ICTs like press, radio and television as well as interactive ICTs like computers,
laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, data projector, software programs, e-mails, printers,
scanners and interactive teaching boxes, etc. Let us learn about some ICT Tools.

Smartphones
A Smartphone, a popular ICT tool, is a multi-purpose mobile-computing device that
has features of mobile phones as well as a computer. Having a rechargeable battery and
touchscreen feature, it allows users to make voice and video calls; send text messages
and emails; capture images and videos; play games, play media and connect to Internet
services through cellular, bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks.

Smartphones are effective learning tools for students. Students can use smartphones for
the following purposes:
Smartphone
To download and read e-books, journals, magazines, newspapers, etc.
m

To communicate
m with their teachers, classmates or friends through e-mail, SMS, instant
messaging, social networking, voice and video calling, etc.
To send or receive multimedia documents, pdfs, etc. that are meant for educational purposes.
m

To access the Internet to surf thousands of educational sites on the www and so on.
m

Do you Know? The latest smartphones come with advanced fingerprint sensors, GPS navigation, integrated
virtual assistants, high speed Internet access and mobile payment features.

Tablets
A Tablet Computer or simply Tablet is a portable handheld
computer that provides mobile device facility with a rechargeable
battery. Having an 8 inch (20 cm) or larger LCD touch-enabled screen,
it resembles a smartphone and uses an onscreen keyboard instead of
a physical keyboard to enter input. Tablets can be used to access the
Internet, read and send e-mails, play video games, listen to music,
watch videos, read e-notes, chat, use applications and much more. A Tablet

Since a tablet has a larger screen, it helps students to read digital content such as e-books with
comfort. Students can also use this device to exchange information, to communicate, to access to the
Internet, to make social groups, to fill in the online examination form and do much more.

39
Radio
Radio is a technology that uses radio waves to carry information such as sound.
The radio waves are transmitted through a transmitter and received through a
radio receiver, also called a radio. The radio also needs an antennae to transmit
and receive radio waves. At the receiving end, the broadcast waves are
received and their information sound is amplified through the radio or radio
receiver. Radio

Being a traditional means of mass communication since the early 20th century the device has been
used to transmit programs related to government schemes, news, entertainment, education,
healthcare, etc. The programs are broadcast by different radio stations. This ICT tool can be used by
students to listen to news, interviews, educational programs on various subjects.

Television
Television (abbreviated as TV) is a traditional means of mass
communication that has been in use since the early 20th century.
It is an audio-visual device that people use to watch news,
educational and entertainment programs like serials, movies,
sports, etc. that are broadcast on various television channels.
Today the television is an important ICT tool that teachers,
students, journalists and researchers use to enhance their
Television
knowledge on various topics.

E-Mail
E-mail that stands for Electronic Mail is a system of sending and receiving text or multimedia
messages via a computer, smartphone or any other modern electronic devices that uses the Internet.
Since these messages are sent through electronic devices, they are called electronic mails or e-mails.
These days, e-mail systems allow us to attach and send documents such as pdfs, images, charts, audio or
video clips, etc. with an e-mail message. E-mails are an inexpensive and fast means of communication.
Students can create their own account on an e-mail site like Gmail, Yahoo mail, etc. to communicate or
exchange information with their classmates, teachers, friends or family members worldwide.

Do you Know? Web refers to the Internet. The Internet is the most effective ICT tool that has information
about almost every topic. People can use it to find information about any the topic of their
choice in the form of text, audio and video.

40
 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

ICT tools telephone Communication

diverse Website

1. ICTs stands for Information and ____________________ technologies.

2. The ____________________ are the digital devices that are used to communicate information
with others.
3. The use of ICTs ensures easy access to ____________________ information.
4. A ____________________ is a collection of web pages that communicate information in the form
of written text, pictures, audio, video etc.
5. The ____________________ is the most popular means of voice-based communication between
individuals.

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. There is no use of ICTs in the field of education.

2. The term ICT stands for Informatics and Classification Technology.
3. Using electronic communications and software to provide clinical services to patients
without an in-person visit is called telemedicine.
4. A tablet computer is bigger and much heavier than a desktop computer.
5. Students can use smart-phones to download e-books, and to communicate with their
teachers.
6. Radio is a technology that uses optical cables to carry information in the form of sound
signals etc.

Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an ICT tool?

a. Mobile phone b. Tablet
c. Radio d. All of the above
2. A tablet computer runs on a rechargeable______________________.
a. CPU b. Battery
c. Power unit d. Memory

41
3. Which of these need not make use of the internet?
a. E-mail b. WhatsApp
c. Telephone d. Facebook
4. Which of these are the tools of mass communication?
a. Radio and television b. Desktops and laptops
c. Smart-phones and tablets d. None of these

Worksheet 4 Answer the following questions.

1. What do you mean by ICTs?

2. What is the use of ICTs in the education field?
3. How do ICTs help in the healthcare sector?
4. How can radio and television help students in their studies?
5. What is telemedicine?
6. What role does the ICT play in the field of business and commerce?

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40
 Components
Chapter 8 of a Computer System
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the various components of computer system
2. Comprehend the concepts of primary and secondary memory
3. Identify and work with various peripheral devices.

Computer System

A computer system is an electronic data processing device that

accepts different types of data from users (text, numbers, graphics,
audio and video) in digital form, stores and processes data guided
by the instructions given to it by users as to how the data is to be
processed to give some result/information.
Computer System

The computer is not a single machine. It is an organized collection of many components and devices that
work in unison to perform different tasks. That is why it is called a computer system. It cannot perform
any task on its own. It requires inputs (data and instructions) for accomplishing all types of tasks.

Components of Computer System

A Computer System is a combination of many parts. All parts of a computer system can be
categorized into two main components—Hardware and Software.

Hardware
Hardware are the physical parts of a computer system. We
can touch, hold or carry the hardware parts from one place
to another place. Keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, CPU,
speakers, etc. are some examples of computer hardware.
Computer hardware can be either external or internal.
External hardware are devices that are not fixed inside the
CPU Cabinet like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer,
Computer Hardwares
scanner and so on. The components that are fixed inside the
CPU Cabinet like CPU, motherboard, RAM, ROM, disk drives, etc. are called the internal hardware.
On the basis of their functions, hardware devices are divided into four main categories—Input
devices, output devices, processing device and storage devices. Input devices help to send inputs to the
computer. CPU is the processing device that processes the inputs given by users. Output devices
display the output or information in the readable form. Storage devices are used to store the resultant
information for later use.

43
Software
Software is a collection of computer programs, procedures
and documentation that performs different tasks on a
computer system. Software are the set of instructions or
computer programs that guide the computer hardware to
perform different types of tasks. We can say that software is
the lifeline of a computer. A computer without software is
like a human body without brain, a mobile handset without
a SIM card in it and a multi-channel television set without a
cable connection. Software operates hardware to solve user Computer Software
problems and to control the different internal operations of the computer. Some examples of computer
software are MS Windows, Linux, MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photoshop, CorelDRAW, etc.

Types of Computer Software

There are thousands of software available in the market these days. They are used at different places
for different purposes. Software can be broadly classified into two main categories: System software
and Application software.
System Software: System software help to control the internal operations of a computer and devices
attached with the computer. Operating system is an example of system software. MS Windows,
Linux, Ubuntu, etc. are some popular operating systems.
Application Software: Application software are developed to perform different tasks such as word
processing, image editing, making presentations, etc. on the computer. MS Word, MS Excel,
Photoshop, PowerPoint, etc. are some examples of Application software.

What are Mobile Apps?

Mobile apps are small software applications that are designed to run
on mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, PDAs (personal
digital assistant), and many other handheld devices such as
smartwatches, game consoles, etc. Apps are task-specific
applications. This means they are designed to perform only a single
task. For example, the Camera app allows us to capture photos, the
Music app helps to listen to the songs, the Calculator app helps to
perform calculations and so on. Some apps are automatically pre-
installed on the device to be used such as Contacts, Message, Camera, Apps run on laptops and
Browser and so on. While others (like WhatsApp, Facebook, etc.) can mobile devices
be downloaded from an app store like Google Play Store and
Windows App Store.

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40
Peripheral Devices
A peripheral device is an internal or external device that can be directly connected to a computer to
expand its functionality. Peripheral devices are not part of the core computer architecture and are
connected to the computer system through several I/O interfaces, such as communications, USB and
serial ports. These devices provide input/output (I/O) functions for a computer and serve as auxiliary
computer devices. Examples of peripheral devices are mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, speakers,
microphone, scanner, web cam, hard disk, pen drive, modem, etc.
Based on the functions they perform, all the peripheral devices can be grouped into three main
categories–Input devices, output devices and storage devices.

Input Devices
Input devices are the devices that help us to enter data and instructions into the computer. Modern
multimedia computers perform a variety of tasks. To perform all these tasks, various types of inputs
like text, images, audio, video, etc. need to be entered into the computer for which different types of
input devices are needed. Keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera, microphone, joystick, light pen,
trackball, MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader), OCR (Optical Character Reader), OMR (Optical
Mark Reader), BCR (Bar Code Reader), etc. are some examples of input devices.

Input devices

Keyboard
A Keyboard is an input device that helps us to enter data and instructions
into the computer. It helps us to type text on the computer. We can also
give commands (instructions) to the computer with the help of a
keyboard. The keyboard has many small push-like buttons called keys. We
need to press the required keys of a keyboard to type on the computer. Keyboard

Mouse
A mouse is an input device that helps users to select, point and open
program icons on the monitor screen. Since the mouse allows users to
point at objects on the screen, it is called a pointing device. It is a small
device that easily fits into the palm of the user. It has generally two buttons
called the left button and right button and a scroll wheel between these two
buttons. The mouse is used with the computer that uses a GUI operating Mouse
system.

45
Scanner
Scanner is an input device that is used to scan or create a digital copy of a printed
image or document, and save it in a computer file. This life can then be used in a
number of ways like we can alter it or enhance it, print it or use it on a Web page,
etc.
Scanner

Output Devices
Just as there are different types of input devices, there are different output devices to produce output
in the form of text, sound, video and graphics. Output devices are the devices that are used to display
or communicate the output or results of the data processing done by the computer. Some examples of
output devices are monitor, printer, speakers, headphones, plotter, etc.

Monitor
The Monitor is the default output device available with each computer system. It
is also termed as the VDU or Visual Display Unit. Monitors can show the visual
output in the form of text as well as moving and still images. Earlier CRT (Cathode
Ray Tube) based monitors were used with computers. However now-a-days they
have been mostly replaced with the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light
Emitting Diode) monitors. These are light weight and consume less power. These
Monitor
monitors come in 20, 22 or 24 inches size, etc. You should remember that the size of
a monitor display is measured diagonally.

Printer
A Printer is an output device that is used to print documents containing text and graphics on paper
sheets. The printed output produced by a printer is called a hard copy. While some printers can only
print black and white hard copies, most printers today can produce color printouts. The two most
common types of printers are laser printers and inkjet printers.

Laser printer: Laser printers are based on laser technology. A laser beam
is used to print the image of a full page on a paper at a time. They give a
high-quality output, a very fast speed and operate with little noise. They
can also produce multi-colour printouts.

Laser Printer

Inkjet printer: Inkjet printers print characters by spraying the paper

with electrically charged ink. These printers give better quality than
character printers but not better than laser printers. They can produce
both colour and black and white output at a low cost.
Inkjet Printer

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40
Storage Devices
Devices that are used to store data permanently are called storage devices. There are a number of
storage devices that provide long-term data storage so that we can store data safely and refer to it in
the future at any time we want. Examples of storage devices are hard disk, floppy disk, CD, DVD, Blu-
ray disc, pen drive, etc.

Hard Disk
The Hard disk is the main storage device of the computer and is normally fitted
inside the CPU box. A hard disk consists of one or more metal platters coated with a
metal oxide that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the tracks of the
platters. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of 5400 to 7200 revolutions per
minute (RPM). The storage capacity of hard disks ranges from 20 GB to 1TB or Hard disk
more. Now-a-days portable external hard disks are also available.

Compact Disc (CD)

A CD or Compact Disc is a thin circular disc of 4.7 inches diameter. Data in any
form (text, audio, video, animation, pictures, etc.) can be stored onto a CD. The
data storage capacity of a CD is between 650-700 MB. They are widely used for
distributing computer software and games. A device called CD drive is needed to
read the data from a CD-ROM. CD

Digital Versatile/Video Disc (DVD)

DVD or Digital Versatile Disc is similar to a CD but has a much higher storage
capacity and an enormous clarity as compared to a CD. A DVD can also be used to
store almost eight hours of CD-quality music per side. DVDs come in different
formats.
DVD
The storage capacity of DVDs are as follows:

DVD Format Capacity DVD Format Capacity

Single-sided/single-layer 4.38 GB Double-sided/single-layer 8.75 GB
Single-sided/double-layer 7.95 GB Double-sided/double-layer 15.9 GB

Pen Drive
A Pen drive is a small, portable USB flash memory device that can be used to
quickly transfer audio, video, and data files from the hard disk of one computer to
another, thereby making the user's work much easier. Pen drives come in different
Pen drive
capacities—2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 32GB and much more.

47
Computer Memory
The Memory unit is an extremely important component of the computer system. It is the ability to
store data that makes a computer different from other machines. All the data, instructions and
software programs are stored in the computer's memory unit. The computer memory is mainly of
two types—Primary memory and Secondary memory.

Primary Memory
The memory that is directly accessible to the CPU is called the Primary Memory. Primary memory is
also known as the computer's main memory or internal memory and can, further, be divided into two
main types—RAM and ROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM or Random Access Memory is the main storage unit in a
computer system. Whenever a computer is in use, the operating system,
application programs and the data currently in use are kept in the RAM
so that they can be accessed by the CPU. RAM is also known as
Read/Write memory as we can write into it as well as read it randomly. RAM
RAM is temporary or 'volatile' since its contents are cleared or erased
when the computer is turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM or Read Only Memory unlike the RAM is a non-volatile memory. It does
not lose data even when the power is tuned off. ROMs are used for storing
programs that are essential for the working of a computer. For example, the
ROM contains the 'bootstrap program' that starts up a computer and loads its
operating system into the RAM. ROM

Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory refers to storage devices such as hard disks, USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, etc.
that are used with the computer to store data permanently. Unlike the primary memory, the
secondary memory is not accessed directly by the CPU. Instead, data accessed from the secondary
memory is first loaded into the RAM and is then sent to the CPU for processing. This makes accessing
data from the secondary memory a relatively slower process.
Additionally, secondary memory is non-volatile, meaning it retains its data with or without electrical
power. Therefore, we can use it to store the operating system, other software programs and user files
permanently.

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40
 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

mouse Read Only Memory Software input devices 650-700 MB

Random Access Memory Inkjet printer Mobile apps Monitor

1. ______________ is the set of programs that runs on the computer hardware

2. Devices that help to send input to the computer are called ______________.

3. A __________ helps to select, point or open program icons on the monitor screen.

4. __________ are small software applications that can run on mobile devices.

5. ______________ can show visual output in the form of text and images.

6. ______________ print characters by spraying the paper with electrically charged ink.

7. The data storage capacity of a CD is between ______________.

8. RAM stands for _____________________.

9. ROM stands for ________________________ .

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. The physical parts of the computer are called hardware.

2. Monitor and printer are examples of input devices.

3. Keyboard is used to type text on the computer.

4. RAM is the secondary memory of the computer.

5. Peripheral devices are used to expand the functionality of the computer.

6. ROM contains the start-up instructions of the computer.

7. Primary memory is used to store data permanently.

8. Operating system is an example of application software.

9. WhatsApp is a popular mobile app.

10. Software help users to give instructions to the hardware.

49
Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an input device?

a. Monitor b. Scanner
c. Printer d. Hard disk
2. Which of the following is an output device?
a. Printer b. MICR
c. OMR d. Scanner
3. Which device is also known as the Visual Display Unit (VDU)?
a. Keyboard b. CPU
c. Monitor d. Printer
4. The ICT is used in which of the following fields?
a. Education b. Healthcare
c. Business d. All of the above
5. ICT helps to connect you with your friends through:
a. Voice call b. Video call
c. Chatting d. All are correct
6. Which of the following is an application software?
a. MS Windows b. MS Word
c. Linux d. Ubuntu
7. Which of the following is the primary memory of the computer?
a. Hard disk b. Pen drive
c. RAM d. CD
8. CD stands for
a. Common Disc b. Complete Disc
c. Costly Disc d. Compact Disc
9. Which is the main storage device of the computer?
a. Pen drive b. Hard disk
c. CD d. DVD

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What do you mean by hardware and software?

2. What are input devices? Give examples of input devices.
3. What are output devices? Give examples of output devices.
4. What are storage devices? Give examples of storage devices.
5. What are the two main types of computer memory?
6. What is the use of RAM and ROM?

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 Basic Computer
Chapter 9 Operations
Learning Objectives
1. Comprehend the meaning an operating system and its types
2. Understand the concept of files and folders 3. Perform basic computer operations

Performing Basic Computer Operations

Before we learn how to use the computer, we need to learn some basic operations on it like how to
start and shut down a computer, how to create and use files and folders, etc. Let us learn some
computer basics here.

Starting and Shutting Down a Computer

To start the computer system in a proper way, To shut down the computer system, follow this
follow this sequence of steps: sequence of steps:
1. Press the ON/OFF button on the UPS to switch on it. 1. Close all the running programs before shutting
2. Press the Start button on the CPU box to start the down the computer.
system. 2. Click on the Start button on the desktop screen.
3. Switch on the monitor if it is powered off. ...The Start menu will open.
...Wait for a few seconds till the computer's booting 3. Point to the Shut Down button and click on the Shut
process is finished. down option.
4. Log in to the computer by providing the correct ...Wait until the monitor screen disappears.
username and password. ...If the log-in process is 4. Now, press the ON/OFF button on the UPS to switch
successful, the desktop screen will open on the OFF the system.
monitor.

Operating System
An Operating System abbreviated as “OS”, is a system software that helps
us to operate a computer system. It is the most important software that
runs on a computer. The operating system gets loaded into the computer’s
memory as soon as we start the computer and resides there all the time till
we switch it off. MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Mac OS, Linux and Unix are some
examples of operating systems. The OS performs a number of tasks to
helps us work on the computer. The three most important tasks that an
operating system performs are as follows: Operating systems

1. The Operating system controls and co-ordinates the internal working of the computer. The
functioning of all the input, output, storage devices and CPU is controlled by the operating system.
2. The OS acts as an interface or intermediary between the user and the computer hardware
devices, allowing them to communicate with each other. This makes it possible for the user to
work on the computer and give commands to the hardware through software applications.

51
3. The OS provides a platform to the application software to run on the computer. No software can
run on the computer if it does not have an operating system.

Types of Operating Systems

There are many types of operating systems like GUI operating system and CUI operating system, single-
user OS and multi-user OS, proprietary OS and open source OS, etc. Let us learn about three common
types of operating systems—MS-DOS, MS Windows and Linux.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

MS-DOS or simply DOS (Disk Operating System) is a CUI
based operating system. CUI means Character User Interface.
DOS is a text-based operating system in which commands
are given in the form of successive text lines; known as the
command lines. It has a command line shell that helps OS to
convert the text commands into the appropriate functions.
MS-DOS
MS-Windows (Microsoft Windows)
Microsoft Windows is a family of Graphical User Interface
(GUI) based operating systems. The term Windows
collectively describes any or all of the several generations of
Microsoft Operating System products. The company first
introduced the Windows operating environment in
November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS (which was a
Character User Interface or CUI) in response to the growing
interest in Graphical User Interfaces. Windows was also the
first OS to use the plug-and-play feature. Since then it has
MS-Windows
only gained in popularity, virtually controlling the market
with its later editions like Windows 95,Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista
and the latest, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10.

Linux
Linux is an open source operating system. This means that it is
freely distributable. It can be installed on a variety of
devices including PCs, laptops, mobile and tablet devices,
video game consoles, servers, supercomputers and more.
The core of Linux is the Linux Kernel that was developed by
Linux Torvalds in 1991. The Linux Kernel was combined
with the GNU tools developed by Richard Stallman in 1983
to create the operating system we now know as LINUX.
Ubuntu
Since Linux code is freely available to everyone, different software companies add some extra
features to it and then distribute the resultant product as their own brand of Linux. Popular Linux OS
distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat and openSUSE.

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40
Desktop Screen
The Desktop is the first screen that appears when the computer is switched on. It is the main working
screen from where a user starts to work on the computer. In a GUI operating system like Windows or
Linux, the desktop shows many command buttons and shortcut icons of programs, files, folders, etc.
to allow users to easily work on the computer.

Windows Desktop
The Windows desktop is a GUI-based environment that displays a colourful screen with various
graphical components on it. The main components of Windows desktop are as follows:

Desktop icons: The small pictures present on the Desktop Background

desktop background are called desktop icons. Desktop
Icons
Each icon represents a program, file, folder or
shortcut.
Desktop Background: It is the coloured screen
on which icons are displayed.
Taskbar: It is a narrow bar at the bottom of the
desktop screen. It contains the Start button, the Taskbar
icons of the pinned programs and the notification Notification area
Start
area. It also shows all the tasks/programs running Button
on the computer at any given time. Windows Desktop

Start button: It is located on the left edge of the taskbar. When we click on the Start button, a Start
menu is displayed. The Start menu helps users to open any program, file or folder, shut down or
restart the computer and do much more.
Notification area: It shows the system date and time along with some small program icons.

Linux Desktop Environment

There are many different desktop environments Launcher Menu bar
available with the Linux operating system. Unity and
GNOME are two popular desktop environments used
with the Linux-based OS such as Ubuntu and Fedora. The
Ubuntu desktop with Unity desktop environment is
mainly composed of the desktop background and two
bars—Menu bar and Launcher.
Menu bar: The Menu bar incorporates the common
functions used in Ubuntu. The icons on the far-right of
the menu bar are located in an area of the menu bar Ubuntu Desktop
called the indicator area or notification area.
Launcher: The vertical bar of icons on the left-side of the desktop is called the Launcher. It provides
easy access to applications and trash (Recycle Bin). The icons of all the running programs are
displayed on this bar.

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Performing Desktop Operations (Using Mouse)
The mouse is a pointing device that supports the “point-and-click” functionality. It helps to point to a
particular graphical element or a command option in a menu and select or run it by clicking on it.

Using the Mouse Buttons

There are different types of mouse having two, three and sometimes even four buttons. However, the
basic functions of the mouse are the same. The most commonly used mouse is the one that has two
buttons and a scroll wheel. Let us learn the functions of each of the buttons.

Left Button
The left button also known as the primary mouse button is one you will most often click while working
with Windows. We use it to perform the following basic operations:

LIC
1. Click: Click, single click or left click means to bring the mouse pointer over an

K
icon and press the left mouse button once. This action is used to select icons
and commands displayed in the menus.
Click

2. Double Click: Pressing and releasing the left mouse button twice quickly is LIC
LIC

KK
C
called a double click. We can double click a file or program icon to open it in a
window.
Double Click

3. Dragging: Dragging means moving the mouse across a horizontal surface

while keeping the left mouse button pressed. The dragging action (also
known as drag and drop) is used to move an icon or some graphical object from
one place to another on the computer screen. We also use the dragging action
Dragging
to draw on the computer.

Right Button
The right button of the mouse is also known as the secondary mouse button. We
use it primarily to right click an object (or any part of the screen) to obtain a
context menu (or shortcut menu). The context menu of an object contains the
commands to work with it or manipulate its properties.
Context menu

Scroll Wheel
The scroll wheel lies in between the left and right buttons. It can be used to move the contents of an
active window up or down, so that the extra contents that does not fit in a screen can be viewed.

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40
Selecting Icons using the Mouse
To select an icon on the desktop move the mouse pointer over it and
click the left mouse button. ...The icon will become highlighted,
indicating that it has been selected.
Selecting an icon

To select a range of icons, click on the first icon of the range to select
it. Hold down the Shift key and click on the last icon in the range.
...All the icons in-between will also get selected.
Selecting adjacent icons

To select multiple icons that are not adjacent to each other, hold
down the Ctrl key and then click on the icons one by one.
Selecting non-adjacent icons
Using Mouse to Move Icons
We can move an icon from one place to another on the desktop screen using the dragging action of the
mouse. The steps to do so are as follows:

1. Bring the mouse pointer over the required computer icon.

2. Press the left mouse button to grab the icon.
3. Keeping the left button pressed, move the mouse in a required direction.
...The icon will also move on the screen in the same direction.
4. Drag the icon to the desired place and drop it there by releasing the left
mouse button. Moving an icon

Changing the Desktop Background

We can use the Personalize option of the desktop context menu to change the Desktop background. The
steps to do this are as follows:
1. Right click anywhere on the empty desktop area.

2. Select the Personalize option from the context menu.

...The Personalization screen will appear.

3. Click on the Desktop Background link at the bottom to open the Desktop
Background screen.

4. Select a Desktop background from the pictures displayed.

5. Click on the Picture position drop down arrow and choose whether to:
l Crop the picture to fill the screen,
l Fit the picture to the screen, Desktop Background window
l Stretch the picture to fit the screen,
l Tile the picture or l Center the picture on the screen.

6. Click on the Save changes button.

7. Click on the Close button ( ) to close the Personalization screen.

55
Setting the Screen Saver
The Screen Saver is a picture or animation that appears on the computer screen if we leave the
computer idle for some time (Say 15 minutes, 30 minutes, etc.). The steps to set a Screen Saver are as
follows:
1. Right click anywhere on the empty desktop area.
2. Select the Personalize option from the context menu to open the
Personalization screen.
3. Click on the Screen Saver link to open the Screen Saver Settings
dialog box.
4. Click the drop-down arrow under the Screen saver section and
select a Screen Saver from the list.
5. Enter the duration after which you want the screen saver to
appear when the computer is left idle.
6. Click on Apply and then on OK.
Screen Savers in the drop-down list
7. Click on the Close button ( ) to close the Personalization screen.
...The selected screen saver will get applied to your computer’s setting.

Files and Folders

An operating system like Windows provides easy-to-use methods and tools to manage and organize
the data files created by users. A user can store data files in any of the secondary storage devices like
the hard disk, pen drive, CD or a DVD. Data files in each drive can be, further, organized in separate
folders.

About File
A File is a collection of information. Any type of data or information is stored
in a computer in the form of a file. There are different types of files, including
operating system files, application program files and different types of data
files created in different software. Each file is given a filename and has a Different file icons

filename extension that identifies the file type. The filename and the file extension are separated by a
dot (.). For example, a document created using MS-Word will have the file name, letter.docx.

About Folder
A Folder is a container you can use to store or organize files in a computer. If you have a
large number of files of different types on your computer, it would be nearly
impossible to find any particular file when you need it. That is why people often
organize files in different folders. Folder icon

Remember A Folder can also store other folder(s) inside it. A folder contained inside another folder is called a
subfolder. You can create any number of subfolders and each can hold any number of files and
additional subfolders.

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40
Creating a New Folder on the Desktop
We can create a new folder on the Desktop (or any other location on the computer) by following the
steps given below:
1. Right click the mouse on the Desktop Background.
...A shortcut menu will appear.

2. Point to New.
...A submenu will open.

3. In the New submenu, click on the Folder option.

...A New folder icon will appear on the Desktop.

4. Type any name you want to replace the highlighted ‘New Folder’
name with and then press the Enter key.
...The Folder will be created by the given name.
Creating a new folder on the desktop

Creating a File on the Desktop

We can create certain types of files from the Desktop itself using the New option of the Desktop
shortcut menu. We can create a Paint file on the desktop by following these steps:

1. Right click the mouse anywhere on the Desktop Background.

... A shortcut menu will appear.

2. Point to New in the shortcut menu.

3. Click on the Bitmap image option in the sub-menu to create a Paint file.
... An icon for the Paint file will appear on the Desktop.

Creating a new file on desktop

4. Type in a name for the file to replace the highlighted name and
press the Enter key.
...The Paint file will be created on the Desktop.
File icon on desktop

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Moving a File into a Folder
You can move one or more files into a folder by following the steps given below:
1. Select the required file/folder that you want to move.
2. Right click on the selected file (or on any of the selected files) and click on the Cut option.
3. Open the folder in which you want to move the cut file(s).
4. Right click in the folder window’s right pane and select the Paste option.
...The file will move into the folder.

Cut option Paste option

Similarly, you can also move a folder inside another folder.

Tip! You can also move a file into a folder simply by dragging the file and dropping it over the folder.

Copying a File into a Folder

You can copy one or more files into a folder by following the steps given below:
1. Select the required file(s).
2. Right click the mouse and from the shortcut menu, select the Copy option.
3. Open the folder where you want to copy the file(s).
4. Right click in the right pane and select the Paste option from the shortcut menu.
...A copy of the file(s) will copy into the folder.

Copy option Paste option

Similarly, you can also copy a folder inside another folder.

Tip! You can also copy a file/folder into a folder simply by first holding down the Control key and then
dragging and dropping the required files/folders into the destination folder.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Icons Linux Kernel Desktop

folder operating system

1. ____________ controls and coordinates the internal working of the computer.

2. The core of Linux is the ___________ .

3. ______________ is the main screen from where a user starts to work on the computer.

4. The small pictures present on the desktop background are called ______________.

5. A __________ helps to store and organize files in a computer.

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Operating systems are not a part of personal computers.

2. MS Windows is a popular GUI-based operating system.

3. Linux is an open source operating system.

4. A mouse helps users to perform operations on the desktop icons.

5. You cannot move a file into a folder by using the mouse.

Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is not an operating system?

a. MS Windows b. MS Word

c. Linux d. Ubuntu

2. Which of the following is an open source OS?

a. MS Windows b. Mac OS

c. Linux d. None of the above

3. Which of these is a CUI-based operating system?

a. Windows b. DOS

c. Mac OS d. Ubuntu

59
4. Which of these can hold our files?

a. Paint b. Linux

c. Folder d. None of these

5. Which of these is a component of the windows desktop?

a. Taskbar b. Background

c. Icons d. All of these

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What do you mean by an operating system?

2. Give any two examples of GUI-based operating systems.

3. How can you select icons on the desktop screen?

4. What is a file?

5. What is the use of folders?

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40
 Internet and Its
Chapter 10 Applications
Learning Objectives
1. Outline meaning and applications of Internet. 2. Work with an Internet Browser and E-mails
3. Demonstrate understanding of social media, digital India etc.

Internet: An Introduction
Internet is the world’s largest network of computers that connects millions of
computers and mobile devices together across the world through various
wired and wireless connections and telecommunications channels. It allows
billions of computers and their users to communicate with each other and
exchange information using a set of communication protocols and standards,
the most basic of which are TCP/IP or TCP: Transmission Control Protocol, IP: Internet is a world wide
network
Internet Protocol.

Applications of the Internet

Today, the Internet has become an integral part of our lives. We can use it in almost all areas of our life
including education, business, entertainment and even in the field of governance. Through the Internet
we can send and receive emails, transfer funds, do shopping, conduct businesses, book tickets, chat
with friends, connect with people and share ideas, messages, images and videos with others, etc.
m The Internet allows us to access vast amount of information stored on big computer servers
across the world through the World Wide Web.
m The Internet allows us to send/receive messages instantly to/from other Internet users all over the
world through E-mails.
m Along with getting information we can also do shopping on various online stores to buy things
ranging from clothes to grocery to electronic devices, etc.
m We can chat with friends and be in contact with them anytime through the Internet.
m We can stay in touch with our friends and relatives by using social networking sites.

Internet Browser (Web Browser)

An Internet Browser (popularly known as Web Browser) is an application that
provides a way to search for the information on the World Wide Web.
Technically, a Web browser uses the HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) to
make requests to Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of its user. In
other words, a Web browser is a software application that allows one to view
pages on the World Wide Web. Different Web browsers are available today
and they all come with a variety of features. Some of the common Web
browsers are Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Browsers
Safari, UC Browser, Maxthon, Microsoft Edge, etc.

61
What is World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or the Web) is the most commonly used term when
discussing about the Internet. It is a system of Internet servers that support hypertext to access several
Internet protocols on a single interface.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a standard linked information system accessible across the
range of different computers connected to the Internet. It is the most widely used service of
the Internet that is accessed through a software called the Web browser.

The World Wide Web is like a huge digital library with innumerable articles, journals, e-books, news,
views and tutorials stored in the form of Web pages on many computers around the world, called Web
servers. Thousands of new web pages/websites are added to the WWW every hour. Web pages can
have a mix of text, graphics and multimedia.

Do you Know? The World Wide Web (WWW) was developed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, with assistance
from Robert Caillau, while both were working at the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN)
in Switzerland. Tim Berners-Lee is the founder and currently the director of the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C)—an international organization that develops web standards.

Websites and Web Pages

The term Web page refers to an HTML document. It is the basic unit of the WWW. A Web page may
have different components like text, graphics, audio, video, animations, hyperlinks, buttons, forms
and frames, etc. Web pages are published on almost any subject imaginable. They can be created by a
person or an organization. A wide range of software like Microsoft Visual Studio, Adobe
Dreamweaver, etc. are available that provide a variety of tools for the development of Web pages.
MS-Word also provides you the facility to save documents in the HTML format.

A Website comprises of one or more inter-linked

Web pages. The relationship between a Website
and a Web page is akin to that of a book and a
page of the book. A Website is a collection of
Web pages that are under one domain. For
example if there is a company that owns the
Website “abccompany.com” then this Website
will have several Web pages like Home.html,
Aboutus.html, Contactus.html, Products.html,
Services.html, FAQs.html and others. A Web
page is an independent page of a Website. For
example, “Aboutus.html” is a Web page of the
The home page (first page) of the website
Website “abccompany.com”. www.navdeepublications.com

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E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
Electronic mail or E-mail is a system of creating, sending and storing textual
messages (with or without multimedia attachments) in a digital form over the
Internet. To use an E-mail service, one needs to have an Email account (E-mail
ID) with any free mail service like Gmail, Yahoo mail, Hotmail, etc. or with a
paid E-mail provider like Fast Mail, Paid Email.com, America Online, Apple,
NetZero, etc. E-mails are an easy to use, reliable, and cost effective way to
communicate with other. Using email attachments, we can send text, audio, E-mail
video and other types of files to the mail recipients.

E-mail Addresses
An E-mail address has two components, a Username
User name Domain name
and a Domain Name of the Host Server. These two
parts are separated by the ‘@’ (at the rate of) symbol. info@navdeepublications.com
Observe the e-mail address given alongside.

Creating an E-mail Account

To communicate through e-mails you first need to create an e-mail account with any of the numerous
websites offering the e-mail facility. Follow these steps to create an account with Gmail, the email
service of google.co.in.
Steps to create an e-mail account
1. Open the website google.co .in. Click on the
Gmail link.

2. Click on the Sign up For Gmail link.

...An online e-mail account registration form
will open.

3. Fill the form by typing in your details.

4. Enter a unique Login name for yourself.

5. Click to check if this name is available. If not

then enter another login name for yourself.

6. Enter a Password which is of at least 8

c h a r a c t e r s l o n g . ( R e m e m b e r yo u r
password)

7. Finally click on the I Accept Create: Create My Account, button.

...A Gmail Account will be created for you.

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Sending an E-mail
It is easy to compose and send emails. Follow the steps given below for composing and sending an
e-mail with an attachment.
Steps to send e-mail using gmail.com
1. Open your gmail account by entering your Username, Password and then clicking on the Sign in button.
2. Click on the Compose Mail link to open the compose mail window.

3. Write the e-mail address of the 4. Click on the Add Cc: link and 5. Click on the Add Bcc: link and
recipient in the To: field. If there write the e-mail address of those write the e-mail address of those
are more than one recipients recipients (if any) to whom you recipients (if any) to whom you
separate their e-mail addresses want to send a carbon copy of want to send a blind carbon
by using commas (,). your e-mail. copy of your e-mail.
8. To send any document,
image or audio/video file
as attachment, click on
6. Enter the subject (topic) the “Attach a file” button.
of your e-mail in the Locate the file in the
Subject: field. drive/ folder and click on
the Open button.
7. Click in the text area and ...The file will get
write your message. attached to the e-mail
message. (GMail
9. Click on the Send button. attaches attachements
Gmail-Compose Mail window
...Your e-mail will be sent. upto 25 MB)

Reading an E-Mail
The Inbox link stores the mails that are sent to your e-mail address by others. When you click
on the Inbox link, a window will be displayed listing the various messages sent to you by others. The
messages that have not yet been read by you will be displayed in bold. The steps to read an e-mail
message are as follows:

Steps to read an e-mail

1. Click on the Inbox link.
...The Inbox window will open showing a list of
messages.

2. Click on a message.
...The message will open up in another
window.

3. Read the message. Click on the Back to Inbox

link to close the e-mail message and come back
to the Inbox.

Inbox window

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Replying to an E-Mail
When you send back a message to a sender in response to his e-mail, it is called replying to the
e-mail. A prefix Re: is added to the subject line of the message that is being replied back. The steps to
reply to mail message are as follows:

Steps to reply an e-mail

1. Open the message that you want to reply to.

2. Click on the Reply button. 3. The e-mail address of the recipient automatically appears in the To box.

4. Click here
to write a
reply to the
message.
5. Click on
Attach a file
to attach the
file.
6. Click on the
Send button
to send the
Reply option appears below the e-mail Different options in the Reply window reply.

Social Media: An Introduction

Social media is an internet-based technology that allows people to share ideas, information and other
content such as photos, videos, etc. to build the virtual networks and online communities. Users
engage with social media via computers, tablets or smartphones via web-based software or web
application, often utilizing it for messaging.
There are hundreds of websites called social networking websites and several mobile apps that
people use to create their social networks. Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube, Blog, etc. are
some common means of social media.

Facebook
Facebook is the world's leading social networking site with more than 2 billion active
users all over the world. It was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow
Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum,
Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. Facebook allows its registered users to create
Facebook
profiles, upload and share photos and videos (called posts),communicate through
chat, voice call or video call, search and make new friends, comment on a post, update status, plan
events and do much more. Facebook can be accessed on a desktop, laptop, tablet or smartphone. We
can download the Facebook app along with its Messenger app on our mobile phone.

65
Twitter
Twitter is a website that offers a social networking and microblogging service,
enabling its users to send and read messages called tweets. Tweets are posts that
are text-based and are displayed on the user’s profile page. Originally tweets
were limited to 140 characters, but in 2017 the limit was doubled for all Twitter
languages except Japanese, Korean and Chinese.

WhatsApp
WhatsApp is a very popular instant messaging application (app) designed to be
used on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. This application
allows its users to send and receive instant text messages, share photos, images,
audios, videos, text documents, pdfs and location between two mobile devices
anywhere across the world. It also allows its users to make voice calls as well as WhatsApp

video calls through an internet data connection over the cellular network.

Youtube
Founded in February 2005, YouTube allows billions of people to search for,
watch and share originally-created videos. YouTube provides a forum for
people to connect, inform and inspire others across the globe and acts as a
www.youtube.com
distribution platform for original content creators and advertisers, large and
small. Created by three friends Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim in February 2005 and
owned by Google since late 2006, it is a platform on which users can upload, view and share videos.
The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video and HTML5 technology
to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV Clips, music
videos, short original videos and educational videos.

Blog
Blogs are “logs” or experiences or thoughts of
individuals or groups of people with common
interests. The word "blog" comes from "Weblog"
and consists of a Web-based signed and dated
log of individual postings. The blog site
www.blogadda.com provides Indian bloggers
a place to create and show their blogs.
Comments are an important part of any blogadda.com site

blog site. People who visit a blog can comment on its content. In a way blogs have helped to
popularize the practice of commenting across the Web tremendously, such as commenting on
YouTube videos, Flickr photos and on news/articles on various information sites.

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Digital India
Digital India is a campaign launched by the Indian Government on 1st
July 2015. The objectives of the campaign are to provide the Government's
services to the citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure
and by increasing Internet connectivity or by making the country digitally
empowered in the field of technology. The initiative includes plans to Digital India
connect rural areas with high-speed internet connections. The
development of secure and stable digital infrastructure, delivering government services digitally and
the universal digital literacy are the three core components of Digital India campaign.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Facebook WhatsApp Internet

YouTube E-mail

1. __________ is the largest network of computers in the world.

2. ______________ is a very popular social networking site.
3. ______________ is a system of sending and receiving digital messages through computers.
4. ______________ is a very popular video sharing site.
5. _____________________ is an instant messaging app designed to run on smartphones.

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. WWW stands for the World Wide Web.

2. Google Chrome is a popular web browser.
3. WhatsApp is an instant messaging mobile application.
4. Facebook is a social networking site.
5. YouTube does not allow you to share videos.

Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of these is a web browser?

a. Google Chrome b. Internet Explorer
c. Mozilla Firefox d. All of the above

67
2. The collection of web pages under one domain is called:
a. WWW b. Website
c. URL d. Facebook
3. Which of these helps you to chat with your friends?
a. Facebook b. WhatsApp
c. Google+ d. All are correct
4. Which of these is a popular video sharing site?
a. Twitter b. Facebook
c. YouTube d. Instragram
5. Email stands for:
a. Easy Mail b. East Mail
c. Electrical Mail d. Electronic Mail
6. Which of these allows you to create an e-mail account?
a. Gmail b. Yahoo Mail
c. Hot Mail d. All are correct
7. The Digital India campaign was launched on:
a. 1 July 2015 b. 1 July 2016
c. 1 July 2017 d. 1 July 2018
8. Which of these can hold our files?
a. Paint b. Linux
c. Folder d. None of these
9. Which of these is a component of the windows desktop?
a. Taskbar b. Background
c. Icons d. All of these

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What is the Internet?

2. What do you mean by social media?
3. What is the use of the WhatsApp mobile app?
4. What is Facebook used for?
5. What is an E-mail?
6. What is Digital India?

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 Basics of
Chapter 11 Enterpreneurship
Learning Objectives
1. Identify various types of business activities
2. Demonstrate the knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurship

Introduction
An entrepreneur is a person who takes financial risks and sets up a business enterprise with the aim
of earning profits. Entrepreneurial skills are the basic skills that help an entrepreneur to start,
develop, finance and successfully run a business. Every entrepreneur who is starting a business must
have a complete knowledge of the various aspects of his/her business, not only for the success of his
venture; but also for its growth and expansion. Let us learn about the various types of businesses,
meaning and characteristics of entrepreneurship development and its benefits.

Identifying Various Types of Business

A business enterprise is an activity to provide goods and services to customers and consumers in
exchange of money. The aim of all business enterprises is to earn reasonable profits so that they can
sustain themselves and expand the area and scope of their activities. Some of the most common types
of businesses are described here.

Manufacturing Business
A manufacturing business involves the transformation of raw materials into finished goods with the
help of labour, machines with factory overheads. These types of businesses buy raw materials with
the intention of using them for making a new product. The manufactured goods can then be sold
directly to the customers or to another manufacturing company where it will be used as a raw
material to make some other goods. Companies that manufacture automobiles, washing machines,
refrigerators, computers, electronics, paper, textiles and petrochemicals are examples of
manufacturing business.

Merchandising Business
A merchandising business buys products at a lower wholesale price and sells the same at somewhat
higher retail price. These are also known as the "buy and sell" businesses. Merchandising businesses
make a profit by selling products at prices higher than their purchase costs. A merchandising
business sells a product without changing its form. Grocery stores, convenience stores, chemist
shops, distributors, other resellers, etc. are examples of merchandise businesses. These are the most
common type of businesses we deal with in our day- to-day life.

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Service Business
A service business is a type of venture that provides intangible products (products with no physical
form) called services. These type of businesses offer services like professional skills, expertise, advice,
etc. Banks, accounting firms, schools, law firms, repair shops and salons are examples of service type
businesses. Hotels, restaurants, multi-specialty hospitals and clinics, tutorial services, publishing
and animation firms, movie-making organizations and counseling services are some other
businesses that come under this category.

Hybrid Business
Hybrid businesses are companies that may be classified in more than one type of business. A
restaurant, for example, combines ingredients in making a fine meal (manufacturing), sells a bottle of
cold drink (merchandising) and attends to the customer orders (service). In effect, any business that
makes use of two or more modes to accomplish the same end, can be categorized as a hybrid business.
For example, Reliance Fresh is a chain of grocery stores that also sells grocery online. Hence it can be
called a hybrid firm.

Forms of Business Organizations

A business organization is an entity or company that sells goods and services to its customers or
consumers in exchange for other goods or services or in exchange of money. Every business
organization is a legal entity owned by individuals, group of individuals or some organization. Based
on the type of their ownership, businesses can be divided into following types.

Private Limited (Ltd.) Company

A private Limited (Ltd.) Company is a type of privately held small business entity. This type of
business entity limits the owner’s liability to their shares, limits the number of shareholders from 2 to
50 and restricts the shareholders from publicly trading their shares.

Public Limited (Ltd.) Company

A public limited company is a form of business organization that operates as a separate legal entity
from its owners. It is formed and owned by shareholders. Shares of a public limited company are
listed and traded at a stock exchange market freely. Shareholders of a public limited company have a
limited liability, restricted only to their shares. These companies are headed by a board of directors
which may comprise of 2 to 12 members.

Sole Proprietorship
A sole proprietorship is a form of business entity where a single individual handles the entire
business organization. He is the sole recipient of all the profits and the bearer of all the losses. There is
no particular law that governs a sole proprietorship businesses.

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Partnership Business
A partnership business is owned by two or more people who contribute resources into setting up
and operating the entity. The partners divide the profits of the business among themselves. In
Unlimited Liability Partnerships, all partners have unlimited liability. However, in Limited Liability
Partnerships, partners have limited liabilities. Creditors cannot go after the personal assets of the
limited partners to settle the debt.

Joint Hindu Family Business

A Joint Hindu Family is a form of business organization wherein the members of a family can only
own and manage the business. It is governed by Hindu Law.

Co-operatives
A co-operative is a form of voluntary organization, wherein the members work together for the
promotion of the interests of its members. There is no restriction to the entry or exit of any member. It
is governed by the Cooperative Societies Act. Amul India is a cooperative example.

Do you Know? Some other type of businesses or companies are Franchise, Liaison Office, Branch Office,
Project Office, Subsidiary Companies (partially or wholly owned by foreign companies), etc.

What is Entrepreneurship Development?

We know that an entrepreneur is a person who creates and runs a business in the hope of getting a
profit. Entrepreneurship development is the process of improving the knowledge and skills of the
entrepreneurs. In other words we can say that Entrepreneurship development is the process of
enhancing an entrepreneur's ability to develop, manage and organize a business venture, while
keeping in mind the risks associated with it.

Distinguishing Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

Some unique characteristics of entrepreneurship that distinguish it from other types of
activities are:
1. It is a dynamic economic activity: Entrepreneurship is an economic activity because it involves
setting up and operation of a business for wealth creation. It is also regarded as a dynamic
activity as the wealth creation is performed continuously in the midst of an uncertain business
environment.
2. Needs constant innovation: Entrepreneurship involves a continuous search for new ideas
and innovative methods to make the most efficient use of the available resources and
opportunities.
3. Profit potential: Profit potential is the ability of an entrepreneurial venture to generate
profits. If an entrepreneurial venture cannot generate viable profits it will not be called a
business venture. It will simply be classified as a leisure activity.

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4. Risk bearing: An entrepreneur has to have patience to see his efforts bear fruit. In the intervening
period (time gap between the conception and implementation of an idea and its results), an
entrepreneur has to assume risk. If an entrepreneur does not have the willingness to assume risk,
entrepreneurship would never succeed.

Role of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is crucial for a nation and its economy. Entrepreneurial ventures can change the
way we live and work. If successful, their innovations may improve our standard of living, and in
addition to creating wealth, they will also create jobs and improve the conditions to make a
prosperous society.
1. Entrepreneurship creates new businesses based on innovative ideas. New goods and services
offered by entrepreneurial ventures stimulate growth in the related businesses, pushing up the
overall growth of an economy.
2. Entrepreneurship adds to the National Income. Entrepreneurial ventures generate new wealth.
New and improved products, services or technology from entrepreneurs enable new markets to
be developed and new wealth to be created. These adds to the national income.
3. Entrepreneurship helps bring about Social Change. Innovative ventures set up by
entrepreneurs break away from tradition and indirectly support freedom by reducing the
dependence on obsolete systems and technologies. This results in an improved quality of life,
improved morale and greater economic freedom.
4. Entrepreneurs help in Community Development: Entrepreneurs regularly nurture ventures by
other like-minded individuals. They also invest in community projects and provide financial
support to local charities.

Rewards of Entrepreneurship
The biggest reward of becoming an entrepreneur is the personal satisfaction that comes from having
the freedom to make your own business decisions and then act on them. Here are a few ways that an
entrepreneur is rewarded through his efforts:
1. Making your own rules: When you own a business, you get to be your own boss. You can make
your own rules to run the company. The freedom it gives is immensely satisfying.
2. You have the freedom to follow your own schedule: It gives you the freedom to do things at
your pace and in the way that is most satisfactory to you.
3. Creates employment opportunities for others: By setting up a business you not only give
employment to the people but also encourage others to set up similar ventures, leading to the
proliferation of employment opportunities.
4. Unlimited Growth Opportunities: A successful venture may provide an entrepreneur with
enough wealth to expand his business or create a new business.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

merchandising sole proprietorship business

private limited entrepreneur

1. An _______________________ is a person who takes financial risk and sets up a business

enterprise with the aim of earning profit.
2. A _________________ enterprise is an activity to provide goods and services to the people in
exchange of money.
3. A _____________________ company is a type of privately held small business entity that can
have not 2 to 50 shareholders.
4. A __________________ business buys products at a lower wholesale price and sells the same at a
somewhat higher retail price.
5. A _____________________ is a form of business entity where a single individual handles the
entire business organization.

Worksheet 2 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of these is an integral feature of an entrepreneurial venture?

a. Innovation b. Machines
c. Labour d. Investors
2. Which of these is a feature of the sole proprietary business?
a. Limited liability b. Single owner
c. Profit sharing d. None of these
3. Which type of business model does Amul India follow?
a. Partnership b. Private Ltd company
c. Public Ltd company d. Cooperative
4. Which of these is not an entrepreneurial skill?
a. Teamwork b. Problem solving skills
c. Motivation and vision d. No ability to bear risk
5. Which of these is not necessary for a successful entrepreneurial venture?
a. Profitability b. Motivation the employees
c. Continuous performance evaluation d. Public speaking

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Worksheet 3 Answer the following:

1. What is entrepreneurship?
2. Who is called an entrepreneur?
3. What is meant by a partnership business?
4. What is meant by liability in context of a business?
5. Name any three types of businesses.
6. Write any one difference between a private ltd. and public ltd. company?
7. Write any two characteristics of entrepreneurship.
8. Write some rewards of entrepreneurship.

Practical Exercises
1. Make a group of four five in class. Discuss and try to find out innovative ways of getting rid of
the waste being generated in your city or town. Refine your idea by taking inputs from your
teachers and other people around you. Sit together and discuss if this idea can be converted
into a profitable business venture and the steps to do this. If you will set up a venture to
implement this idea, discuss the role that each of you will play and how will you arrange for
the finances.
2. Observe different types of business activities around you. Make a poster on the different
types of businesses by pasting pictures.
3. Make a chart listing the advantages of entrepreneurship over regular salaried jobs.

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 Chapter 12 Green Skills
Learning Objectives
1. Demonstrate the knowledge of the factors influencing natural resource conservation
2. Describe the importance of green economy and green skills

Introduction to the Environment

We see many things around us. We see people, animals, plants, birds, rivers,
ponds, buildings, roads, bridges and many other things in our surroundings.
Everything that surrounds human beings such as places, people, things and
nature make up the environment. Our environment is a combination of natural
things and man-made things. The natural environment includes both biotic and
abiotic components existing on the earth. Human beings, plants, animals, birds, Make the Earth Green
micro-organisms and other living creatures are examples of the biotic components of the
environment. Land, water, soil, air, sunlight, wind, rocks, mountains and other non-living things are
examples of abiotic components of the environment. These biotic and abiotic components depend on
each other for survival. For example, plants need sunlight, water and minerals to prepare their food.
Humans and animals obtain their food from plants. Biotic and abiotic components of a natural
environment interact with each other in many ways.

What is an Ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, where living organisms (biotic
environment) interact with each other and also with their abiotic environment.
An ecosystem can vary in size, from a small pond to a large forest or sea. We
can divide ecosystems into two main categories—terrestrial ecosystems and
aquatic ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystems include forests, grasslands and
deserts. Aquatic ecosystems include ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers and
estuaries. Crop fields and an aquarium are considered as man-made ecosystems.
A Pond Ecosystem

Human-Environment Relationship
All living things including human beings live in a natural environment. The natural environment
provides us with the basic elements that human beings need to survive such as food, water and
shelter. Humans use natural resources such as water, land, air, minerals, etc. to fulfil their needs.
Therefore, most human settlements are located in areas where abundant natural resources are
available such as next to rivers, close to places where minerals are found and where there is a good
potential to grow agricultural. Humans use land to grow crops, make houses, make roads, make
buildings, make bridges, etc. and do many other activities. The relationship between human being,
the natural environment and the ecological systems is complex and continually changing process.

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The relationship between human beings and the environment is generally considered to be linear. In
this linear system, nature provides food, energy, goods and land, which are called inputs from nature
to people. The outputs from human beings to nature comprises of organic wastes, emissions of gases
such as CO2, SO2, etc. and inorganic wastes. Therefore, the human-nature relationship in this form
can be said to be liner, as shown in the following figure.

Organic waste
Food

(Coal, Oil, Nuclear)

(landfill, sea dumping)

Depletable
Energy
Emissions
INPUTS FROM NATURE Humans OUTPUTS INTO NATURE
(Co,N o,x So)2
2

Goods
Land Inorganic waste
(landfill)

A linear conceptualization of human environment relationship

The relationship between the natural environment and human settlements can be conceptualized as
having a more circular connection, due to their inter-dependence. As seen in the figure below, it is
important that human beings understand this relationship to live a life that prevents the destruction of
the natural environment. Destruction can take place due to their over-use of natural resources and
overburdening the environment with their outputs in terms of organic and inorganic wastes as well as
emissions.

Reduced pollution and wastes

Recycled Organic Waste Organic waste
Food (landfill, sea dumping)
Energy
Renewable

Emissions
INPUTS FROM NATURE Humans OUTPUTS INTO NATURE
(Co,N o,x So)2
2

Goods
Land Inorganic waste
Recycled Organic Waste (landfill)

A circular conceptualization of human environment relationship

This circular system will remain effective till such a time as human beings do not over-exploit the
environment. They can do this by only using renewable resources indiscriminately, while limiting the
consumption of non-renewable resources consumptions. And through lowering their consumption,
greater efficiencies and careful harvesting; they can limit their inorganic waste that is not recyclable
and gas emissions which are leading to environmental degradation.

What is Environment Degradation?

The industrial revolution that started in the mid-1700s had a positive influence on human life and
lifestyle in the form of human development, life longevity, public health, sanitation, social
improvements, energy availability, the use of natural resources, etc. As a result, it dramatically
changed virtually every aspect of human life and lifestyles. The aspect that had the most prolific
impact was that of the human population. In 1800 the human population was 1 billion, and within 200
years it grew by more than 770 percent to 7.7 billion in 2019.
The impact of the industrial revolution that made it possible to drastically use the earth's natural
resources and the drastic increase in the human population in the modern age, led to major
environmental problems as well. The over-use of natural and man-made resources led to gross
deforestation, drastic increase in waste by-products that cannot be disposed of, the high level of
harmful gas emissions into the environment, etc. These led to environmental degradation.

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Environmental degradation can be defined as any change or disturbance
to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. This
includes the depletion of natural resources such as air, water and soil; the
destruction of the ecosystems and natural habitats; the extinction of
wildlife; environmental pollution; depletion of resources and bio-
diversity; the indiscriminate production of waste; the destruction of the
natural habitat; etc. The resultant greenhouse effect, depletion of the ozone
layer, global warming, the melting of the ice giving rise to the sea-levels are
Many human activities cause
creating an imbalance in the environment, that is threatening the future of environment degradation
sustainable life on earth.

Factors Causing an Imbalance in the Environment

There are many factors that cause this imbalance in our environment. Some major factors are:
1. Population Growth: A high and growing population makes more demands
on the environment. The demand increases on the environment to support the
increasing population, not only in terms of food and lodging, but also in terms
of the amount of waste that it generates, the greenhouse gases that it emits and
the ability of the environment to sustain this growth. Overpopulation

2. Deforestation: The cutting down of trees on a large scale to make room for farmland, human
settlements and industry is called deforestation. A rapid growth in population and urban sprawl
are two of the major causes of deforestation. Apart from these, the use of forest land for
agriculture, animal grazing, harvest for fuel wood and logging are some of the other causes of
deforestation. Deforestation contributes to global warming as a decreased forest size puts carbon
dioxide back into the environment.
3. Human Settlements: Human settlements and their associated activities cause environmental
degradation. The mushrooming of informal settlements is seen globally due to the lack of
appropriate town planning and infrastructure provision. The people in such settlement are
forced to dispose of their biodegradable and solid waste in the vicinity of the settlements, thus
threatening the surrounding ecosystems. This is leading to an imbalance in the environment.
4. Air Pollution and Industrial Wastes: The smoke and wastes produced by
most industries are released directly without treatment into the environment.
This causes air, water and other environmental pollutions. The industrial
wastes contain lead that harm aquatic life. The smoke contains greenhouse
gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), etc. that leads to
Air Pollution
the global warming, acid rain and the rise of the sea levels.
These are some of the major causes of the imbalance in the environment. These issues have to be
addressed to ensure that life on earth is sustained in the future for our children.

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Green Skills
Green skills are defined as 'Skills for sustainability' and
“Technical skills, knowledge, values and attitudes needed in a
workforce to develop and support social, economic and
environmental outcomes in business, industry and the
community.” The terms to understand here are: sustainability,
work force and skills. Sustainability, here refers to the process
of maintaining a balance in the environment, workforce
refers to the working population of the world and green Green Skills are Eco-friendly
skills, here refers to the ethics, values, attitudes and knowledge of the environment that needs to be
inculcated in the workforce such as how it is being degraded and the steps that need to be taken to
conserve and protect the environment. As such green skills can be understood as, 'inculcating skills
in the worlds working population that helps them to sustain the environment in our lifetime and
that of our future generations.' People have to stop ignoring the signs of environmental degradation
and start taking actual steps, not only to spread environment awareness, but also to make actual
changes towards environment protection and conservation.

Environmental Protection and Conservation

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural
environment by individuals, organizations and governments. The
environment should be protected for its sustainability. Industrial wastes,
deforestation, depletion of the ozone layer, excessive green-house gases
in the environment, etc. results in global warming and climate change.
This is having an adverse impact on the environment and human health.
There is a need for conservation of our biodiversity, the protection of the
wetlands and the prevention of environmental pollution. It is only such
Save Environment
prompt action that can promote ecological balance and enable
sustainable development.

Natural Resource Conservation

Natural commodities such as soil, air, water, sunlight, plants, minerals, coal, petroleum, etc. used by
human beings for their survival and welfare are called natural resources. Natural resources are
classified into two main groups—inexhaustible resources and exhaustible resources. Inexhaustible
resources are those natural resources that cannot be exhausted by indiscriminate human
consumption such as soil, water in ocean, air, etc. Exhaustible resources are natural resources that are
limited in quantity and can be exhausted in time such as coal, petroleum, etc. The biggest concern
before humanity is the fast depletion of natural resources which is being caused by their improper
and excessive use and the growing population.

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Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect the natural resources from exhaustion. Some ways to do
so are given here.
1. Using alternative sources of power such as solar and wind energy: Solar energy, wind energy
and water energy are inexhaustible sources of energy that can be used in place of non-renewable
sources of energy such as coal, petroleum, natural gases, etc. They are also bio-friendly and do
not produce greenhouse gases. They are a green alternative to traditional sources of energy.
2. Conserving and cleaning water: Water is one of the most important resource that needs to be
conserved and cleaned. Strict rules and measures have to be taken by people to save and reuse
water by closing the taps after use, reusing water for plants, rain-water harvesting, etc.
Governments and institutions should work more efficiently to clean water and provide it to
remote areas where water is scarce.
3. Growing Plants and Reforestation: Plants are a precious natural resource that makes Earth a
Living planet. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release life-giving oxygen and maintain the cycle
of these gases in the environment. Plants provide us food, wood, rubber, medicines and many
other things that we use in our daily life. Plants also prevent soil erosion. They are home to many
insects and birds and provide shelter to many other animals. They help to maintain the ecological
balance. We should plant more and more trees to save the environment.
4. Protecting wildlife and aquatic animals: Many species of animals are becoming extinct because
of human intervention. Such human activities disturb the ecosystem and creates an
environmental imbalance that is harmful for life. Large-scale water pollution is endangering the
survival of aquatic life. The government should enact strict laws to protect wildlife and aquatic
life.
5. Using the 4 R's:The 4 R's are: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.
Reduce is to limit the amount of waste that we create, which includes
buying products with less packaging. Reuse means to use
something again that we normally throw away. Recycle means that
we make efforts to recycle non-biodegradable waste like plastics,
glass, metals, etc. Recover means to convert waste into resources
(such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel) through thermal and
biological processes. It is important for individuals, organizations
and nations to follow the 4 R's to protect and conserve the
environment. The 4 R’s
6. Developing a Green Economy: Green economy is an economy that aims at reducing
environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It, further, aims at sustain the environment
without degrading it. It helps reducing greenhouse gas emissions and uses green technology and
clean energy. Green economy should be developed and encouraged by nations to achieve
sustainable development.

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What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is economic development that is done without depletion of natural
resources. In essence sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generations
without compromising the ability of future generations. Such development encourages technology, business
models, etc. to move towards environment-friendly methods to create jobs and produce goods.

Green Economy
According to UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), green economy is an economy that
results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental
risks and ecological scarcities. In its simplest expression, a green economy is a low carbon, resource
efficient, and socially inclusive. In a green economy, growth in income and employment should be
driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy
and resource efficiency and prevent the loss of bio-diversity and ecosystem services.

Importance of Green Economy

Green economy is a practical tool that helps to achieve sustainable development. Green economy is
needed to reduce the pressure on the environment and to maintain the balance in nature. The
importance of green economy is being recognized by many institutions and governments. Some
important features of a green economy are as follows:
It respects planetary boundaries or ecological limits and scarcity of resources.
m
It helps to protect biodiversity and ecosystems.
m
It is resource and energy efficient and it promotes low carbon emissions.
m
It helps to create decent work and green jobs, facilitating education and skills development.
m
It delivers
m poverty reduction, human well-being, livelihoods, social protection and access to
essential services.
It is inclusive, democratic, participatory, accountable, transparent and stable.
m
It uses integrated decision-making processes and it drives innovation and technology transfer.
m

Towards a Green India

There are several provisions made in the Indian Constitution to protect the environment. There are
certain legislations that have been enacted by the Government of India to protect and conserve the
environment, such as Environment Protection Act, Wildlife Preservation Act, Biodiversity Conservation
Act, Water and Air pollution prevention Acts, etc.
The National Mission for Green India is one of the missions outlined under the National Action Plan
on Climate Change (NAPCC). Its aim is to protect, restore and enhance India's decreasing forest
cover and respond to climate change. It will be adopted on both public and private lands.
India is making efforts to create a green workforce. As per International Labour Organisation (ILO)
India will create a 300,000 green workforce by 2022 to generate electricity from renewable resources.
India is also making efforts to develop green skills in its general workforce to make them conscious of
their green duties as global citizens.

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Be a Green Citizen
The World Environment Day is also celebrated across the world on 5th June every year to make
people aware about the environment. We as global citizens should develop green skills so that we
can play our role to make the Earth Green! Let us see what we can do.
1. Turn off the lights, fans and air-conditioners when you leave a
room. Also turn the computer, TV and any other devices off when
you finish using them.
2. Do not waste water: Turn the tap off immediately after use. Try to
use a mug of water instead of opening the tap when you brush your
teeth. Use a bucket of water to bathe instead of using the shower.
3. Say No to plastic straws at restaurants, extra paper napkins, plastic
bags, etc.
4. Use LED and CFL Lights in your homes. This saves electricity. Be a green citizen
5. Carry a cloth bag to do your grocery shopping so you do not have to take plastic bags.
6. Reuse plastic bags that you have. Use reusable water bottles instead of a plastic water bottles.
7. Recycle at home. Ask your parents and elders to recycle non-biodegradable waste such as plastic
bottles, metal cans, magazines, newspapers, etc. Segregate biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste and place them in separate recycling bins.
8. Do not buy products that use a lot of packing.
9. Use more and more renewable resources and try to stop or minimize the use of non-renewable
resources.
10. Walk and use the cycle instead of asking your parents to drop you in the car, etc.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Environmental degradation afforestation environment biotic components

Deforestation green greenhouse abiotic ecosystem terrestrial

1. Everything that surrounds us is called the ____________ .

2. Human beings, plants, animals and other living beings are examples of ___________ .
3. Land, water, soil, air and sunlight are ______________ components.
4. An ______________ is the functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact with each
other and with their physical environment.
5. The forests, grasslands and deserts are the examples of __________ Ecosystem.
6. __________ refers to any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or
undesirable.

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7. Cutting down of trees on a large scale is termed as______________ .
8. Growing plants on a large scale is termed as______________ .
9. A _________________ economy is low carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive.
10. The excess amount of ________________ gases lead to global warming.

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Biotic and abiotic components interact with each other in an ecosystem.

2. Humans and animals depend on plants for their food.
3. Plants do not help maintain the ecological system.
4. Population growth is a major cause of the depletion of the natural resources.
5. Plants and animals are not natural resources.
6. Green economy can help reduce environmental pollution.
7. Rain harvesting is a method of conserving water.
8. Deforestation can lead to global warming and climate change.
9. Reuse means to use something again that you would normally throw away.
10. Coal and petroleum are renewable sources of energy.
11. Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy.

Worksheet 3 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü

) the correct answer.

1. Which of these is a greenhouse gas?

a. O2 b. H2
c. CO2 d. N2
2. Plants and animals are examples of:
a. Natural resources b. Artificial resources
c. Minerals d. None of these
3. The cutting down of trees on a large scale is termed as:
a. Reforestation b. Deforestation
c. Global warming d. Climate change
4. Rain harvesting is a method of:
a. Soil conservation b. Air conservation
c. Water conservation d. Plant conservation
5. Plants take in ......................... gas that helps reducing air pollution.
a. NH3 b. H2
c. CO2 d. No2
6. To protect and conserve the environment we should adopt:
a. White economy b. Black economy
c. Red economy d. Green economy

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7. Which of the following is not a natural resource?
a. Coal b. Electricity
c. Petroleum d. Soil
8. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy?
a. Coal b. Petroleum
c. Sunlight d. None of these
9. Which of the following is a feature of the green economy?
a. Environment friendly b. Save ecosystem
c. Energy efficient d. All are correct
10. The World Environment Day is celebrated on ......................... every year.
a. 5th June b. 5th July
c. 5th August d. 5th September

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What do you mean by the environment?

2. What are biotic and abiotic components of the environment?
3. What do you mean by the ecosystem?
4. What is environmental degradation?
5. Write some measures to protect the environment.
6. What do you mean by sustainable development?
7. What do you mean by green skills?
8. What do you mean by green economy?
9. What is the importance of green economy?
10. Write a short note on the 4 R's.
11. Write the do’s and don'ts to become a green citizen.

Practical Exercises
1. Discuss on the following topics in your class:
· Various factors that influence our environment
· Hazards of deteriorating environment
· Benefits of green skills
· Importance of green economy.
2. Prepare posters showing:
· Conservation of environment and
· Importance of green economy.

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 Chapter 13 Knowing the AI
Learning Objectives
1. History of AI 2. Types and Future of AI
3. Growing Demand for AI 4. Applications of AI in daily life
5. Smart Home, Smart City and Smart schools 6. Human Machine Interaction and AI readiness skills

Key moments in the history of AI

History of Artificial Intelligence(AI) is not a new invention. It started in the year 1950. The history is
fascinating with many landmark inventions. Turing test, IBM's Deep blue & Watson computing
systems, Deepmaind's AlphaGoZero and many more were built (or invented) during this journey.

History of AI

1943 1950 1956 1966 1972 1974-1980 1980

Evolution of Turing Birth of AI: First Chatboat: First First AI Expert

Artificial Machine Dartmouth ELIZA Intelligence Winer System
neurons Conference Robot:
WABOT - 1

1987-1993 1997 2002 2011 2012 2014 2015

Second AI IBM Deep blue AI in Home: IBM s Watsom : Google now Chatbot Eugene Amazon
Winer : first computer Roomba Wins a quiz Goostman:Wines Echo
to beat a world show a“Turing test
chess champion

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The year 1950: The Turing Test
Alan Turing was an English mathematician and pioneered
C B
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Computer Human
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The
test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behaviour equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
A
test. Evaluator

The Turing test

Do you Know? A Turing test is a test performed to determine a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behaviour. The basic concept behind the test is: a human judge is engaged in a natural
language conversation with a computer. If he cannot reliably distinguish the machine from
the human, the machine passes the test.

1956: The history begins: the term 'AI' is coined

In the summer of 1956, scientists gather for a conference at
Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. They believe that
aspects of learning, as well as other characteristics of human
intelligence, can be simulated by machines. The programmer,
John McCarthy, proposes calling this 'artificial intelligence.'
The world's first AI program, 'Logic Theorist' — which
manages to prove several dozen mathematical theorems and
data is also written during the conference. John McCarthy

1966: Birth of the first Chatbot

The German-American computer scientist Joseph
Weizenbaum of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
invents a computer program that communicates with humans.
'ELIZA' uses scripts to simulate various conversation partners
such as a psychotherapist. Weizenbaum is surprised at the
simplicity of the means required for ELIZA to create the
illusion of a human conversation partner. That forms the
foundation of Chatbot.
Eliza-the first Chatbot

Do you Know? There are Simple chatbots and Smart chatbots. Simple Chatbots work on pre-defined
keywords that they can understand. If a user asks something which is not in the database of a
chatbot, it will respond like "Sorry, I am not able to understand your query'. Smart chatbots
are AI-based and learn with getting keywords and placing them it the right context to give an
accurate answer for the query.

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Tip & Tricks You can view Chatbot in action at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bs2gT
5psz0E

1972: AI enters the medical field

With 'MYCIN', artificial intelligence finds its way into medical practices: The expert system
developed by Ted Shortliffe at Stanford University is used for the treatment of illnesses. Expert
systems are computer programs that bundle the knowledge for a specialist field using formulas,
rules, and a knowledge database. They are used for diagnosis and treatment support in medicine.

1986: 'NETtalk' speaks

The computer is given a voice for the first time. Terrence J. Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg teach
their 'NETtalk' program to speak by inputting sample sentences. NETtalk is able to read words and
pronounce them correctly and can apply what it has learned to speak; it does not know. It is one of the
early artificial neural networks — programs that are supplied with large datasets and are able to
draw their own conclusions on this basis. Their structure and function are thereby similar to those of
the human brain.

1997: Computer beats world chess champion

The AI chess computer, 'Deep Blue' from IBM, defeats
the chess world champion, Garry Kasparov, in a
tournament. It is considered a historical success in an
area previously dominated by humans. Critics,
however, find fault with Deep Blue for winning merely
by calculating all possible moves, rather than with
cognitive intelligence.
Deep Blue Vs Garry Kasparov
2011: AI enters everyday life
Technology leaps in the hardware and software fields pave the way for artificial intelligence to enter
everyday life. Powerful processors and graphics cards in computers, smartphones, and tablets give
regular consumers access to AI programs. Digital assistants, in particular, are very popular. Apple's
'Siri' came to the market in 2011, Microsoft introduced the 'Cortana' software in 2014, and Amazon
presents Amazon Echo with the voice service 'Alexa' in 2015.

2011: AI 'Watson' wins a quiz show

In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz
show, where it had to solve the complex questions as
well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could
understand natural language and can solve tricky
problems quickly.
Watson in Jeopardy Quiz

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Do you Know? Watson is a question answering computing system capable of answering questions posed in
natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team. IBM Watson was
named after IBM's first CEO, Thomas J. Watson. The goal of the project was to develop a
natural language-responsive system that could interpret questions asked in a human
language. And then analyze vast amounts of data and return answers that it would take
human days, weeks, or even months to derive.

Today, IBM Watson is used in a multitude of industry sectors with specialized information needs,
including veterinary science, environmental and geotechnical engineering, education, government,
food and beverage, legal, and music and entertainment.

Tip & Tricks Watch IBM Watson in action at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At

dJ1DGJjXA

2017: Time of DeepMind

DeepMind is a London based company, which was
acquired by Google for around $500 million in 2014.
In 20176, a DeepMind-powered program called
AlphaGo defeated a world champion Go player—a
milestone for the fact that Go game is considerably
more complicated than chess.
Since the tournament, DeepMind has only improved
AlphaGo Vs World Go champion
its AI Go systems. In 2017, it created AlphaGo Zero, a
version of the program which surpassed even AlphaGo.
While the original AI learned to play Go by studying a dataset of more than 100,000 human games,
AlphaGo Zero developed its skills by simply playing itself, over and over. After three days of self-
play using hugely powerful computer systems that let it play games at superhuman speeds, AlphaGo
Zero was able to defeat its predecessor 100 games to nil. DeepMind said at the time that AlphaGo
Zero was likely the strongest Go player in history.

Do you Know? Go game originated in ancient China around 3,000 years ago and eventually spread to Japan
and Korea and is still played. It is played on a 19-by-19 grid with flat, round pieces called
"stones." One player uses black stones. The other uses white. Black and White take turns
placing their stones on empty intersections on the grid. The game ends when all open spaces
on the board have been surrounded. Players receive points for the number of spaces they have
surrounded. A player can also "capture" her opponent's stones by surrounding them with
her own. These captured stones are subtracted from that opponent's score at the game's end.
The player with the most points wins.

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Tip & Tricks You can play the Go game online at https://online-go.com/game/23279912. But do
not forget to learn the rules and practice those first, on the same website

2018: AI makes a hairdressing appointment

Google demonstrated an AI program "Duplex", which was a virtual
assistant. It takes hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the
other side did not notice that she was talking with the machine.

Duplex making an appointment

Do you Know? Because of the over-optimistic
settings and the not occurred Google's Duplex AI assistant is now
breakthroughs U.S. and British available in a limited capacity on
government cut off exploratory smartphones, in Canada, U.K. and
research in AI. The following years Australia. Google Duplex, with the help
were called (first) AI Winter. The of Google Assistant, speaks for the user.
enthusiasm was lost; nobody wanted
to fund AI research. The interest of
publicity on Artificial Intelligence
decreased. This was around 1974.

Tip & Tricks You can see Google Duplex in action taking an appointment with a hairdresser at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBVCFcEBKLM

Types of AI
Artificial intelligence today is properly known as
ARTIFICIAL NARROW ARTIFICIAL GENERAL
narrow AI (or weak AI). It is designed to perform a
INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE
narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only
internet searches or only driving a car). However,
the long-term goal of many researchers is to create
general AI (AGI or strong AI). IDEA IDEA
Machine’s ability to Machines can be made
perform a single task to think and function
extremely well, even as human mind.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) better than humans.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), also known

as "Weak" AI, is the AI that exists in our world Types of Artificial Intelligence
today.

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI or narrow AI) refers to a computer's ability to perform a
single task extremely well, for instance, facial recognition, internet searches, or just driving a
car.

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Another example is, computer programs capable of playing chess at Grand-Master levels are
incapable of playing checkers, which is actually a much simpler game. In order for the same
computer to play checkers, a different, independent program must be designed and executed. In
other words, the computer cannot draw on its capacity to play chess as a means of adapting to the
game of checkers.
However, this is not the case with humans, as any human chess player can take advantage of his
knowledge of that game to play checkers perfectly in a matter of minutes. The design and application
of artificial intelligence that can only behave intelligently in a very specific setting are related to what
is known as weak. Although we refer to existing AI and intelligent machines as "weak" AI, by itself is a
great accomplishment in human innovation and intelligence.

Remember Weak artificial intelligence is a form of AI specifically designed to be focused on a narrow task and
to seem very intelligent at it.

Check Point Name any four ANI applications

1. ________________________________ 2. ________________________________

3. ________________________________ 4. ________________________________

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a machine that can understand or learn
any intellectual task that a human being can. It is also known as Strong AI or Deep AI.

An Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) would be a machine capable of understanding the world as
well as any human, and with the same capacity to learn how to carry out a vast range of tasks.

Do you Know? Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI) will be

the top-most point of AI development. AGI does not exist but has featured
ASI will be the most potent form of in science-fiction stories for more
intelligence to ever exist on this planet. It than a century, and been
popularized in modern times by
will be able to perform all the tasks better
films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey.
than humans because of their
inordinately superior data processing,
memory, and decision-making ability.
However, that stage is very far away.

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Future of AI
"[AI] is going to change the world more than anything in the
history of mankind. More than electricity."— AI oracle and
venture capitalist Dr. Kai-Fu Lee, 2018
Artificial intelligence is impacting the future of virtually
every industry and every human being. Artificial intelligence
has acted as the main driver of emerging technologies like big
data, robotics and IoT, and it will continue to act as a
technological innovator for the foreseeable future.
Definitely, AI is going to have a major effect on sustainability, climate change and environmental
issues. Through the use of sophisticated sensors, cities will become less congested, less polluted and
generally more liveable.
Dirty jobs are often unhygienic or hazardous work that can impact human health. Even though these
jobs are unfavourable, someone has to do them. They include waste management, livestock
nurturing, and mine exploration. The AI robots can take away the risk from humans and keep them
safe from harm. AI is going to impact every industry like e-governance, e-commerce, construction,
human resource, digital marketing, entertainment, healthcare, transportation, defence,
cybersecurity, and tourism.
Tegmark said during his TED Talk, "Our situation with technology is complicated, but the big picture
is rather simple. Most AGI researchers expect AGI within decades, and if we just enter into this
unprepared, it will probably be the biggest mistake in human history. It could enable brutal global
dictatorship with unprecedented inequality, surveillance, suffering and maybe even human
extinction. But if we steer carefully, we could end up in a fantastic future where everybody is better off.
Like, the poor are richer, and the rich are richer. Everybody is healthy and free to live out their dreams.”

Remember An Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) would be a machine capable of understanding the world
as well as any human. Moreover, with the same capacity to learn how to carry out a huge range of
tasks.

Deep Learning

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning. It is algorithms inspired by the structure and
function of the brain called artificial neural networks (ANN).

Deep Learning is a key technology behind driverless cars, enabling them to recognize a stop sign, or
to distinguish a pedestrian from a lamppost. It is the key to voice control in consumer devices like
phones, tablets, TVs, and hands-free speakers.
Today, deep-learning systems are significantly limited by narrow AI. This means that if systems have
been trained to carry out one task (playing Go game, for example) and are then trained to do
something different (for example, distinguishing between images of dogs and cats), they completely
forget what they learned for the previous task (in this case, playing Go). This limitation is powerful
proof that those systems do not learn anything, at least in the human sense of learning.

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Another important limitation of these systems is that they are "black boxes" with no capacity to
explain. It would, therefore, be interesting to research how to give deep-learning systems a capacity
to allow them to explain how they reached the proposed results and conclusion.
It is also necessary to develop new learning algorithms that do not require enormous amounts of data
to be trained. Also, it is necessary to invent more energy-efficient hardware, as energy consumption
could end up being one of the main barriers to AI development.

Growing Demand for AI

Here are some facts and figures which show how the demand for AI and related field is going to rise.
1. The year 2021 will be a crucial year in AI-related employment dynamics, as artificial intelligence
will become a positive job motivator.
2. In a recent survey, it is estimated that ML and AI alone have at least 1.4 million open jobs at the
moment. To fulfill the gap, there is no confusion that training in Data Science or Machine
Learning and AI is the best way to give the professional journey a boost.
3. According to the AI talent report, the number of AI-related jobs have increased by 119 percent.
Industries like manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, finance, agriculture, retail and
customer service will receive growing business value from AI.
4. AI working/teaching companies have witnessed a strong demand for its AI and ML course for its
unique value proposition. It's futuristic curriculum provides not only hands-on experience on
various industry-relevant programming and tools but also covers advanced concepts namely
Robotic Process Automation and Developing Intelligent Bots.
5. The tremendous increase in data has given birth to Data Science, which has further divided into
Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and more.
6. The demand for data scientists will rise by 32% by 2021 alone. Many companies are offering
programs that are designed to an upscale working knowledge of Statistics, understanding the
concepts of Data Mining, Data Science with R, Python or SAS, Application of ML, Deep Learning
and AI, Software Programming Languages, Database Management, and lastly Data
Visualisation can help to succeed in this ever-evolving field.

Applications of AI in daily life

Every time you do a Google search, book a trip online, receive a product recommendation from
Amazon, or open your Facebook newsfeed, which is just a few everyday instances — AI is working in
the background. If you are not aware of AI in daily life, it may be comforting to know that most of us
have been using AI on a daily basis for many years. There are many application of AI in daily life.
Some of them are listed here.

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1. Maps and Directions
When apps like Google Maps calculate traffic and
construction work in order to find the quickest route to your
destination, that's AI at work. Also, Google Maps offers
directions based on the fastest route according to the usual
traffic.
Google Maps
2. Ride-sharing Apps
Ride-sharing service like Uber and Ola uses AI to determine
how long it will take to get from your location to your
destination. This also lets you know when to expect a driver to
pick you up and what will be the amount you will be paying for
your ride.
A ride sharing app

Do you Know? A recent report by The Independent claims that Uber is developing artificial intelligence that
will help determine if a rider has been drinking — before the driver agrees to pick up the
passenger.

3. Financial Institutions Fraud Prevention

Banks use AI is by sending mobile alerts to help prevent against
fraud. For example, if an unusually large transaction takes place
in your account, you might get a warning alert on your phone. Or,
if you suddenly begin making purchases in a different state, you
may get warned for fraud prevention, requiring you to call your
bank to personally verify your purchase.
Fraud prevention

Remember These types of notifications are possible due to the tracking of your day-to-day financial
transactions, allowing AI to recognize unusual patterns in your spending habits.

4. Music Recommendations
Music services use AI to track your listening habits. They use the
information to suggest other songs you might like to hear. For
example, Spotify (It is a music app that gives you access to
millions of songs.) offers suggestions for new discoveries,
new releases, and old favourites, based on your listening habits.
Google Play also offers personalized music recommendations.
Its AI-powered suggestions take into account factors like
weather and time of day to offer music that can set the mood for
activities. For example, you might be offered a playlist of dance Suggestion for music
music on a birthday party or soft acoustic music on a rainy day.

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5. Product Recommendations
Amazon and other online retailers use AI to gather
information about your preferences and buying habits.
Then, they personalize your shopping experience by
suggesting new products tailored to your habits.

Items recommended based on previous shopping

6. Google Predictive Searches
When you begin typing a search term, and Google makes
recommendations for you to choose from, that's AI in action.
Predictive searches are based on data that Google collects
about you, such as your location, age, and other personal
details. Using AI, the search engine attempts to guess what
you might be trying to find.
Google predicting the search term
7. AI Autopilot
AI autopilots in commercial airlines is a surprisingly early
use of AI technology, that dates as far back as 1914. The New
York Times reports that the average flight of a Boeing plane
involves only seven minutes of human-steered flight, which
is typically reserved only for take-off and landing. The
rest of the operations are managed by AI-powered
Autopilot.
AI autopilot in a self driving car

Latest Trends! Tesla car making company has produced Tesla Autopilot, which is an advanced driver-
assistance system. Features offered are lane centring, adaptive cruise control, self-parking,
the ability to automatically change lanes, and the ability to summon the car to and from a
garage or parking spot.

8. Social Networking Type any name of tag:

When you upload photos to Facebook, the service Choose a person:

automatically highlights faces and suggests friends to tag. Jenna Trouchet Watt (me)
Lauren Fern Watt
How can it instantly identify which of your friends is in the Meghan Tominson
Nala
photo? Facebook uses AI to recognize faces. cracky
rudolph
AK Cook
Tagging your friends

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9. Education
Textbooks are digitized with the help of AI. Virtual tutors assist
human instructors, and facial analysis gauges the emotions of
students to determine who is struggling or bored, and tailor the
experience to their individual needs.

10. Smart Personal Assistants AI Smart classes

Now that voice recognition technology is accurate enough to rely on for basic conversation, and it has
become the control interface for a new generation of smart personal assistants.
The first inventions were simpler phone assistants like Siri and
m Google Assistant, which could
perform internet searches, set reminders, and integrate with your calendar.
Amazon
m expanded upon this model with the announcement of
complementary hardware and software components:
o An AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice
commands to create to-do lists, order items online, set
reminders, and answer questions (via internet searches)
o Echo (and later, Dot) smart speakers that allow you to
integrate Alexa into your living room and use voice
commands to ask natural language questions, play music,
order pizza, call an Uber, and integrate with smart home
devices. Talking to Alexa

Microsoft
m has followed suit with Cortana, its own AI assistant that comes pre-loaded on
Windows computers and Microsoft smartphones.

11. Chatbots

A Chabot is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users,

especially over the Internet.

A Chatbot is an assistant that communicates with

us through text messages, a virtual companion
that integrates into websites, applications or
instant messengers and helps entrepreneurs to
get closer to customers. Such a bot is an
automated system of communication with users.
Communicating with a chatbot

Quick Quiz
Name any two more applications where AI is used in daily life?

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Smart Home Technology
What if all the devices in your life could connect to the
Internet? Not just computers and smartphones, but
everything: clocks, speakers, lights, doorbells,
cameras, windows, window blinds, water heaters,
appliances, cooking utensils, etc. And what if those
devices could all communicate, send you information,
and take your commands? It is not science fiction; it is
the Internet of Things (IoT), and it is a key component Connected devices in a smarthome
of home automation and smart homes.

Remember An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which "talk" to the cloud through some kind of
connectivity. Once the data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to
perform an action, such as sending an alert or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices
without the need for the user.

A smart home allows homeowners to control appliances, thermostats, lights, and other
devices remotely using a smartphone or tablet through an internet connection.

Examples of Smart Home Products and applications

Here are some examples to show how Smart Home products work in creating Smart homes
You can control a thermostat from your bed, the airport, anywhere your Smartphone has a signal.
m

LED lights to let you program colour and brightness right from your Smartphone.
m

Motion sensors will send an alert when there's motion around your house, and they can even tell
m
the difference between pets and burglars.
Smartphone integration lets you turn lights and appliances on or off from your Smartphone.
m

Door locks and garage doors can open automatically as your Smartphone approaches.
m

Auto alerts from your security system will immediately go to your Smartphone, so you instantly
m
know if there's a problem at home.

Check Point Name any two more functions which you would like to have in your smart home.
1. _____________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

Tip & Tricks Here is a video which shows you working of Smart Home devices. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIEIGDsbKqY

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Activity 1 Draw a floor plan of your Smart home taking a hint from the left-hand side picture

Remember Privacy and security both matters for a Smart home. Therefore, to reduce possible risks related to
smart home data, it is crucial for consumers to be aware of how their data is being monitored and
used. To secure your smart home, use strong passwords that cannot be cracked. Reduce the
exchange of sensitive information and pay attention to privacy policies.

The Concept of Smart City

Smart
government Smart health
A Smart city is an urban area that uses Smart Smart grid/
farming/
different types of electronic Internet of Mobility/
Wi-Fi
Open
data agriculture
energy/
utilities

Things (IoT) sensors to collect data. Then use Smart Smart/ Smart
manufacturing digital citizens buildings
insights gained from that data to manage Smart
transportation
assets, resources, and services efficiently.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), together with IoT, has

the potential to address the key challenges posed
by the excessive urban population. They can
help with traffic management, healthcare,
energy crisis, and many other issues. IoT data
and AI technology can improve the lives of the citizens and businesses that inhabit a smart city.
With traffic management, healthcare, energy crisis, and many other issues, IoT data and AI
technology can improve the lives of the citizens and businesses that inhabit a smart city. Below are
some features of a Smart city.

1. Smart Traffic Management

AI and IoT can implement smart traffic solutions to ensure that inhabitants of a smart city get from
one point to another in the city as safely and efficiently as possible. Los Angeles, one of the most
congested cities in the world, has implemented a smart traffic solution to control the flow of traffic. It
has installed road-surface sensors and closed-circuit television cameras that send real-time updates
about the traffic flow to a central traffic management system. The data feed from the sensors and
cameras is analyzed, and it notifies the users of congestion and traffic signal malfunctions.

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2. Smart Parking
Anyone living in a city must have felt the struggle of finding a parking spot, especially during the
holiday time. Smart parking can ease the struggle. With road surface sensors embedded in the
ground on parking spots, smart parking solutions can determine whether the parking spots are free
or occupied. This way can create a real-time parking map.

Do you Know? The city of Adelaide installed a smart parking system in February 2018. They are also
launching a mobile app: Park Adelaide, which will provide the user with accurate and real-
time parking information. The app can provide users with the ability to locate, pay for, and
even extend the parking session remotely. The smart parking system of the city of Adelaide
also aims to improve traffic flow, reduce traffic congestion, and decrease carbon emissions.

3. Smart Waste Management

Waste collection, its proper management and disposal are essential city services. Increase in the
urban population necessitates the adoption of smart methods for waste management.
Adopting AI for smart recycling and waste management can provide a sustainable waste
management system. One such example could be of Barcelona's waste management system which
has sensors and devices fitted on waste bins. These sensors send notifications to the authorities to
dispatch the waste collection trucks as soon as they are about to be filled. They also maintain separate
bins for paper, plastic, glass, and waste food items in every locality.

4. Smart Lighting
Street lights are necessary, but they consume a lot of energy, which can be reduced with the use of
smart lighting. Besides this, the lamp posts can also be fitted with additional sensors, also serve as Wi-
Fi network hotspots. The lamps can also adjust the brightness based on the presence of pedestrians,
cyclists or cars. It employs a real-time mesh network to trigger neighbouring lights and creates a safe
circle of light around a human occupant.

5. Smart Governance
The main motive of smart cities is to make a comfortable and convenient life for its inhabitants.
Therefore, smart city infrastructure is not complete without smart Governance. Smart Governance
implies the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) intelligently, in order to
improve decision making through better collaboration among different participants, including
government and citizens. Smart Governance would be able to use data, evidence, and other resources
to improve decision making and compliance towards the needs of the citizens.

Tip & Tricks Watch the video showing the concept of a Smart City.
Link for Smart cities video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRMiKt81nAE

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Tip & Tricks Watch the video showing the concept of a Smart Home.
Link for Smart Home video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CajaUoI3vU

A f t e r wa t c h i n g t h i s
videos, compare it with
the smart floorplan you
Ideas of Your Smart A Smart home as
created and fill up the Floor Plan has... seen in the video is...
Venn diagram.
............................... ...............................
............................... ...............................

Where do smart homes fit into smart cities?

It is self-explanatory that a city becomes smarter when
the number of smart homes increases. Smart homes and As populations move to more
smart cities are emerging in response to an increasingly developed areas (towns and cities)
urbanized world dealing with limited resources and a the immediate outcome is
desire to improve energy efficiency. Smart cities will urbanization.
help deal with congestion and energy waste, while also
helping to improve the quality of life. Smart homes will
benefit from the IoT to improve energy efficiency,
security and convenience thanks to the introduction of
intelligent, connected devices.

Smart Schools
Smart school is a technology-based teaching-learning
institution that prepares children for the information age.
In smart schools, teachers take the help of a wide variety of
multimedia tools, like movies, photos, audio and slides to
make the teaching-learning process more effective and
efficient. Now, AI is also helping to provide a very
personalized learning experience for students.
A Smart class
Smart Content
Smart content includes virtual content like video conferencing, video lectures. AI systems are using
traditional syllabuses to create customized textbooks for specific subjects. As a result, books are being
digitized, and new learning interfaces are being designed to help students of all academic grades and
ages.

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Creating a Form
Through AI-powered apps, students get targeted and customized responses from their teachers.
Teachers can condense lessons into smart study guides and flashcards. They can also teach students
depending on the challenges they face in studying class materials. Unlike in the past, college students
can now have more time for interacting with professors. Thanks to AI, smart tutoring systems, like
Carnegie Learning, can offer quick feedback and work directly with students.

Simplifying Administrative Tasks

AI can automate the expedition of administrative duties for teachers and academic institutions.
Educators spend a lot of time on grading exams, assessing homework, and providing valuable
responses to their students. But technology can be used to automate the grading tasks where multiple
tests are involved. This means that professors would have more time with their students rather than
spending long hours grading them. We expect more of this from AI.

Human-Machine Interaction
We have long got used to the interaction between human and
machine: A smartphone user asks the digital assistant what the
weather's going to be like, and it replies. At home, the human
voice controls smart thermostats or commands the intelligent
speaker to play a song.
A few gestures on the Smartphone's touch screen are enough
to view photos from Kenya and enlarge individual pictures.
Chatbots conduct automatic dialogues with customers in
messengers. Engineers in the industry use Virtual Reality (VR) glasses to enable them to walk
through planned factory buildings. For all that to be possible, you need human-machine interaction
(HMI) that works.

What is Human-Machine Interaction (HMI)?

Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the communication and interaction between a

human and a machine via a user interface.

HMI is considered an interface that allows humans to interact with the machine. Examples of HMI
physical aspects could be a machine with a touch display, a push button, a mobile device, or a
computer with a keypad.
The interface consists of hardware and software that allow user inputs to be translated as signals for
machines that, in turn, provide the required result to the user. Human-machine interface technology
has been used in different industries like electronics, entertainment, military, medical, etc. Human-
machine interfaces help in integrating humans into complex technological systems.

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How does human-machine interaction work?
The devices are either controlled directly: Users touch the Smartphone's screen or issue a verbal
command. Alternatively, the systems automatically identify what people want: Chatbots, for
instance, reply automatically to requests from customers and keep on learning, is also an example of
HMI.
The human-machine interface is also known as man-machine interface (MMI), computer-human
interface or human-computer interface.

AI-Readiness Skills
With the rise in automation, more and more companies are
aggressively seeking candidates skilled in Artificial
Intelligence(AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Without a doubt,
Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are the
two advanced technologies ruling the current marketplace.
These two have the power to transform the way in which
businesses operate, and humans interact with each other to
perform complex tasks.

To make this difficult task easier, let's take a look at the nine major skills required for this transition.

Solid Mathematical and Algorithms Knowledge

An ideal candidate for the AI domain must be an expert in a broad set of algorithms and applied
math. Such candidates should be well-versed with superb problem solving and analytical skills
which could help them in performing the given tasks in an efficient manner.

Well-Versed With Probability and Statistics

Software professionals need to have a detailed knowledge of probability and statistics to understand
different AI models such as Hidden Markov Models, Naive Bayes, Gaussian Mixture Models, etc.
These theories help them in learning about complex algorithms.

Basic Expertise In Programming Languages (Python/C++/R/Java)

For becoming proficient in AI and ML, it is mandatory for engineers to learn programming languages
such as Python, C++, R, Java, etc. at some point. Python makes it easier for them to create complex
algorithms. C++ speeds up the entire coding process.

Good Command over Unix Tools

Since most of the processing in AI will happen on Linux-based machines, programmers need to
master different Unix tools such as awk, grep, sort, find, cut and tr. They should be well-versed with
their functions and ways to utilize them well.

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40
Natural Curiosity and Creativity
In order to excel in the AI domain, programmers need to have a curious and creative mindset.
This helps them in discovering novel ways to approach specific problems and coming up with
creative solutions for cracking them.

Types of AI Careers
As AI applications are growing, so are the
careers in it. Automation, robotics and the use of
sophisticated computer software and programs Big Data tools ML cloud platforms
Data scientist AI
characterize a career in artificial intelligence ML engineer

(AI). Candidates interested in pursuing jobs in

this field require specific education based on Deep Learning
B1/Data Machine Learning
foundations of math, technology, logic, and Visualisation tools Deep learning libraries &
Deep learning algorithms
ML libraries & Non-ML libraries

Machine learning
engineering perspectives. Written and verbal engineer

communication skills are also important to

convey how AI tools and services are effectively Mathematics & Programming/ Database Machine learning
statistics concepts scripting lang algorithms
employed within industry settings. STARTS

Machine Learning Engineer

One of the most sought-after jobs in AI is machine learning engineers. They must possess strong software
skills, be able to apply predictive models, and utilize natural language processing while working with
massive data sets. Also, machine learning engineers are expected to know software development
methodology, agile practices, and the complete range of modern software development tools.

Data Scientist
Data scientists collect, analyze, and interpret large amounts of data by using machine learning and
predictive analytics to gain insights beyond statistical analysis. They should have expertise in using
Big Data platforms and tools, including Hadoop, Hive, Spark, and Map Reduce. Data scientists are
also fluent in programming languages, including structured query language (SQL), Python, Scala,
and Perl, as well as statistical computing languages.

Robotic Scientist
Robots can automate jobs, but they require programmers working behind the scenes to ensure they
function well. Robotic science is used for multiple functions from space exploration, healthcare,
security to many other scientific fields. Their primary function is to build mechanical devices or
robots that can perform tasks with commands from humans.

Research Scientist
A research scientist is an expert in multiple artificial intelligence disciplines, including machine
learning, computational statistics, and applied mathematics. In particular, these areas include deep
learning, graphical models, reinforcement learning, computer perception, natural language
processing, and data representation.

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39
Business Intelligence Developer
Business intelligence developers are in high demand. Their primary job is to analyze complex data and
look for current business and market trends, thereby increasing the profitability and efficiency of the
organization. Not only are they masters of strong technical and analytical skills, but they also have sound
communication and problem-solving skills. They are responsible for designing, modelling, building,
and maintaining data for complex, extensive, and highly accessible cloud-based data platforms.

Remember Cloud-based is a term that refers to applications, services or resources made available to users on-
demand via the Internet from a cloud computing provider's servers. For example, Google Drive,
Apple's iCloud and Dropbox.

Revision Time
The Turing
m test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to
human intelligence, called a Turing test.
Expert systems are computer programs that bundle the knowledge for a specialist field using
m
formulas, rules, and a knowledge database. They are used for diagnosis and treatment support in
medicine.
'Siri' came to the market in 2011, Microsoft introduced the 'Cortana' software in 2014, and
m
Amazon presents Amazon Echo with the voice service 'Alexa' in 2015.
Watson is a question answering computing system capable of answering questions posed in
m
natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team.
In 2016, a DeepMind-powered program called AlphaGo defeated a world champion Go
m
player—a milestone for the fact that Go game is considerably more complicated than chess.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), also known as "Weak" AI, is the AI that exists in our world
m
today. ANI is designed to perform a narrow task, for instance, facial recognition, internet
searches, or just driving a car.
Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the intelligence of a machine that can understand or learn
m
any intellectual task that a human being can.
Deep Learning is a subfield of machine learning, algorithms inspired by the structure and
m
function of the brain called artificial neural networks (ANN)
A Chabot is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users,
m
especially over the Internet.
A smart home allows homeowners to control appliances, thermostats, lights, and other devices
m
remotely using a smartphone or tablet through an internet connection.
A Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of Things (IoT)
m
sensors to collect data. And then use insights gained from that data to manage assets, resources,
and services efficiently.
Human-machine interaction (HMI) refers to the communication and interaction between a
m
human and a machine via a user interface.
For becoming proficient in AI and ML, engineers must learn programming languages such as
m
Python, C++, R and Java.

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40
 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. Turing test was performed by

a. Ted Shortliffe b. John McCarthy
c. Alan Turing d. Joseph Weizenbaum
2. Who coined the term "Artificial Intelligence"?
a. Ted Shortliffe b. John McCarthy
c. Alan Turing d. Charles Babbage
3. Which of the following is not ride sharing application?
a. Ola b. Uber
c. Blah blah d. All of the above
4. A smart home does not allow homeowners to control
a. appliances b. Thermostats
c. chatbots d. lights
5. ________________refers to the communication and interaction between a human and a machine
via a user interface.
a. human-machine interaction (HMI) b. Smart city
c. Smart homes d. intervene
6. Expert systems These systems are computer programs that bundle the knowledge for a specialist
field using formulas, rules, and a knowledge database.
a. Biased systems b. Expert systems
c. Turing systems d. None of the above
7. IoT stands for______________
a. Internet of thoughts b. Idea of things
c. Internet of things d. Invention of thermal
8. ANN stands for____
a. Artificial neural networks b. Artificial network norms
c. Artificial neural net d. Artificial normal network
9. Microsoft introduced the _________Personal Assistant in 2014
a. Siri b. Alexa
c. Echo d. Cortana
10. Go game is considerably more complicated than ______
a. Cricket b. Badminton
c. chess d. None of the above

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39
Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Artificial intelligence today is rightly known as narrow AI

2. AGI systems are used to assist doctors.

3. Banks use AI is by sending mobile alerts to help prevent against fraud.

4. A human-machine interface is also known as a man-machine interface (MMI)

5. To expertise in AI, programmers should not have a curious and creative mindset

6. A smart home allows homeowners to control appliances, thermostats, lights, and other
devices remotely using a smartphone or tablet through an internet connection.

7. Smart Governance is a feature of the Smart City.

8. Engineers do not need to learn programming languages such as Python, C++, R and Java.

9. Deep Learning is a subfield of Algorithm Bias.

10. Robotic science is used for multiple functions from space exploration, healthcare,
security to many other scientific fields.

Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Turing test Predictive searches Cortana Chabot Smart home

AGI AlphaGo Deep learning 1974 Personal assistant

1. _____________ test checks the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour.

2. _________________ year is know as AI winter.
3. Microsoft introduced the _________________ software in 2014.
4. _________________ are based on data that Google collects about you.
5. _________________ is the type of AI that can understand or learn any intellectual task that a
human being can.
6. A _________________ is a computer program designed to simulate conversation with human
users, especially over the Internet.
7. A _________________ allows homeowners to control appliances, thermostats, lights, and other
devices remotely using a smartphone or tablet through an internet connection.
8. An AI-powered _________________ accepts voice commands to create to-do lists, order items
online, set reminders, and answer questions (via internet searches) .
9. _________________ is a subfield of machine learning.
10. The program called _________________ defeated the Go champion.

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40
Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. Why is the Turing test performed?

2. What are the types of AI?
3. Write the name of applications of AI in daily life?
4. What are simple and smart chatbots?
5. Define smart city?
6. What are the main features of a Smart school?
7. What is human-machine interaction? Write about HYMI interface with some examples.
8. Name AI career opportunities.
9. Which skills are required to become a data scientist?
10. What are machine learning engineers expecting to know?

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 Chapter 14 AI Domains
Learning Objectives
1. Importance of Data 2. Introduction, sources and types of Big Data
3. Linking Big data and AI 4. Computer Vision (CV), Limitations and Applications
5. Natural Language processing (NLP) and its stages 6. Integration of Computer Vision and NLP

Importance of Data
Data is so highly valued today because of the essential role it plays in powering machine learning and
artificial intelligence solutions. Training an AI system to function effectively—from Netflix's
recommendations to Google's self-driving cars—requires a massive amount of data.

AI is data-hungry

The dominant AI model at present is deep learning, which relies on up to billions of labelled data
points to train neural networks to recognize patterns and make predictions. Because neural networks
are so data-hungry, that business and technology leaders have become obsessed with gathering the
largest datasets. Moreover, hoping that data will be their ultimate competitive advantage in an AI-
driven world.
First, let us look at some of the early successes of AI to understand the role of data. Apple (with its
intelligent Siri), Amazon (with its ever-improving Alexa), and Facebook and Google (with their
image recognition algorithms), all deal with voluminous amounts of data in speech, voice, and image
fields. It is not accidental that applications like speech/image/voice recognition, and companies like
Google, Amazon, and Apple are leading in AI. These companies have access to large sets of data, and
these applications rely on that data to make quicker informed decisions.

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We know that AI needs data to do the following things:
1. Automate repetitive learning
2. Working with multiple layers of data using neural network algorithms
3. Make algorithms into progressively-learning algorithms by discovering hidden structures and
patterns/irregularities in data
4. Add intelligence to existing applications (like Siri or Alexa) with the learned patterns in data

Additionally, Google’s CEO Sundar Pichai recently said AI is "one of the most important things that humanity
is working on. It is more profound than electricity or fire.”
It is well known that large tech companies like Alphabet (Google), Apple, Facebook, Microsoft,
Amazon, and Alibaba are investing heavily in Artificial Intelligence and many analysts argue that
they have a distinct advantage in AI over other companies.
Why do they have this advantage? AI needs data to recognize patterns; these companies deal with
large sets of data, and they have learned to organize and manage data to feed AI. In essence, AI is
about algorithms and data.

Remember Since the role of the data is now more important than ever before, it can create a competitive
advantage. If you have the best data in a competitive industry, even if everyone is applying
similar techniques, the best data will win.

Big Data and AI

The concept of big data has been around for years. Most
organizations now understand that if they capture all the data
that streams into their businesses, they can apply analytics and
get significant value from it. The volume of data generated these
days is huge. Almost every action taken by an Internet user (like
watching a video on YouTube) generates data. Moreover, this
process of generation of data is increasing day-by-day. If this
data can be gathered and analysed correctly, it will be beneficial
for every sector in the world.

The term "Big Data" refers to data that is so large, fast or complex that it is difficult or impossible
to process using traditional methods.

Big data makes it possible for you to gain more complete answers because you have more
information, which means an entirely different approach to tackling problems. A clearer view of
customer experience is possible now than ever before. Big data enables you to gather data from social
media, web visits, call logs, and other sources to improve the interaction experience and maximize
the value delivered. For example, Companies like Netflix and Procter & Gamble use big data to
anticipate customer demand.

Remember Big data, the massive data collections that we're all contributing to every day, is only getting
bigger. It's estimated that by 2022, every person on earth will generate 1.7 MB of data every
second.

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Source of Big data
Ranging from data generated in small enterprises to
Retail
IT giants or from social network sites to app data on
the cloud, big data is produced in various form
every day. Insurance

Streaming data
Transportation
Streaming data comes from the Internet of Things
(IoT) and other connected devices that flow into IT
systems from wearables, smart cars, medical devices, Government

industrial equipment and more. You can analyze this

Sources of Big Data
big data as it arrives, deciding which data to keep or
not keep, and which needs further analysis.

Social Media
Social media data stems from interactions on Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, etc. It includes vast
amounts of big data in the form of images, videos, voice, text and sound – useful for marketing, sales
and support functions.

Publicity available data

Publicly available data comes from massive amounts of open data sources like the US government's
data.gov.

Types of Big Data

There are three forms of Big Data:
1. Structured 2. Unstructured 3. Semi-structured

Structured
Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed-format is termed as a
'structured' data. An 'Employee' table in a database or an excel worksheet is an example of Structured
Data.

Unstructured
Any data that does not fit neatly into the traditional row and column structure of relational databases.
Examples of unstructured data include emails, videos, audio files, web pages, and social media
messages.

Semi-structured
It is the data that does not reside in a relational database but that have some organizational properties
that make it easier to analyze. With some process, we can store them in the relational database.

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How do AI and Big Data work together?
The AI depends heavily on the Big Data for success, while also helping organizations unlock the
potential in their data stores in ways that were previously cumbersome or impossible.
Today, companies want as much data as they can get. They are doing this not only to drive better
insight into business problems they are trying to solve but because the more data they put through
the machine learning models, the better they get.
AI enables us to make sense of massive data sets, as well as unstructured data that does not fit neatly
into database rows and columns. AI is helping organizations create new insights from data that was
formerly locked away in emails, presentations, videos, and images.
Close coordination is required to make use of this huge amount of data. Most of the data, whether
structured, unstructured or semi-structured, in themselves, can mean almost nothing unless there is
a method for analyzing them. Moreover, putting them to use and helping businesses tap the immense
potential these data carry.
Since AI and Big Data work in close tandem with each other, it is necessary for businesses and other
organizations that want to make use of these vital inputs, to know how to judiciously combine the
two potent technologies and get the best out of them.

Activity Rock, Paper and Scissors

Link for Game 1 (Rock, Paper and Scissors): https://www.afiniti.com/

corporate/rock-paperscissors

How to play: It is a game based on Data for AI where the machine tries to
predict the next move of the participant. It is a replica of basic rock, paper and scissors
game where the machine tries to win ahead by learning from the participant's previous
moves.

Instructions: Ask the students to see how does the machine react if they 1. Make moves in
a specific pattern, 2. Make moves randomly.

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Computer vision
Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that trains computers to interpret and
understand the visual world. Using digital images from cameras and videos, and deep learning
models, machines can accurately identify and classify objects — and then react to what they
"see.”

Computer vision's goal is not only to

see, but also process and provide
useful results based on the
observation. For example, a computer
could create a 3D image from a 2D
image in cars, and provide important
data to the car and/or driver. For
example, cars could be fitted with
computer vision which would be able
to identify and distinguish objects on and around the road, such as traffic lights, pedestrians and
traffic signs, and the car/driver can act accordingly. The intelligent device could provide inputs to the
driver or even make the car stop if there is a sudden obstacle on the road.
When a human who is driving a car sees someone suddenly move into the path of the car, the driver
must react instantly. In a split second, human vision has completed a complex task, that of identifying
the object, processing data and deciding what to do. Computer vision's aim is to enable computers to
perform the same kind of tasks as humans with the same efficiency.
Listed below are the major milestones in the computer vision theme, as identified by GlobalData.

Year Invention

The first digital image scanner was invented by transforming images into grids of
1959
numbers.

Larry Roberts, the father of CV, described the process of deriving 3D info about solid
1963
objects from 2D photographs.

Marvin Minksy instructed a graduate student to connect a camera to a computer and

1966
have it described what it sees.

Kunihiko Fukushima built the 'neocognitron', the precursor of modern

1980
Convolutional Neural Networks.

Multiplex recording devices were introduced, together with cover video

1991-93
surveillance for ATM machines.

Two researchers at MIT introduced the first face detection framework (Viola-Jones)
2001
that works in real-time.

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 2009 Google started testing robot cars on roads.

Google released Goggles, an image recognition app for searches based on pictures
2010
taken by mobile devices.

2010 To help tag photos, Facebook began using facial recognition.

Facial recognition was used to help confirm the identity of Osama bin Laden after he
2011
is killed in a US raid.

Google Brain's neural network recognized pictures of cats using a deep learning
2012
algorithm.

2015 Google launched open-source machine learning-system TensorFlow.

2016 Google DeepMind's AlphaGo algorithm beat the world Go champion.

Apple released the iPhone X in 2017, advertising face recognition as one of its
2017
primary new features.

Alibaba's AI model scored better than humans in a Stanford University reading and
2018
comprehension test.

Amazon sold its real-time face recognition system Rekognition to police

2019
departments.

The Indian government announced a facial recognition plan allowing police officers
2019
to search images through a mobile app.

The UK High Court ruled that the use of automatic facial recognition technology to
2019
search for people in crowds is lawful.

2020 Intel will launch the Intel Xe graphics card is pushing into the GPU market.

At least 60% of countries globally will be using AI surveillance technology (it is

2030
currently 43% according to CEIP).

Remember While CV has progressed with object recognition, accuracy can suffer if the background is
cluttered with details of the object is shown under different lighting in a different angle. In other
words, invariant object recognition is still a challenge.

Computer Vision and Deep Learning

Deep learning provided a fundamentally different approach to doing machine learning. Deep
learning relies on neural networks. When you provide a neural network with many labelled examples
of a specific kind of data, it will be able to extract common patterns between those examples.

111
In order for the computer vision algorithm to be able to recognize an image, it is necessary to train the
neural network beforehand. To do this, the neural network is provided with a visual database, that
has first been marked manually depending on the type of information it wants to extract.
For instance, creating a facial recognition application with deep learning only requires you to develop
or choose a preconstructed algorithm. And then train it with examples of the faces of the people it
must detect. Given enough examples (lots of examples), the neural network will be able to detect faces
without further instructions on features or measurements.
Deep learning is a very effective method to do computer vision. In most cases, creating a good deep
learning algorithm comes down to gathering a large amount of labelled training data and tuning the
parameters such as the type and number of layers of neural networks and training epochs. Compared
to previous types of machine learning, deep learning is both easier and faster to develop and deploy.
Most of current computer vision applications such as cancer detection, self-driving cars and facial
recognition make use of deep learning. Deep learning and deep neural networks have moved from
the conceptual realm into practical applications thanks to availability and advances in hardware and
cloud computing resources.

The limits of computer vision

Thanks to deep learning,
Human Vision System
computer vision has been able to
solve the problems of detecting
and classifying objects in images bowl, oranges,
bananas, lemons,
and video. In fact, deep learning peaches
has been able to exceed human
performance in image Eye Brain
(sensing device responsible for (interpreting device responsible for
classification. capturing images of the environment) understanding the image content)

However, despite the terminology Computer Vision System

that is suggestive of human
intelligence, neural networks
bowl, oranges,
f u n c t i o n i n a wa y t h a t i s bananas, lemons,
peaches
fundamentally different from the
human mind. Th e human visual
Input Sensing device Interpreting device Output
system relies on identifying objects
based on a 3D model that we build Human Vision system Vs Computer Vision system

in our minds. We are also able to transfer knowledge from one domain to another. For instance, if we
see a new animal for the first time, we can quickly identify some of the body parts found in most
animals such as nose, ears, tail and legs.

112
Deep neural networks have no notion of such concepts, and they develop their knowledge of each
class of data individually. At their heart, neural networks are statistical models that compare batches
of pixels, though in complicated ways. That is why they need to see many examples before they can
develop the necessary foundations to recognize every object. Accordingly, neural networks can make
stupid (and dangerous) mistakes when not trained properly.

Tip & Tricks Classic snake game controlled by webcam image using pre-trained neural network
models. The idea is to instead of using physical buttons to control the game,
everyone can draw a black arrow on a piece of white paper as a controller, and move
the snake by turning the paper in different directions in front of webcam. https://
experiments.withgoogle.com/teachable-snake

Some current uses of CV

Here are some uses of Computer vision

IBM Watson
IBM used computer vision to create 'My Moments' for
the 2018 Masters golf tournament. IBM Watson watched
hundreds of hours of Masters footage and could identify
the sights (and sounds) of significant shots. It
intelligently selected these key moments and delivered
them to fans as personalized highlight reels.
My Moments' for the 2018 Masters golf tournament
Google Translate
Google Translate lets users point a smartphone camera at
a sign in another language and almost immediately
obtain a translation of the sign in their preferred
language.’

Self Driving Cars Google Translate in action

The development of self-driving vehicles relies on
computer vision to make sense of the visual input from a
car's cameras and other sensors. It is essential to identify
other cars, traffic signs, lane markers, pedestrians,
bicycles and all of the other visual information
encountered on the road. The self-driving car can then
steer its way on streets and highways, avoid hitting CV in Self driving cars
obstacles and safely drive its passengers to their
destination.

113
Medical diagnosis
IBM is applying computer vision technology along with a
fluorescent dye and an infrared camera to help surgeons spot
cancer using photons. Moreover, it is applying computer
vision to help diagnose skin cancer.

Face profile recognition

Computer vision also plays an important role in facial
recognition applications, the technology that enables
computers to match images of people's faces to their
identities. Computer vision algorithms detect facial features
in images and compare them with databases of face profiles.
Consumer devices use facial recognition to authenticate the
identities of their owners. Social media apps use facial
recognition to detect and tag users. Law enforcement agencies
also rely on facial recognition technology to identify criminals Facial recognition applications
in video feeds.

Augmented Reality
Computer vision also plays an important role in augmented
and mixed Reality, the technology that enables computing
devices such as smartphones, tablets and smart glasses to
overlay and embed virtual objects on real-world imagery. For
example, using an AR app from a furniture manufacturing
company, you can generate a 3 D model of a chair and set it at
the required place in your living room to see how it looks. You
can generate a leopard and make it sit near your car in the Augmented reality
parking place.

Tip & Tricks For Augmented Reality(AR) demo watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR

0F6Bp8bqU

Amazon Go store
Amazon recently opened to the public the Amazon Go store where shoppers need not wait in line at
the checkout counter to pay for their purchases. Located in Seattle, Washington, the Go store is fitted
with cameras specialized in computer vision. The technology that runs behind the Go store is called
Just Walk Out. Shoppers activate the IOS or Android mobile phone app before entering the gates of
the store.

114
Cameras are placed in the ceiling above the aisles and on
shelves, Using computer vision technology. The company
website claims that these cameras can determine when an
object is taken from a shelf and who has taken it. If an item is
returned to the shelf, the system is also able to remove that item
from a customer's virtual basket.
The network of cameras allows the app to track people in the
store at all times. Ensuring it bills the right items to the right
shopper when they walk out, without having to use facial
recognition. Shoppers are free to walk out of the store once they
have their products. The app will then send them an online
The Amazon Go store
receipt and charge the cost of the products to their Amazon
account.

Do you Know? One field that has seen remarkable progress thanks to advances in computer vision is facial
recognition. Modern Smartphones use facial-recognition algorithms to unlock themselves.
Facebook uses facial recognition to detect users apply tags in photographs you post online). In
many countries, retailers now provide facial-recognition payment technology, relieving
their customers of the need to reach into their pockets.

Tip & Tricks To experience the Amazon Go store from the inside, watch https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=zdbumR6Bhd8

Activity 2 Emoji Scavenger Hunt

Link for Game 3 (Emoji Scavenger Hunt): https://emojiscavengerhunt.with
google.com/
Google has launched a game called "Emoji Scavenger Hunt" that uses the
company's advanced machine learning
tools.
How to play: Launched under its new
Artificial Intelligence (AI) experiment
initiative, the game asks user to use a
smartphone's camera to find objects that
match an emoji within a time limit. With
each find, the time limit increases.

Instructions: Ask students to try new things like drawing the emoji on paper and
showing it to the machine.

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Natural Language Processing (NLP)
When computers process text or audio from humans, they are
just looking at data. You can whisper anything; the machines
just see 1's and 0's. In order for AI to understand what you are
saying, turn those words into action, and then output something
you can understand, they rely on natural language processing

Natural language processing is a subset of artificial intelligence that helps machines

comprehend, interpret, and manipulate natural language used by humans like text and speech.

Its main objective is to fill the gaps between computer understanding and human communication.

Remember NLP needs some training data for the computer to "learn from". For example, if you are building
an NLP chatbot, an archive of the actual conversations between your chat agents and customers
will be used as the training set for the chatbot. The chatbot will try to make meaning out of these
conversations, try to find patterns and use it to answer future questions on its own.

A typical human-computer interaction based on NLP might go as follows:

1. The human says something to the machine
2. The machine captures the audio
3. The captured audio is converted to text
4. The text's data is processed
5. The processed data is converted back to audio
6. The machine plays an audio file in response to the human

There are numerous uses for natural language processing:

Chatbots use NLP to understand human queries and respond
m

Earlier Google's Search used just to parse text, and now it tries to interpret what one asks it.
m

Auto-correct is a lot less frustrating these days thanks to deep learning and NLP
m

Virtual
m assistants like Siri and Alexa have become so good at NLP that one feels as talking to a
person.

Do you Know? Text parsing is a common programming task that splits the given sequence of characters or
values (text) into smaller parts based on some rules.

116
Things were not the same in the early years when lots of trials were being done on NLP. Here is one
funny incident which is on the Internet (collected in 1999)
Some scientists were testing a program that could translate from English to Chinese and back again.
They fed into their computer the English phrase "Out of sight, out of mind," and out came some
Chinese ideograms. Since none of the scientists in the room at that moment knew Chinese well
enough to determine whether the computer's Chinese translation had captured the spirit of the
English phrase, they fed the ideograms back into the computer. The translation back into English read
"Invisible idiot.”

Do you Know? An ideogram is a graphic picture or symbol (such as @ or %) that represents a thing or an
idea. Ideograms are used in some writing systems, such as Chinese and Japanese

Here are some techniques that power Natural language processing

Pre-processing
Not all languages are similar. Languages such as Chinese, Thai and Japanese are not delimited by
spaces which is the case with English. Such languages require a text segmentation to be applied.

Sentence segmentation
Let us take the following sentence “Alan Turing was a computer scientist. Turing was highly influential in
the development of theoretical computer science.”
It gives us two sentences-
1. Alan Turing was a computer scientist.
2. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science.
Now each of these sentences provides a different meaning. In NLP, sentence boundary detection
algorithms are used to find sentences even when the input text has no punctuation.

Tokenization
After breaking the input into sentences, the next step is to break the sentences into tokens.
Tokenization is the process of breaking a sentence into separate words or tokens. For example: "Alan",
"Turing", "was", "a" ,"computer", "scientist , “.”
Knowing the role of each word in the sentence will help us start to figure out what the sentence is
talking about.
We can do this by feeding each word (and some extra words around it for context) into a pre-trained
part-of-speech classification model.

Parts of speech tagging (POS Tagging)

In this step, each token is analyzed and classified into different parts of speech like a noun, verb,
adjective, and so on.

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Lemmatization
Lemmatization is the process of finding the root word of a given the word. For example, the lemma
(or the root word) of play, playing, played is play.

Do you Know? Stemming does the same thing as lemmatization, but it is a process of reducing words to its
root form even if the root has no dictionary meaning. For example, beautiful and beautifully
will be stemmed to beauti, which has no meaning in the English dictionary. Lemmatisation
is a process of reducing words to the root word but takes into account the meaning of the word
in the sentence. For example, beautiful and beautifully are lemmatised to beautiful.

Stop Words
Stop words are words such as "the", "for", "is" etc., which don't add any value to the meaning of a
sentence. The algorithms can help in identifying stop words and have a model to filter them out.
Stop words are usually identified by just by checking a hardcoded list of known stop words.
However, there is no standard list of stop words that is appropriate for all applications. The list of
words to ignore can vary depending on your application.

Dependency Parsing
The goal is to build a tree that assigns a single parent word to each word in the sentence.
The goal is to build a tree that assigns a single parent word to each word in the sentence. The root of
the tree will be the main verb in the sentence.
It is the task of recognizing a sentence and assigning a syntactic structure to it. It aims at figuring out
the relation between words in a sentence. For example, to answer the question "Who is the prime
minister of India ?" we need to figure out its subject, objects, attributes to help us figure out what the
user wants.
The next step is to figure out how all the words in our sentence relate to each other. This is called
dependency parsing.

Named Entity recognition

Named Entity Recognition, also known as entity extraction classifies named entities that are present
in a text into pre-defined categories like "person", "company", "place", "cities", "date", "time" etc.

Co-reference resolution
It is the task of finding all expressions that refer to the same
entity in a text. Any English text contains many words like as “I voted for Modi because he was most
"he", "she", "it". It would be helpful to the NLP system if we can
aligned with my values,” she said.
know to what subject these pronouns are referring to. For
example, in the following sentence, you can see that "I" and
"he" refers to Modi. It is especially helpful while answering questions like " who is the prime minister
of India?”

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Consider another example:

Remember Coreference resolution is one of the most challenging steps in our pipeline to implement. It is
even more difficult than sentence parsing. Recent advances in deep learning have resulted in
new approaches that are more accurate.

Tip & Tricks To learn the basics of NLP watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4gG

tcobq8M

Activity 3 Mystery Animal

Link for Game (Mystery Animal): https://experiments.withgoogle.com/

mystery-animal
A game based on Natural Language Processing where the participant has to
guess the animal by asking maximum 20 questions to AI. The animal randomly gets
selected for each game by AI, and the machine replies in either yes or no.
Instructions: Ask students to figure out the basic characteristics of the animal by asking
questions like "Can you swim?", "Are you a carnivore?", "Are you a mammal", etc.

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Activity 3 Story Speaker
Story Speaker is a tool that lets anyone
create talking, interactive stories with no
code. You can write a story in Google Docs,
push a button, and play it instantly on your
Google Home (or another device with the
Google Assistant).
Resources: Link to install Story Speaker
extension for Story Speaker:
https://chrome.google.com/webst
ore/detail/storyspeaker/ohfibfhhf
bhknfdkipjdopbnegkbkjpj

Link to read more about Story Speaker: https://docs.google.com/document/d/

1hFrBtsBbF2LoZ1FFpXEH7L6fWH1lj24W1-itXnKSXK8/edit
To know more about Story Speaker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsrzv
YYvhH8

Remember If while installing the Story Speaker, if you get the message 'This facility is not available in your
country, please consult your teacher.

Story Speaker Brief: The Story Speaker extension can be accessed with docs.google.com. After
signing in on Google, and opening google docs, go to Add-Ons and choose Story Speaker. A dialogue
will open. Ask the students to click on Basic Template and work on the same after understanding how
it works.
When to intervene?
Ask the students to play Basic Template once and see what is happening.
Ask them to keep checking the story while they write. It helps in writing an error-free story.
Using your floor plan as a base for your story, use the Story Speaker
extension in Google docs and write a story. Ensure that you I want to go to my
bedroom. Can you tell
give/write specific instructions in your story that enable the story
me the way?
speaker to respond back with an answer.
Here is an example:
Smart chip: Walk a few steps straight ahead then turn to your right. Enter the corridor.
On the left is the bedroom

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Scope of Integration of Computer Vision and NLP Data CV NLP
Consider a typical news article contains an artical written by a
journalist and a photo related to the news content.
Furthermore, there may be a clip video that contains a
reporter or a snapshot of the scene where the event in the
news occurred. Language and visual data provide two sets of
information that are combined into a single story, making the Integration of three AI domains
basis for appropriate and clear-cut communication. When integrated they open a huge possibility of
AI understaning. Some points are mentioned below:
i.) A huge number of tagged images and video exist on the web, especially social networking sites.
These can be used to develop databases of images which can be in turn used to train object
recognition and activity recognition systems.
ii.) A picture is equivalent to 1000 words. Images can be generated from textual data which is readily
available on the web. It can be mined to convert them into images which can further be supplied
to vision systems.

Remember To understand AI we draw an analogy from the three strands in a braid. One is the Data strand,
the second is the Natural Language Processing strand and the third strand is the Computer
Vision. They all together constitute the concept called Artificial Intelligence.

Tip & Tricks To learn about the integration of CV and NLP, watch https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=h2OfQdYrHRs

Revision Time
The AI
m has some important sub-fields like Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language
Processing (NLP).
The dominant AI model at present is deep learning, which relies on up to billions of labelled data
m
points to train neural networks to recognize patterns and make predictions.
Apple (with
m its intelligent Siri), Amazon (with its ever-improving Alexa), and Facebook and
Google (with their image recognition algorithms), all deal with voluminous amounts of data in
speech, voice, and image fields.
The term "Big Data" refers to data that is so large, fast or complex that it is difficult or impossible
m
to process using traditional methods.
There are three forms of Big Data: Structured, Unstructured and Semi-structured
m
The AI depends heavily on the Big Data for success, while also helping organizations unlock the
m
potential in their data stores in ways that were previously cumbersome or impossible.
Computer
m vision is a field of artificial intelligence that trains computers to interpret and
understand the visual world.

121
When you
m provide a neural network with many labelled examples of a specific kind of data, it
will be able to extract common patterns between those examples. Moreover, transform it into a
mathematical equation that will help classify future pieces of information.
The human visual system relies on identifying objects based on a 3D model that we build in our
m
minds. We are also able to transfer knowledge from one domain to another.
Computer vision also plays an important role in augmented and mixed Reality. The technology
m
enables computing devices such as smartphones, tablets and smart glasses to overlay and embed
virtual objects on real-world imagery.
One field
m that has seen remarkable progress thanks to advances in computer vision is facial
recognition.
Natural
m language processing is a subset of artificial intelligence that helps machines
comprehend, interpret, and manipulate natural language used by humans like text and speech.
o Lemmatization is the process of finding the root word of a given the word. For example, the
lemma (or the root word) of play, playing, played is play.
o Stop words are words such as "the", "for", "is" etc., which don't add any value to the meaning
of a sentence. The algorithms can help in identifying stop words and have a model to filter
them out.
o Dependency parsing is to figure out how all the words in our sentence relate to each other.
o Co-reference resolution is the task of finding all expressions that refer to the same entity in a
text.
Images can be generated from textual data which is readily available on web which can be mined
m
to convert them into images which can further be supplied to vision systems.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. An 'Employee' table in a database or an excel worksheet is an example of

a. Semi-structured b. Unstructured
c. Structured d. None of these
2. ________is an example of unstructured data
a. Employee table b. Emails
c. Financial table d. Audio files
3. Big data gather data from______
a. Social media b. Web visits
c. Call logs d. All of the above

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4. In which year, Google launched open-source machine learning-system TensorFlow.
a. 2001 b. 2015
c. 2017 d. 1989
5. In 2030 ______of countries globally will be using AI surveillance technology
a. 90% b. 100%
c. 60% d. 78%
6. Which of the following is computer vision applications
a. Cancer detection b. Self-driving cars
c. Facial recognition d. All of the above
7. This is a program that allows the computer to simulate conversation with a human being:
a. Speech Application Program Interface b. Chatbot
c. Voice Recognition d. Speech Recognition
8. What does NLP stand for in AI?
a. Neutral Learning Projection b. Neuro-Linguistic Programming
c. Natural Language Processing d. Neural Logic Presentation
9. This field is enabling computers to identify and process images as humans do:
a. Face Recognition b. Model-view-controller
c. Computer Vision d. Eye-in-Hand System
10. Which is a stop word In the sentence "he is a good boy.”
a. he b. is
c. good d. boy

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Neural networks do not need any data.

2. AI is all about algorithms and data
3. By 2022, every person on earth will generate 11MB of data every second.
4. CV is more dependent on Deep learning.
5. Augmented Reality lets you combine computer-generated atmosphere into a real-world
atmosphere.
6. Any data that can be stored, accessed and processed in the form of fixed-format is
termed as a 'structured' data.
7. In 2011, Facebook began the use of facial recognition
8. Dependency parsing is the process of finding the root word of a given the word.
9. Deep learning relies on neural networks
10. Stop words are words such as "the", "for", "is" etc., which do not add any value to the
meaning of a sentence.

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Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Lemmatization Big Data Patterns New oil Dependency parsing

Google Translate Netflix Skin cancer AI

1. __________________ refers to data that is so large, fast or complex that it is difficult or

impossible to process using traditional methods.
2. AI needs data to recognize __________________ .
3. __________________ use big data to anticipate customer demand.
4. Data is the __________________ to drive our digital economies.
5. __________________ depends heavily on Big Data for success.
6. __________________ lets users point a smartphone camera at a sign in another language and
almost immediately obtain a translation of the sign in their preferred language.'

7. __________________ is to figure out how all the words in our sentence relate to each other.

8. IBM apply Computer vision to diagnose __________________ .

9. __________________ is the process of finding the root word of a given the word.

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. Define big data? Why does AI need data?

2. What are the sources of big data?

3. Explain the difference between structured, unstructured and semi-structured big data?

4. Define computer vision?

5. What is the limitation of computer vision?

6. Define NLP?

7. Explain the working of NLP?

8. What are the uses of NLP?

9. Define text parsing?

10. What is Lemmatization? Explain with an example.

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 Chapter 15 Social Development Goals
Learning Objectives
1. Introduction to Social Development Goals (SDGs) 2. Role of AI in achieving SDGs
3. Summing up AI for SDGs 4. Playing Go-goals Board Game
5. Applications of AI in various sectors 6. Jobs in 2030 activity

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also known

as Global Goals. All United Nations Member States adopted
these in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty,
protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity by 2030.

There are 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that

action in one area will affect outcomes in others. Moreover,
that development must balance social, economic and
environmental sustainability.
The goals are mentioned below:

Seventeen Social Development Goals (SDGs)

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 SDGs Purpose

Goal 1 End Poverty in All its Forms Everywhere

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
Goal 2
agriculture

Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
Goal 4
opportunities for all

Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
Goal 8
employment and decent work for all

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and

Goal 9
foster innovation

Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries

Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
Goal 14
development

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably

Goal 15 manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
Goal 16
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
Goal 17
sustainable development.

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Activity Fill in the missing terms and icons of SDGs
Purpose: Thoroughly revise the SDGs and their symbols.

ZERO
HUNGER

DECENT WORK AND

ECONOMIC GROWTH

QUALITY CLEAN WATER

EDUCATION AND SANITATION

I know how
PARTNERSHIPS
FOR THE GOALS to do it!

LIFE
ON LAND

RESPONSIBLE
AND PRODUCTION

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39
Role of AI in achieving SDGs
The topic of discussion is how AI can help achieve these SDGs. In fact, AI is already contributing to
fast-forwarding the process to achieve these SDGs.

SDG1: End Poverty

Recognizing the causes of poverty is vital in looking at how to tackle the problems using technologies.
From natural disasters, war and conflict, affordable food, lack of education and life skills.
Satellite Imaging: Identifying poverty, and the regions
that are most in need is a crucial component in being
able to tackle the problem of poverty. Satellite imagery is
helping researchers do just this. Images taken by
satellites and processed through machine learning can
help to identify global activities that reflect poor and
rich regions. In essence, areas with a high density of
light at night are typically wealthier than those in
darkness, with little or no access to electricity over night
Satellite Imaging
time periods.
Improving Education: Poverty and lack of education
are highly linked; AI can help impact education levels in
poorer areas. We could soon see intelligent chatbots
being able to act as teachers for students without access
to other forms of schooling. As long as there was access
to a computer/internet connection, an AI-teacher could
guide pupils through a syllabus using real-time
analytics and machine learning, to assess the education
and learning level and skills of individual pupils.
Improving Agriculture: Tackling poverty in specific
regions through improving farming lands and Education using AI chatbots
agriculture using the AI, helping people learning new agricultural skills can support agricultural
communities. AI can also help with aid distribution in poorer and war-torn areas, or where natural
disasters have caused devastation.

SDG2: Zero Hunger

According to the United Nations, we will need to increase the world's food production by 70% to feed
the world's population by 2050. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been deployed to accelerate
the discovery of possible solutions. The goal is to be smarter and more efficient with our food
production.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be beneficial in forecasting food shortages as an active participant to
end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

128
Creating the perfect crop: AI technology such as FarmView
can help researchers figure out the right genetic makeup to
create seeds that generate the highest yield, the most
nutrition and the most disease-resistant strains of staple
crops. Artificial Intelligence is being used by farmers across
the globe for predicting the right time of sowing seeds,
image recognition for detecting diseases, predicting climate
Using drones in agriculture
changes, etc. And this technology is tackling a number of
challenges that the agriculture industry faced like labour deficiency, sudden climate changes, low
harvest, pest attack, etc. Several AI-powered technologies like robotics, agrictech, drones, predictive
analysis, soil monitoring devices, satellite imagery, automated irrigation system, etc., are here to
change the face of Indian agriculture.

Plant disease: Deep learning AI is being used to help

machines identify the health of crops. Once the machine's
ability improves, farmers around the world will be able to
take advantage of its learnings through an app that can
diagnose an issue. Taking it as an input, the farmers can take
action before the losses are disastrous.
Taking the image of plants to
detect plant diseases
SG3: Good Health and Well being
AI increases the ability for healthcare professionals to understand better the day-to-day patterns and
needs of the people they care for. With that understanding, they can provide better feedback,
guidance and support for staying healthy.
Researchers
m have used a deep-learning algorithm to detect lung cancer accurately from
computed tomography scans (CT scans). The results of the study indicate that artificial
intelligence can outperform human evaluation of these scans.
Using pattern
m recognition doctors can identify patients at risk of developing a condition. The
patterns can indicate the deterioration due to lifestyle, environmental or other factors. It is
another area where AI is beginning to take hold in healthcare.
Robots are being used in medicine for a long time now. They range from simple laboratory robots
m
to highly sophisticated surgical robots that can either aid a human surgeon or execute operations
by themselves.

AI in medical imaging Robots assisting medical staff

129
39
Remember AI may also play a vital role in understanding and suggesting the
development of a vaccine for COVID-19. This result-driven
technology is used for proper screening, analyzing, prediction and
tracking of current patients and likely future patients. The
significant applications are applied to tracks data of confirmed,
recovered and death cases.

SDG4 Quality Education

AI systems are being used to tailor and personalize learning for the individual student. AI systems
are being used to develop a custom learning profile of each student and customize the training
materials for each student based on their ability, preferred mode of learning, and experience.
It is expected that by 2024 upwards of 47% of learning management tools will be enabled by AI
capabilities. Rather than requiring teachers to create a single curriculum for all students, educators
will use intelligence assistance that provides a wide range of materials. Taking advantage of the same
core curriculum but cater to the specific needs of each student.

AI in education
Problems AI solution

Standardised curriculum does not cater to individual needs Personalised learning

Limited 1-2-1 tutor time available for university students Personal virtual tutors

Grading & assessment is time-consuming, with an over-reliance

on multiple choice AI can assess open ended questions – and in real time

Large class sizes in K-12 schools means children’s questions often

go unanswered Virtual classroom assistants

Personalised communication is almost impossible due to scale Chatbots can answer administrative questions on the fly from
parents, staff and students

Selecting the best students from a large application pool AI can short list candidates based on multiple data points

Increasing drop out rates at universities AI sentiment analysis

The need to effectively combat plagarism and ensuring Natural language processing can identify patterns and source
authorship facts

SGD5: Gender Equality

Gender Equality SDG aims to empower women and girls. Some forms
of discrimination against females are indeed diminishing. However,
still according to The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 by World
Economic Forum, only 22 percent of AI professionals globally are
female, while 78 percent are male.

130
Frequently, companies will go through an almost hyper push to solve their gender pay gap problems
quickly. For example, some will try offering high starting salaries to attract more females. Simply
hiring more women is not enough to solve the leadership gap. Companies must also work to retain
and promote them.
AI holds
m promise in identifying the most effective interventions at key career junctures. For
example, AI can be used in performance reviews, promotion and salary decisions. AI could be
applied to the analysis of internal workforce data to make recommendations that would help
narrow the gender gap.
Similarly,
m AI could be used to help identify promising employees who might otherwise be
missed by traditional means. AI can help spot those most likely to resign and to offer ways to
reach out and retain key female talent.
AI can help companies understand how those discrepancies can be covered in a more sustainable
m
way that does not disadvantage either gender.

Gapsquare's technology allows companies to run their payroll and HR data through one system.
Using AI and machine learning technology, they can merge and analyze the data together, providing
expertise in three key areas:
1. Identifying any existing pay discrepancies based on gender but also ethnicity, disability or any
other employee characteristics.
2. Insights into why these gaps exist based on a combination of data and academic expertise from
the backend.
3. Opportunities to make more data-driven decisions to narrow these gaps.

Remember If an AI application is trained on data that is biased, the algorithms it develops will likely be
biased, too.

Intelligent
m text-editing software is already helping companies review job descriptions and
identify biased language that could discourage qualified women from applying for positions.
Other AI
m tools mask age, employment history, photos, and even applicants' voices. This way
candidates are selected according to their qualification, expertise and other necessary
parameters
Chatbots
m and so-called Robo-interviews, where a candidate sits in front of a computer and
responds to a structured set of questions are getting popular. They not only reduce the bias but
also, by automating parts of the process, allow recruiters to expand the pool of qualified
candidates.

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39
SDG 6: Clean water and Sanitization
Access to water is vital for every individual. As a human right, everyone should be entitled to this
asset without discrimination. Sadly, the facts and figures explain different reality. Today, water
scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population, and about 2.2 billion people lack access to
safely managed drinking water. However, AI is a great help to attain this SDG.

Checking water quality using AI

The Internet-of-Things
m (IoT) and sensors feeding data into the AI, computers are predicting
sanitation and consumption patterns for improved safe water and sanitation provisioning.
It is a sad situation that about 2 billion people use a contaminated drinking water source. Using
m
AI to detect dangerous bacteria and harmful particles in the water are the goal of Clean Water AI.
AI devices use pattern recognition and machine learning to monitor and inspect water quality.

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Energy is critical, and people with no sustainable access to energy are deprived of the opportunity to
become part of national and global progress. However, one billion people around the world live
without access to energy.
With access to energy, people can study, go to university, get a job, start a business – and reach their
full potential. Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces
today – security, climate change, food production, jobs or increasing incomes. Sustainable energy
generates opportunity – it transforms lives, economies and the planet. There are various health
benefits to having access to electricity and demonstrable improvement in well being.
Global energy demands are growing every year. Furthermore, fossil fuels will not be able to fulfill our
energy needs in the future. Carbon emissions from fossil fuels have already hit an all-time high in
2020 due to increased energy consumption.
Fossil energy and its disadvantages: Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels.
They were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of
years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content. When fossil fuels are burnt,
they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Which, in turn, trap heat in our atmosphere,
making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change.

132
Renewable energy and its advantages: Renewable energy comes in the following forms:
Wind energy can be used to generate electricity for utilities or individual buildings.
m
Geothermal
m energy, or the heat below the earth's surface, can be used for electricity or thermal
energy.
Solar energy systems use the sun's rays for electricity or thermal energy.
m
Renewable energy is emerging out as a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. It is much safer and cleaner
than conventional sources. With the advancements in technology, the renewable energy sector has
made significant progress in the last decade.
AI for renewable energy: So, we all
know that renewable energies like solar
power are the need of the time.
Nevertheless, how does Artificial
Intelligence (AI) can help in improving
renewable energy supply? AI in the
renewable energy sector can resolve
most of the challenges.
Weather can often be unpredictable,
destabilizing the power supply
Weather forecast using AI
generated from weather-dependent
energy sources such as solar and wind. It puts pressure on the renewable energy sector to efficiently
balance supply and demand.
Historically, weather forecasts have helped energy suppliers make predictions regarding their power
supply. Today, companies such as Nnergix are incorporating artificial intelligence to improve the
accuracy of renewable energy forecasting.
The company reportedly combines satellite data from weather forecasts and machine learning
algorithms trained on industry data to make more accurate forecasts.

Smart Grids: The term "smart grid" describes an

electrical grid that is integrated with an AI-enabled,
two-way communication network. It helps to ensure
more efficient transmission of electricity and its faster
restoration after power blackouts,
AI will be the brain of this future smart grid. The
technology will continuously collect and synthesize
overwhelming amounts of data from millions of smart
sensors nationwide to make timely decisions on how to
Smart Grids are AI-enabled
allocate energy resources in the best possible way.
Additionally, the advances made from 'deep learning' algorithms (a system where machines learn on
their own from spotting patterns in large data sets) will revolutionize both the demand and supply
side of the energy economy.

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39
SDG 8: Decent work and Economic Growth
"Despite legitimate concerns about automation replacing jobs, AI augmentation and targeted
automation with intelligent devices can improve the work environment, increase productivity, and
be a significant driver of economic growth." — AI XPRIZE
Universal basic income: AI technologies will be used to reducing the need for human work on
monotonous and dangerous work such as mining, repetitive factory and agricultural work and
dangerous industrial work.
Smart loans: AI can help by automating evaluation and evaluating of business loan opportunities,
using past successes and failures as training data to judge the benefits of new loans. Let us take an
example of ZestFinance, which is is the maker of the Zest Automated Machine Learning (ZAML)
platform. This AI-powered solution helps companies assess borrowers with little to no credit
information or history. The platform utilizes thousands of data points and provides transparency
which helps lenders better assess populations traditionally considered at risk.

SDG 9: Industry innovation and infrastructure

No country can progress until its industry and infrastructure
progress. AI is involved in almost every sphere to augment this
process.
Intelligent Waste Management: Intelligent trashcan, built with
artificial intelligence software programs and IoT detectors, is
another innovative plan in the waste management field. The
particular detectors on these trashcans measure the waste thrown
inside them and send this information via advanced servers to the
major removal system for processing. This system categorizes the
information into the type of waste, the level, and quantity of each
type of waste, and the particular waste disposal system. An intelligent Trashcan
This system can also fine-tune itself as time passes by learning historical data to improve its
performance.

AI in garbage disposal and smart recycling

AI reads the tag to determine the type of garbage and sends it to the
main server for analysis

The main server compares the various garbage categories and picks
and appropriate disposal or recycling methods

Safe disposal or clean recycling of the garbage is carried out

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Many companies have begun using waste picking and sorting robots. The automated smart machines
are progressively replacing conventional waste picking methods. Skilful in multi-tasking, the robots
can quickly sort tons of trash in a short time.
Most of these robots are heavily autonomous when it comes to their vision programs and can
effortlessly separate a paper and tin foil. These types of considerable systems have tremendous
potential for application in industrial sectors.
Smart Recycling: New AI-powered technology helps recycling firms
categorize different waste intelligently. The machines use smart sensors
and machine learning to identify what is there to recycle rapidly.
Aluminium,
m like old wires from electronics, is the most recyclable
metal, as it can be reused easily. Smart machines can quickly pick it
out from tin, a similar-looking metal, during the categorization
process. They can also sort through cardboard, plastics and non- Smart Recycling
recyclable objects.
AI sensors with computer vision are a vital improvement over traditional optic options. They can
m
identify the type of material and take into account special considerations. A manufacturer may
buy a certain kind of recyclable plastic, for example, but only if it is clean from contaminants. AI
sensors can separate plastics used with chemicals from those that are clean, even if they are the
same material.
4D printing: The key difference between 4D and 3D printing is that, is that the 4D printing process
uses a special material that can also be programmed to self-assemble and change its shape later once
exposed specific environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, or humidity or a certain type
of chemical. For example, Aviation firms could also 4D print an aeroplane wing that transforms itself
into a special aerodynamic shape upon reaching a certain wind speed. The construction industry
could potentially 4D print bricks that change their shape to accommodate more or less stress on a
wall. This self-assembling capability could play a crucial role during a natural disaster, when
construction materials that autonomously turn into shelters could become a practical thing soon.

This emerging technology

will allow us to print
objects that can reshape
themselves or self-assemble
over time.

3D/4D printing using AI can bring astonishing results

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Like 3D printing, 4D printing also uses additive manufacturing technology to print successive layers
to create a three-dimensional object. When AI combined with 3D (or 4D)printing technologies as it
could increase the performance of a 3D printer by reducing the risk of error and facilitating
automated production. One company AFMG has developed an Artificial intelligent that can be used
to automate manual tasks such as data collection, cost tracking, planning construction. The software
can also be used to optimize production capacity by improving machine utilization and planning
production orders according to availability. Material selection can also be automated with AI like
depending on the requirements of the part to be printed; the software makes recommendations on the
material to be used to achieve the best result.

Remember 3D printing typically refers to the process of converting digital models into three-dimensional
solid objects by layering additive materials on top of one another. Some uses of 3D printing are
creating consumer products (eyewear, footwear, design, furniture), industrial products
(manufacturing tools, functional end-use parts), dental products and artificial body parts.

SDG10: Reduced Inequalities

How can AI reduce global and societal inequality? Hope is for nothing less than bridging the gap
between rich and poor, powerful and powerless.
By providing timely and accurate information services to ensure equal rights to economic resources,
AI creates possibilities for the improvement of productivity among millions of people, so they have
better means of income and livelihood
About human Augmentation: Human augmentation is using technology to increase human
capabilities, both physically and cognitively.
Companies like Boston Dynamics have already developed a wide variety of human augmenting
devices that can be used in factories or on the battlefield. Some examples are the 3rd thumb, Airbag
helmet , Enchroma glasses which lets a colour-blind person see full colours in the world, live
translation wearables, and many more. A platform that translates sign language into speech and
speech into sign language, acting as a personal translator for deaf people is also an example of Human
Augmentation.

Artificial limb The third thumb Enchroma glasses

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Human augmentation using AI-inspired devices both internally and externally provides super
senses and knowledge, enhanced physical capabilities, and corrects disabilities yielding a more equal
and inclusive society.

Do you Know? The Airbag helmet is an

invisible inflatable device is Our ability to reason
stored inside a durable collar through logic is an
that is worn by the cyclist at all example of cognition.
times. Abnormal motion
triggers the mechanism which
inflates a hood-shaped helmet in a split second (0.1 second,
to be precise) thrusting it up out of the collar and over the
wearer's head.

SDG11: Sustainable cities and communities

Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable
housing, and building strong societies and economies.
Smart Cities yields many benefits for society, including enhanced opportunities for education,
improved job prospects, better access to healthcare and cleaner water. However, it is also associated
with immense societal and environmental challenges. Inefficient planning and management
practices lead to unsustainable settlements that do not enable people to advance personally, socially
or economically. Smart and innovative technologies including artificial intelligence are
revolutionizing the way cities address the challenges associated with smart growth. Following are
some ways in which AI is related to the growth of this SDG.
AI in Smart Cities: The AI technologies help cities to utilize existing assets more effectively. For
example, allocate resources more efficiently and improve how data and information are managed
and shared across systems.

AI in Smart cities

Increasingly, satellite data is becoming a fundamental component of smart cities and an essential tool
for city management and governance.

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The increased availability of satellite data is helping in:
To understand the connectivity between cities to measure economic growth.
m

To identify the areas where resources should be allocated after disasters.

m

From urban governance, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) provide near-real-time
information on how cities change in practice, like through the conversion of green spaces into built-
up structures.
By 'teaching' computers what to look for in satellite images, satellite data in combination with
machine learning algorithms can quickly reveal and detect:
How actual city development aligns with planning and zoning
m

Which areas are most prone to flooding.

m

Different types of land cover and land use across space and time and generate valuable insights,
m
analytics and visualizations.
Smart Traffic Management, Smart Waste Management, Smart Lighting and Smart Governance are
other areas where AI is making its presence felt.

SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production

The efficient management of our shared natural resources and the way we dispose of toxic waste and
pollutants are important targets to achieve this goal. Encouraging industries, businesses and
consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as is supporting developing countries to
move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030. Some disturbing facts are:
1.3 billion
m tonnes of food is wasted every year, while almost 2 billion people go hungry or
undernourished.
Only 3
m percent of the world's water is fresh (drinkable), and humans are using it faster than
nature can replenish it.
Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we urgently reduce our
ecological footprint by changing the way we produce and consume goods and resources.
AI can be used to track deforestation happening in real-time in remote communities. Sometimes
seeing the change in trees is easy but working out why it is happening requires complex pattern
recognition. For example, forests could be cut down because they are a planted crop such as palm oil
or lumber. Weather events could destroy forests, illegally cut for lumber, firewood or most commonly
cleared to make way for agriculture. AI and ML methods need to be used to figure out which of these
causes is doing this and what could be the impacts.
Reducing food waste through computer vision technology: Measuring food waste is an age-old
problem for the hospitality sector. According to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) roughly one-third of food produced each year globally never comes close to a
human mouth. The data collected around the world shows that 5%-15% of purchased food ends up
being wasted.

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Winnow Vision is from Winnow solutions a new food waste technology
that allows kitchens to track food waste automatically. It uses computer
vision (a form of artificial intelligence) to help chefs easily pinpoint
waste, cut costs and save time. The environmental and social impact
Winnow has by reducing food waste is massive as one meal every
second is saved.
The AI bin(they use a camera and smart scales to recognize and keep
track of the food items that are being disposed of) has already been
tested in a number of kitchens, including in 23 Ikea restaurants.
Machine learning is used to help the appliance recognize the foods An AI bin
being thrown away, with some assistance from kitchen staff during initial training to identify items
from the menu.
AI reduces 90% of the chemicals sprayed on agricultural produce: There is potential for AI to be
utilized in the agriculture sector to boost productivity and efficiency while being more
environmentally friendly. Technology, like machine learning, image recognition, and predictive
modelling, are being used in the agriculture industry. It is a step in the right direction to produce
enough food to feed a growing population.
Where
m company provides agricultural information and insight for real-time agriculture
decisions globally. They use satellite imagery to gather over seven billion data points around the
world daily. It then uses machine learning to forecast weather, analyze crops, and help farmers
increase yields and profits.
Plantix,
m a mobile app uses image recognition to detect plant
diseases, pests, and soil deficiencies affecting plant health. The
user simply clicks a picture of the plant, and instantly they get
information about the plant species and the potential disease it
has. It can do this by utilizing the latest machine learning
technology. With each image, the system becomes more
accurate. The app also connects the community of scientists,
farmers and plant experts, enabling discussion and learning.
All of these tools help farmers reach a higher crop yield, which in Using a mobile app to diagnose
turn leads to fewer resources being used to produce more food. It is plant disease
essential if we hope to feed our growing population in the years to come.

SDG 13: Climate Action

Recently, millions of people worldwide took to the streets demanding urgent and scaled action on the
climate crisis. The leaders of 65 countries committed to reaching net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by 2050. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to both help us understand and
accelerate progress towards the SDG targets, including those on climate action. Some estimate that AI
could help us reduce global GHG emissions by 4% in 2030.

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Monitor agricultural emissions and deforestation: Mechanical
engines and power plants are not the only ones to emit greenhouse
gases. A great deal comes from the destruction of trees, peatland, and
other plant life which has captured carbon through the process of
photosynthesis over millions of years. Deforestation and
unsustainable agriculture lead to this carbon being released back into
the atmosphere. However, using satellite imagery and AI, we can Recognizing the deforestation
pinpoint where this is happening and protect these natural carbon area using satellite imaging.
sinks.

Predict extreme weather events: Many of the most significant effects of climate change in the coming
decades will be driven by hugely complex systems, like changes in cloud cover and ice sheet
dynamics. AI will help scientists predict extreme weather events, like droughts and hurricanes,
which in turn will help governments protect against their worst effects.

Do you Know? SilviaTerra company is combining satellite Microsoft Azure is a cloud

imagery with machine learning is enabled by computing service for building,
Microsoft Azure. The data collected through their testing, deploying, and
technology can help conservationists and managing applications and
landowners manage and understand forests, services through Microsoft-
including determining climate impacts, managed data centres.
improving species habitats or promoting
sustainable harvesting.

SDG14: Life below water

Humanity can thank the ocean for rainwater, drinking water,
weather, climate, coastlines, the food we eat, and the oxygen we
breathe. That is why this goal is so important. The purpose is to
conserve and sustainably use our oceans, seas, and marine resources.
Have a look at the following facts:
The ocean
m covers three-quarters of the earth's surface and Life below water
represents 99 percent of the living space on the planet by volume.

The ocean
m absorbs about 30 percent of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering the
impacts of global warming.
More than 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.
m

As much
m as 40 percent of the ocean is heavily affected by pollution, depleted fisheries, loss of
coastal habitats and other human activities.
New advances in satellite observation, open data and machine learning now allow us to process the
massive amounts of data being produced.

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Tracking fishing vessels and monitoring illegal fishing: Global Fishing Watch company uses AI
technology to visualize, track & share fishing Activities. It uses satellite-based monitoring to track all
fishing vessels in real-time to protect fisheries around the world. They collect satellite imagery and
analyze boats' movements with a specially designed form of machine learning to determine if they
are fishing or sea-faring vessels. Then they post all fishing boat data to their open-source website. So
that researchers, law enforcement agencies and the public can keep watch on key trends such as
frequency and monitor if any fishing boats venture into protected waters.
Identification of rare water species: Google is creating a machine learning system to protect life
underwater. It has teamed up with Queensland University to create a detector that automatically
identifies whales in ocean images. Now the researchers do not need to go through thousands of aerial
photos to spot the whales. They simply feed the satellite images through an image recognition
system that can identify the whale's body shapes. The software developed also shows promise for
tracking other marine life as well.
Predicting the effect of earth climate on oceans: The AI model results can help predict the future of
the earth's climate. It can help to understand how our oceans will cope with higher temperatures,
acidification and other climate shocks.

SDG 15: Life on land

Our fate as a species depends on the state of our most important habitat – land. Our future is linked to
the survival of land ecosystems. Here are some facts about life on land.
Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood.
m

Forests are home to more than 80 per cent of all terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects
m

74 per cent of the poor are directly affected by land degradation globally
m

Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8 per cent are extinct, and 22 per cent are at risk of extinction
m

Plants provide over 80 per cent of the human diet. Only three cereal crops – rice, maize and wheat
m
– provide 60 per cent of energy intake
As many as 80 per cent of people living in rural areas in developing countries rely on traditional
m
plant-based medicines for basic healthcare
There are a few measures which we can implement with the help of AI to expedite the process.
Preventing Forest Fire: SilviaTerra company installs cameras on top of communication towers to
capture images that are sent to a monitoring centre with AI capabilities. Once there is fire (or smoke)
detected on images, the AI model sends alerts and fire fighting actions.
The AI model was trained with day and night images with fire and smoke for fire detection. The main
difference between day and night images for fire detection. It is like that during the day images
usually show smoke, and during the night these images show live fire. Both sunset and dawn, where
smoke and live fire coexist on images, represent boundary conditions for the problem.

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Descartes Labs is a company launched a wildfire detector, which can record changes in weather
which might indicate the start of a fire.
Preventing of Deforestation: Buckler and Richards
built a cellular-connected edge device about the size of
a small backpack, topped with a solar panel and
antenna. A single device strapped to a tree can monitor
up to 150 acres of forest, collecting sound signals and
sending them to the cloud for analysis.
If the neural network detects a chainsaw or
unauthorized vehicle, it will contact officials through Identifying wildfire in forest

an email to a dispatch centre or a text message to an individual ranger. Authorities can then head
to the scene to catch potential environmental crimes in progress. The low-maintenance device
can be mounted at any height on a tree and is charged by solar power.
Tackling Poaching: Artificial Intelligence is helping tackle poaching problems, offering new
hope for endangered species. One of such AI product is TrailGuard.
The non-profit sustainability organization named Resolve developed TrailGuard AI in
conjunction with tech giant Intel, the National Geographic Society, the Leonardo DiCaprio
Foundation and others. The main features of the system are as follows:
The system relies on Intel's computer vision as well as deep learning algorithms. It is trained
m
to analyze visual imagery to sort through motion-triggered footage and identify relevant
threats rapidly.
The tiny
m tool is roughly the size of a pencil. It is
therefore ideal for tucking into bushes without
alerting poachers to its presence.
TrailGuard's
m core function is to scan the massive
number of images captured in real-time,
discarding the vast majority that has no content of
interest and identifying those with humans in the
frame. By eliminating the number of irrelevant
images passed on to authorities, the camera AI Identifying poachers

makes it possible for rangers to respond immediately and, if all goes well, "capture poachers
before the killing starts.”

SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong institution

This goal promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Various forms of
problems like violence against children, human trafficking, bribery, poverty and illiteracy because of
prolonged armed conflict exist. Digital technology and AI can be used to tackle such problems.

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AI in cybersecurity
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing an increasing role in cybersecurity,
with security tools analyzing data from millions of cyber incidents, and using it to identify potential
threats. Some uses of AI in cybersecurity are mentioned below:
AI can
m efficiently analyze user behaviours, deduce a pattern, and identify all sorts of
abnormalities or irregularities in the network. For example, A machine learning algorithm for
credit card fraud detection needs to be trained first by being fed the normal transaction data of
lots and lots of cardholders. Transaction sequences are an example of this kind of training data. A
person may typically gets petrol one time a week, go grocery shopping every two weeks, and so
on. The algorithm learns that this is a normal transaction sequence. So anything abnormal which
is not according to the pattern of train data will automatically issue a warning to the card user.
This is how machine learning is helping credit card companies identify and halt possible
fraudulent activity in near real-time.
AI systems
m can be trained to identify even the smallest
behaviours of ransomware and malware attacks before it enters
the system and then isolate them from that system. For
example, it can warn if the account of a user acting strangely by
clicking on phishing links.
The inappropriate
m posts on Twitter or Facebook will
automatically be detected and deleted. Gmail is using AI to AI in Identifying credit
automatically detect Spam emails and move the same to the card fraud detection
Spam folder.

AI in E-Governance
One of the major tasks for e-governance is responding to user queries.
Today, if this response is slow or inappropriate, it will not be able to
satisfy the user. Chatbots or AI-enabled bots can assist users in basic
tasks such as password reset. Users will receive immediate response and
clarifications for their doubts.
Most of the large organizations are already utilizing AI for zero-
paperwork. On average, we tend to spend 37.5% time on admin tasks
and paperwork, and less time on other important activities. If admin and In an AI E-governance model
paperwork tasks are automated, we can save human resources and chatbot giving answer to
routine query of customers
utilize extra time in useful, essential tasks.
Artificial intelligence, combined with other technologies, can make disaster management possible.
These technologies can grab real-time data, and machine learning can help in putting rescue action in
place. Many other things are possible with AI, such as identifying affected areas, post-disaster
management, and tracking of people.

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SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals
A critical aspect of SDG 17 is that it binds the other goals together. For one, it is quite content heavy as
compared to other goals and subdivided into five crucial components; finance, capacity building,
systemic issues, technology, and trade.
If the reference to accountability and monitoring of data is taken seriously in SDG 17, this aspect
could help in unlocking the full potential of all the SDGs to be a significant influence for good.

Summing it up
Let us sum it up all we have learnt in the following table about the fact how AI is helping us to attain
these goals.

SDGs Purpose AI contributing to the purpose of SDG

SDG 1 No poverty AI will provide real-time resource allocation through satellite

mapping and data analysis of poverty.

SDG 2 Zero hunger Agriculture productivity is increased through predictive analysis

from imaging with automated drones and from satellites. Nearly
50% of crops are lost through waste, over consumption and
production inefficiencies. Livestock production losses are 78%.

SDG 3 Good health Preventative healthcare programs and diagnostics are significantly
and wellbeing improved through AI, leading to new scientific breakthroughs.
There are 8 billion mobile devices with a smartphone, cameras being
used to diagnose heart, eye and blood disorders; microphone and
motion sensors yielding insights into bone density and osteoporosis
- and manage cancer, diabetes and chronic remote care.;

SDG 4 Quality Virtualized, intelligent mentors and responsive, personalized

education learning is revolutionizing education, improving participation and
outcomes – all powered by AI. Online providers such as Coursera
have AI-produced granular information for effective learning. Big
data analysis is improving graduation rates of low-income and first-
generation college students by 30%, spotting warning signs before
dropout to allow targeted interventions.

SDG 5 Gender Identifying and correcting for gender bias, further

equality automating/augmenting tasks, AI is empowering women for growth
and new opportunities.

SDG 6 Clean The IoT and sensors feeding into the AI of Everything are predicting
water and sanitation and consumption patterns for improved safe water and
sanitation sanitation provisioning.

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SDG 7 Affordable and Green energy in all its forms is continuously improving for
clean energy increased output and more efficiency by AI real-time analysis.

SDG 8 Decent work and Despite legitimate concerns about automation replacing jobs,
economic growth AI assistance (tasks), Augmentation (decisions), targeted
automation (tasks), autonomous systems (decisions) with
intelligent devices can improve the work environment,
increase productivity, and be a significant driver of economic
growth.

SDG 9 Industry innovation New hybrid manufacturing incorporating AI, IoT sensors,
and infrastructure and 4D printing is reshaping industries.

SDG 10 Reduced Human augmentation using AI-inspired devices both

inequalities internally and externally provides super senses and
knowledge, enhanced physical capabilities, corrects disabilities
yielding a more equal and inclusive society.

SDG 11 Sustainable cities AI of Everything, the digital AI mesh, fed by the ubiquitous
and communities IoT, smart devices, and wearables, is already impacting smart
cities and helping to create sustainable communities.

SDG 12 Responsible AI is yielding optimal consumption and production levels

consumption and with vertical green farms, eliminating waste and vastly
production improving yields and resource efficiency.

SDG 13 Climate action Climate change data analysis and climate modelling infused
with AI predicts climate-related problems and disasters.

SDG 14 Life below Pattern recognition can track marine-life migration,

the water population levels, and fishing activities to enhance
sustainable marine ecosystems and combat illegal fishing.

SDG 15 Life on land Pattern recognition, game theory, and full applications of
computer science can track land-animal migration, population
levels, and hunting activities to enhance sustainable land
ecosystems and combat illegal poaching.

SDG 16 Peace, justice, and Thoughtful application of AI can reduce discrimination,

strong institutions corruption, and drive broad access to e-government,
personalized, and responsive, intelligent services. AI can
significantly stay ahead of global cyber threats, the Cyber Kill
Chain, in a manner not possible before.

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SDG 17 Partnerships Multi-sectoral collaboration is essential for the safe, ethical, and
for goals beneficial development of AI. The UN can play a key role here by
bringing together governments, industry, academia and civil society
to explore the responsible development of human-centric AI in
solving humanity's grand challenges

Tip & Tricks View the role of AI in achieving SDGs at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND7

pvShNdlg

Activity Go-Goals Board Game

Purpose: To gain an understanding of social issues through a board game about the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Resources: Link to Download Go-Goals Game Material: https://go-goals.org/
downloadablematerial/
Let your imagination flow and make your own tokens for the Go-Goals Game!
Think of your favourite Superhero or your favourite Cartoon character and draw it on your
token. Cut it out, shape it, and win the Game!
You can also make your own dice using the DIY kit! Just cut it out, fold it and paste it!
Great! You are all set to begin!
How to play: This is what your game board looks like. We are going to play in groups of 5.
Have you played Snakes and Ladders before? This game is very similar to Snakes and
Ladders. Players advance the number of spaces by rolling a single dice. If a player lands at
the bottom of a ladder, they
can immediately climb to the
top. If a player lands at the top
of the slide, they immediately
move to the bottom of the
slide. If a player lands on SDG
goal field (1-17), they will
draw a card corresponding to
the goal number. Another
player will read the card
question. A correct answer
from the card drawer will
allow the player to roll the dice Go Goals game
again. The first player to arrive on '2030' is the winner. Let's Play!”

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AI Applications in various industries and fields
The AI not in general day-to-day applications but has so many applications in Industries and various
other fields too.

Healthcare
In healthcare, AI can provide tremendous help in
analyzing complex medical data obtained from sources
such as X-rays, CT scans, and different screenings and
tests. Using the patient's data and external knowledge
sources such as clinical research, medical professionals
can build a personalized treatment path for everyone.
Artificial intelligence via robotics is a high-level use
case where AI-powered robots assist with surgery.
AI in healthcare
Using robots to assist surgeons helps with higher
accuracy, lower risk of infection, less blood loss and pain, shorter hospital stay, and quicker recovery
times.

Do you Know? The Babylon AI doctor app uses speech recognition to consult with patients, checks their
symptoms against a database, and offers them adequate treatments.

Tip & Tricks Watch how robots helped during the Covid-19 pandemic in https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=53ElngqQgko

Construction
About 7 percent of the world's labour force is employed
in the construction industry, so it is a major sector of the
world economy. AI-based applications have been
widely being used in the construction sectors. AI could
suggest the ideal design for buildings and recommend
the best safety features to make our lives more secure.
Robotics, AI, and the Internet of Things can reduce
building costs by up to 20 percent. Engineers can wear
virtual reality goggles and send mini-robots into AI in construction Industry

buildings under construction. These robots use cameras to track the work as it progresses. AI is being
used to plan the routing of electrical and plumbing systems in modern buildings. Companies are
using AI to develop safety systems for work sites. AI is being used to track the real-time interactions of
workers, machinery, and objects on the site and alert supervisors of potential safety issues,
construction errors, and productivity issues.

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Do you Know? Artificial intelligence is also beneficial for the development of safety systems at work sites,
which reduces the risks of hazards and accidents. The technology is being used by many firms
to pursue the real-time interactions of machinery, workers, and objects on the site and alert
the supervisors of potential safety issues, productivity issues, and construction errors.

Finance & Banking

As online transactions grow more popular every year, the finance and banking industry faces
increasingly complex identity theft and fraud loss cases. AI can bring financial cybersecurity to the
next level, as systems using deep learning technologies are able to analyze patterns and spot
suspicious behaviour and potential fraud.

Do you Know? PayPal managed to reduce its fraud rate to just 0.32% of revenue using a sophisticated deep
learning system that analyses transactions in real-time.

Retail/E-commerce
Artificial intelligence is probably the most widely known for its application in the retail industry.
Conversation intelligence software helps companies interact with customers and follow up leads by
analyzing and doing sales calls using speech recognition and natural language processing.
Chatbots
m and virtual customer assistants allow retail companies to run a 24/7 customer service
and answer basic questions without the involvement of human staff.
In retail stores, it is also used to track shelf inventory in the real-time.
m

By strategically
m placing computer vision-equipped cameras throughout the store, retailers can
automatically identify customers via facial recognition and track their movements. When the
customer leaves with goods, the cost of all the items is instantly charged to a stored credit or debit
card. Self-checkout becomes no checkout.
Computer vision plays an important role in facial recognition, like in mapping customer service
m
loyalty. For example, in a retail store, the moment a customer's car pulls into the parking lot, a
computer vision solution can identify it by license plate number. Facial recognition technology
can confirm customer identity for a returning customer or a new customer when they get out of
the car and enter the store. Repeat shoplifters and other high-risk individuals can similarly be
flagged for monitoring or removal.
By tapping into IoT data, retailers can create better shopper experiences, drive staffing efficiency,
m
and higher sales conversion.

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In the e-commerce sphere, cart abandonment occurs when a customer has items in their online
shopping cart but does not complete their site visit with a purchase. By using predictive analytics and
chatbots for retail, online stores can help lessen the likelihood that potential customers navigate away
from their site without making a purchase. Closing sales are important, so what better method than
having a chatbot remind your customer of the items in their cart before they navigate away for good?

AI in supermarket AI making discount offers

Do you Know? Machine Learning algorithms are widely being used to study user behaviour, and such
algorithms are becoming more intelligent with time, to the extent that retailers can determine
whether a user wants to purchase a product for themselves or gifting purposes.

Recruitment and human resources (HR)

For human resources (HR) professionals,
automating the recruitment process through
artificial intelligence and machine learning is
becoming popularised all over the world because
it cuts back on the workforce while making the
task of finding candidates more streamlined.
Recruitment is a long and time-consuming
process and can often leave job candidates in the
dark about where they stand. Transparent Recruitment Processing using AI

Do you Know? Blind hiring is a process of selecting candidates without seeing them. ML algorithms can sort
through applicant data under specified search parameters that focus solely based on
experience and credentials rather than demographic information. It can help teams become
more diverse in terms of skills, education background, gender, ethnicity, and other unique
characteristics that job candidates bring to the table.

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Artificial Intelligence in Tourism
Competition in the travel and tourism industry is very high. You must have observed that Air ticket
prices on travel websites keep on fluctuating and change often. You might have also booked a flight
ticket in advance or have waited just before the departure date to find cheaper tickets. Everyone does
that, but the AI has minimized the struggle to book aeroplane tickets.

Robots in Hotel AI based travel website

There are several AI assistant websites, that guide the users to make sure they get the best prices
according to their needs and budget. With predictive analytics driven by artificial intelligence, these
websites predict the ticket price. The application can predict price patterns and alert travellers when
to buy the tickets. So, the cheapest rate can be known before the flight is booked to the destination.
Over recent times, augmented reality has become increasingly popular within the travel industry.
This is primarily because it enables hotels and other businesses operating in this field to enhance the
physical environments, they are actually trying to encourage customers to visit, including local sights
and hotel rooms.

Do you Know? Connie robot being deployed by Hilton Worldwide Hotels is one
of the most well known examples AI being used in Travel
industry. Connie is an AI-based caretaker that uses AI and
speech recognition to provide a variety of tourist-related
information to guests who speak to it. The two-foot-high robot
acts like a human caretaker, assisting guests arriving at the front
desk and answering a host of questions like what to visit, where
to dine, and how to find anything at the property.

Tip & Tricks Watch how AI is impacting various industries in https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=p9qmQxamjtg

150
Activity To find out future skills-sets
Purpose: Students will explore the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) jobs in various
fields such as healthcare, security, education, agriculture, entertainment, service and
transport. They will then make a Job Advertisement of the Future to present their findings.
How to play: Make even number of teams and divide give one theme to two teams. For
example, if you have 10 teams, divide any 5 themes giving same theme to two teams. This
will help in the activities of next modules.
Put your Research Skills in action: Here are a set of themes – you will be getting one theme
out of these to work on in a group of 4. Research on the given theme and find out various
organizations incorporating AI in your theme sector. Also, look at the skill-sets required for
such jobs today. With this, try to analyze what skill-sets would be required 10 years down
the line?
Fill in the table cells below:

What are the names of organizations in Write briefly what they do

our country working around this theme

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

What kind of skill-sets (consider both soft skills and technical skills) do they look in their
new hires?
Would the skill-sets required today still be same after 10 years?

Soft skills Technical skills

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

Soft skills (10 years later) Technical skills (10 years later)

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

_____________________________________ ______________________________________

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39
Activity Job Advertisement for 2030!
Purpose: To inspire students by local examples of AI application in their community, to
create a summary of their findings in the form of a future Job Advertisement and share it
with other teams.
How to play: Search for current and emerging trends in employment to make a Future Job
Advertisement. The job description is for a job which will exist ten years from now, i.e. the
current date. To help you , the job advertisement must include the following information.

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

.............................................................................
Information about the
Logo
Hiring company

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
Yes
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................ No

........................................................................................................................

Vital, Essential and Desired skills Is the company start-up

List the kind of futuristic job Write the skills required by you to do
opportunities that will be available these jobs
for you.

1. ........................................................... 1. ...........................................................

2. ........................................................... 2. ...........................................................

3. ........................................................... 3. ...........................................................

4. ........................................................... 4. ...........................................................

5. ........................................................... 5. ...........................................................

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Activity Which of the following jobs and skills are not related to AI

Data Scientist Machine learning Engineer Python Language

Research Scientist President of India QBasic Language

Robot Scientist Cooking Fortran Language

Unix Operating system

Revision Time
The Sustainable Development
m Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by
all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the
planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

Images
m taken by satellites and processed through machine learning can help to identify global
activities that reflect poor and rich regions.

Deep learning AI is being used to help machines identify the health of crops. Once the machine's
m
ability improves, farmers around the world will be able to take advantage of its learnings
through an app that can diagnose an issue so the farmers can take action before the losses are
disastrous.

AI can help clinicians take a more inclusive approach for disease management, better coordinate
m
care plans and help patients to better manage and comply with their long-term treatment
programmes.

Robots are being used in medicine for a long time now. They range from simple laboratory robots
m
to highly sophisticated surgical robots that can either aid a human surgeon or execute operations
by themselves.

AI systems are being used to tailor and personalize learning for the individual student.
m

AI holds
m promise in identifying the most effective interventions at key career junctures. For
example, in performance reviews and promotion and salary decisions, AI could be applied to the
analysis of internal workforce data to make recommendations that would help narrow the
gender gap.

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) and sensors feeding into the AI, computers are predicting sanitation
m
and consumption patterns for improved safe water and sanitation provisioning.

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39
Historically,
m weather forecasts have helped energy suppliers make predictions regarding their
power supply. Today, companies such as Nnergix are incorporating artificial intelligence to
improve the accuracy of renewable energy forecasting.
AI can help by automating evaluation and evaluating of business loan opportunities, using past
m
successes and failures as training data to judge the benefits of new loans.
Intelligent
m trash can, which is built with artificial intelligence software programs and IoT
detectors, is another innovative plan in the waste management field.
New AI-powered technology helps recycling plants intelligently categorize different waste. The
m
machines use smart sensors and machine learning to identify what's there to recycle rapidly.
Human
m augmentation is using technology to increase human capabilities, both physically and
cognitively.
Making cities sustainable means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable
m
housing, and building strong societies and economies.
Smart Traffic
m Management, Smart Waste Management, Smart Lighting and Smart Governance
are other areas where AI is making its presence felt.
AI can be used to track deforestation happening in real-time in remote communities. Sometimes
m
seeing the change in trees is easy but working out why it is happening requires complex pattern
recognition.
Winnow
m Vision is our new food waste technology that allows kitchens to track food waste
automatically. It uses computer vision (a form of artificial intelligence) to help chefs easily
pinpoint waste, cut costs and save time.
Deforestation
m and unsustainable agriculture lead to this carbon being released back into the
atmosphere. However, using satellite imagery and AI, we can pinpoint where this is happening
and protect these natural carbon sinks.
The AI model results can help predict the future of earth's climate and help understand how our
m
oceans will cope with higher temperatures, acidification and other climate shocks.
Sintecsys's company installs cameras on top of communication towers to capture images that are
m
sent to a monitoring centre with AI capabilities. Once there is fire (or smoke) detected on images,
the AI model sends alerts and fire fighting actions.
Artificial
m intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing an increasing role in
cybersecurity, with security tools analyzing data from millions of cyber incidents, and using it to
identify potential threats.
Artificial
m intelligence, combined with other technologies, can make disaster management
possible. These technologies can grab real-time data, and machine learning can help in putting
rescue action in place.
In the Construction Industry, AI could suggest the ideal design for buildings and recommend the
m
best safety features to make our lives more secure.

154
In the finance sector, AI can bring financial cybersecurity to the next level, as systems using deep
m
learning technologies are able to analyze patterns and spot suspicious behaviour and potential
fraud.

In Retail
m and E-commerce sector, conversation intelligence software helps companies interact
with customers and follow up leads by analyzing and segmenting sales calls using speech
recognition and natural language processing.

For human resources (HR) professionals, automating the recruitment process through artificial
m
intelligence and machine learning is becoming popularised all over the world because it cuts
back on the workforce while making the task of finding candidates more streamlined.

In Travel
m & tourism industry, with predictive analytics driven by artificial intelligence, these
websites predict the ticket price. The application can predict price patterns and alert travellers
when to buy the tickets.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. SDG1 is

a. Zero hunger b. Good health and wellbeing

c. No poverty d. Quality education

2. SDG2 is

a. Zero hunger b. Good health and wellbeing

c. No poverty d. Quality education

3. SDG 4 is

a. Zero hunger b. Good health and wellbeing

c. No poverty d. Quality education

4. Which SDG it binds the other goals together?

a. SDG14 b. SDG15

c. SDG16 d. SDG17

5. Which SDG is related to Clean water and sanitation?

a. SDG6 b. SDG7

c. SDG8 d. SDG9

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39
6. Which SDG is related to Life below the water?

a. SDG12 b. SDG13

c. SDG14 d. SDG15

7. In which SDG thoughtful application of AI can reduce discrimination and corruption?

a. SDG13 b. SDG14

c. SDG15 d. SDG16

8. Using which technique AI-inspired devices both internally and externally provides super senses
and knowledge, enhanced physical capabilities

a. Blockchain technology b. 4D printing

c. Human Augmentation d. Augmented reality

9. In which field AI is making the task of finding candidates more streamlined?

a. Human resource b. Finance sector

c. Travel & tourism industry d. Legal departments

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. SDG 16 is related to peace, Justice and strong institution

2. SDG 11 is related to responsible consumption and production

3. The increased availability of satellite data is helping in to identify the areas where
resources should be allocated after disasters.

4. SDG14 is related to sustainable cities and communities

5. New AI-powered technology helps recycling firms categorize different waste

intelligently.

6. The term "smart grid" describes an electrical grid that is integrated with an AI-enabled,
two-way communication network.

7. It is a sad situation that about 0.5 billion people use a contaminated drinking water
source.

8. If an AI application is trained on data that is biased, the algorithms it develops will likely
be biased, too.

156
Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Construction SDG7 SDG13 IOT clinicians

Human augmentation Machine learning Winnow Vision

1. Images taken by satellites and processed through ____________________ can help to identify
global activities that reflect poor and rich regions.

2. AI can help ____________________ take a more inclusive approach for disease management.

3. ____________________ and sensors feeding data into the AI, computers are predicting sanitation
and consumption patterns for improved safe water and sanitation provisioning.

4. ____________________ is using technology to increase human capabilities, both physically and

cognitively.

5. _____________________ is a new food waste technology that allows kitchens to track food waste
automatically.

6. In the _____________________ Industry, AI could suggest the ideal design for buildings and
recommend the best safety features to make our lives more secure.

7. _________________________ is related to Climate action.

8. ____________________ is related to affordable and clean Energy.

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. How is AI helping in protecting the life below the water?

2. How satellite imaging helps in identifying poverty

3. How is AI helping in creating the perfect crop and helping in diagnosing plant disease?

4. How is Good health and well being aided by AI?

5. How is AI helping in achieving the SDG4?

6. How AI helps in controlling the water quality?

7. How is Winnow vision helping in controlling the food wastage?

8. How is e-governance being helped by AI?

9. How can AI be used to track deforestation?

10. Write one use of AI in e-commerce.

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39
 Chapter 16 AI Bias and Ethics
Learning Objectives
1. Bias in AI applications, and causes 2. Examples of AI Bias
3. AI Ethics 4. Ethical Issues in Adoption of AI Systems

AI Bias
A biased person favours one side or issue over another. Biased can just
mean having a preference for one thing over another. The bias can also be
present in Artificial Intelligence. AI algorithms are only as good as the data
used to train them. That data and the training process itself can contribute
to bias.

bias (also known as Machine learning bias or Algorithm bias). It is a phenomenon that occurs
when an algorithm produces results that are systematically biased due to erroneous theories in
the machine learning process.

Biases find their way into the AI systems we design and are used to make decisions by many, from
governments to businesses. Bad data used to train AI can contain racial, gender, or ideological biases.
Bias in AI systems could wear down trust between humans and machines that learn.
AI has become increasingly integral in facial and voice recognition systems, some of which have real
business implications and directly impact people. These systems are vulnerable to biases and errors
introduced by its human makers. Also, the data used to train these AI systems can have biases. For
instance, facial recognition algorithms made by Microsoft, IBM and Megvii all had biases when
detecting people's gender. These AI systems were able to detect the gender of white men more
accurately than the gender of darker skin men. Similarly, Amazon's termination of AI hiring and
recruitment is another example which shows that AI cannot be fair; the algorithm preferred male
candidates over female. This was because Amazon's system was trained with data collected over a 10-
year period that came mostly from male candidates.
Examples of AI bias
Tay, Microsoft's experimental AI chatbot released racist commentary
after learning through interaction with its Twitter followers. Microsoft
had to terminate Tay Chatbot.
Then there was COMPAS, AI-based software used by law enforcement
to assess the risk of repetition in offenders. It was found to be biased
Tay, Microsoft's experimental
against people of specific skin colour.
AI chatbot

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AI Ethics
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an effective science that employs
strong enough approaches, methods, and techniques to solve
unsolvable real-world based problems. Because of its
unstoppable rise towards the future, there are also some
discussions about its ethics and safety. Shaping an AI-friendly
environment for people and a people-friendly environment for
AI can be a possible answer for finding a shared context of
values for both humans and robots.

An AI code of ethics, also called an AI value platform. It is a Ethics are the moral principles
policy statement that formally defines the role of artificial governing the behaviour or actions
intelligence as it applies to the continued development of of an individual or a group.
the human race. The purpose of an AI code of ethics is to
provide AI developers with guidance when faced with an
ethical decision regarding the use of artificial intelligence.

Although developers are still in the early stages of AI adoption, enterprises need to make ethical and
responsible approaches when creating AI systems. To do that, a non-profit institute founded by MIT
cosmologist Max Tegmark, Skype co-founder Jaan Tallinn and Deep Mind research scientist
ViktoriyaKrakovnahas worked with AI researchers and developers. They established a set of guiding
principles which are now referred to as AI Principles.
This AI code of ethics states that:
1. Investments in AI should be accompanied by funding for research on ensuring its beneficial use.
2. If an AI system causes harm, it should be possible to determine why.
3. A culture of cooperation, trust, and transparency should be raised among researchers and
developers of AI.
4. Teams developing AI systems should actively cooperate to avoid money saving on safety
standards.
5. AI systems should be safe and secure throughout their operational lifetime.
6. Designers and builders of advanced AI systems are stakeholders in the moral implications of
their use, misuse, and actions, with a responsibility and opportunity to shape those implications.
7. Highly autonomous AI systems should be designed so that their goals and behaviours can be
assured to align with human values throughout their operation.
8. AI systems should be designed and operated so as to be compatible with ideals of human dignity,
rights, freedoms, and cultural diversity.
9. People should have the right to access, manage and control the data they generate, given AI
systems' power to analyse and utilise that data.

159
39
10. The application of AI to personal data must not unreasonably limit people's real or alleged
liberty.
11. AI technologies should benefit and empower as many people as possible.
12. The economic prosperity created by AI should be shared broadly, to benefit all of humanity.
13. Humans should choose how and whether to delegate decisions to AI systems to accomplish
human-chosen objectives.
14. The power granted by control of highly advanced AI systems should respect and improve, rather
than disrupt, the social and civic processes on which the health of society depends.
15. An arms race in lethal autonomous weapons should be avoided.

Some prominent Ethical Issues in Adoption of AI Systems

Some main concerns about the ethical concerns of AI are as follows:

Job Loss
One of the primary concerns people have with AI is the
future loss of jobs. Fully developing and integrating AI into
society means many people will lose their jobs — and quite
possibly their livelihood.
According to the new McKinsey Global Institute report, by
the year 2030, about 800 million people will lose their jobs
to AI-driven robots. Some would argue that if their jobs are
taken by robots, perhaps they are too basic for humans and
that AI can be responsible for creating better jobs that take advantage of unique human ability
involving higher cognitive functions, analysis and synthesis. Another point is that AI may create
more jobs — after all, people will be tasked with creating these robots, to begin with, and then manage
them in the future.

Wealth inequality
Consider that most modern economic systems require workers to produce a product or service with
their compensation based on an hourly wage. The company pays wages, taxes and other expenses,
with left-over profits often being injected back into production, training and creating more business
to increase profits further. In this scenario, the economy continues to grow.
I do not demand any pay
However, what happens if we introduce AI into the economic flow?
Robots do not get paid hourly, nor do they pay taxes. They can
contribute at a level of 100% with a low ongoing cost to keep them
operable and useful. This opens the door for CEOs and stakeholders to
keep more company profits generated by their AI workforce, leading to
greater wealth inequality.

160
Singularity and Keeping Control Over Ais
Will AIs evolve to surpass human beings? What if they become smarter than
humans and then try to control us? Will computers make humans obsolete?
The point at which technology growth surpasses human intelligence is
referred to as "technological singularity." Some believe this will signal the
end of the human era and that it could occur as early as 2030 based on the
pace of technological innovation. AIs leading to human extinction — it is
easy to understand why the advancement of AI is scary to many people.

Ensure Accuracy
An intelligent machine that has decision-making capability must have access to accurate data. For
example, a wrongful diagnosis of a medical condition even after the recording of correct diagnosis has
to be held within the patient's medical records. This information is relevant for the purpose of
explaining the treatment given to the patient. Reasonable steps should be taken to ensure data
accuracy and for deliberation of any unintended consequences that could have been created by
processing of inaccurate data.

Probability of AI bias
Though artificial intelligence is capable of speed and capacity of processing that is far beyond that of
humans, it cannot always be trusted to be fair and neutral. Google and its parent company Alphabet
are one of the leaders when it comes to artificial intelligence. In Google's Photos service, AI is used to
identify people, objects and scenes. However, it can go wrong, such as when a software used to
predict future criminals showed bias against black people.
We should not forget that AI systems are created by humans, who can be biased and judgemental.
Once again, if used right, or if used by those who strive for social progress, artificial intelligence can
become a catalyst for positive change.

Remember If we rely on AI to bring us into a new world of labour, security and efficiency, we need to ensure
that the machine performs as planned and that people cannot overpower it to use it for their own
ends.

Possibility of mistakes
Intelligence comes from learning, whether you are human or machine. AI
systems usually have a training phase in which they "learn" to detect the right
patterns and act according to their input. Once a system is fully trained, it can
then go into the test phase, where it is hit with more examples, and we see how it
performs.

Obviously, the training phase cannot cover all possible examples that a system may deal with in the
real world. These systems can be fooled in ways that humans would not be. For example, random dot
patterns can lead a machine to "see" things that are not there.

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39
The rise of fake media
AI systems are getting really good at creating fake images, videos,
conversations, and all manner of content. We already have trouble
believing everything we hear, see and read. What happens when
you can no longer tell if an image is real or AI-generated.
Chatbots can be used to automate social media accounts to create
and spread misinformation. For example, retweeting or sharing
misinformation so fast that the post gets viral very soon on the Generating fake image using AI
internet. These bots are effective at spreading false or heavily altered facts, amplifying messages, and
putting thoughts and ideas into people's heads. Criminals and state actors can use fake imagery or
audio to cause personal or business harm or to interfere with government operations.

Remember AI is also used to identify and remove the fake posts.

AI as a weapon
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field of technology
with potentially significant implications for national security. As
such, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and other nations are
developing AI applications like Lethal autonomous weapons
(LAWs for a range of military functions.
Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs) are a type of autonomous
military robot that can independently search for and engage
targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions. LAWs are also called autonomous
weapon systems (AWS), robotic weapons, killer robots or slaughter bots. LAWs may operate in the
air, on land, on water, underwater, or in space.

Weapon systems that can autonomously select and attack targets raise many ethical, legal,
accountability and security concerns like:
Ethical
m concern: A machine should never be allowed to make the decision over life and death.
This decision cannot be reduced to an algorithm.
Legal concern:
m Autonomous weapons are unlikely to be able to comply with International
Humanitarian Law, as it is unlikely that they will be able to distinguish between civilians and
combatants properly.
Accountability concern: Who would be responsible for an unlawful act: the robot, the developer
m
or the military commander? This is an accountability question.
Security
m concern: Autonomous weapons could lower the threshold to use force and reduce the
possibility of finding a political solution to end conflicts. This new technology could lead to a
new international arms race, which would have destabilising effects and threaten international
peace and security.

162
 This is a misunderstanding is that killer The question now is
robot are the same as the Terminator or whether to give a killing
Robocop. These are science fiction machine decision-
concepts, which are unlikely to become a making power over
reality in the coming decades, if ever at all. who lives and who dies.

Tip & Tricks Watch the video for AI Ethics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgUWKXVv

O9Q

Tip & Tricks Learn more about killer robots and how to stop them at https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=c277ynyRPgs

Check Point Now, answer these questions:

What have you understood from the video?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Activity AI Ethics Debate

Purpose: To introduce the concept of ethics in AI.

How to play? Students are divided into teams of four, and two teams are given the same
theme. One team goes in affirmation of AI for their section while the other one goes against
it. Each member of the team is given a chance and a fixed number of minutes to speak. If
someone exceeds the number of minutes to speak, the whole team gets disqualified. The
teacher will decide which teams win on the basis of points put forward by the teams.

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39
 Revision Time
AI bias is also known as Machine learning bias or Algorithm bias. It is a phenomenon that occurs
m
when an algorithm produces results that are systematically biased due to erroneous theories in
the machine learning process.
Biases find their way into the AI systems we design and are used to make decisions by many, from
m
governments to businesses.
Bias in AI systems could wear down trust between humans and machines that learn.
m
Microsoft had to terminate Tay Chatbot because of AI bias.
m
An AI code of ethics is also called an AI value platform.
m
The purpose of an AI code of ethics is to provide AI developers with guidance when faced with an
m
ethical decision regarding the use of artificial intelligence.
Designers
m and builders of advanced AI systems are stakeholders in the moral implications of
their use, misuse, and actions
The economic prosperity created by AI should be shared broadly, to benefit all of humanity.
m
An arms race in lethal autonomous weapons should be avoided.
m
AI may
m create more jobs — after all, people will be tasked with creating these robots, to begin
with, and then manage them in the future. The point at which technology growth surpasses
human intelligence is referred to as "technological singularity.”
AI systems are getting really good at creating fake images, videos, conversations, and all manner
m
of content which is a matter of concern.
Autonomous
m weapons could lower the threshold to use force and reduce the possibility of
finding a political solution to end conflicts.
Reasonable steps should be taken to ensure data accuracy and for deliberation of any unintended
m
consequences that could have been created by processing of inaccurate data.
We should
m not forget that AI systems are created by humans, who can be biased and
judgemental.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. These are only as good as the data used to train them.

a. AI algorithm b. Humans
c. PCs d. Animals
2. AI bias is also known as:
a. Machine learning bias b. Algorithm bias
c. Social media bias d. both a and b

164
3. AI has become increasingly integral in these systems.
a. facial recognition system b. Fingerprint recognition
c. voice recognition systems d. Both a and c
4. _______, Microsoft's experimental AI chatbot released racist commentary after learning through
interaction with its Twitter followers.
a. Tray b. Prey
c. Tay d. Hey
5. An AI code of ethics, also called an
a. AI value platform b. AI shared platform
c. EI value platform d. UI value platform
6. AI systems usually have a training phase in which they "learn" to detect the right patterns and act
according to their ______.
a. output b. intelligence
c. input d. none of the above
7. The __________ created by AI should be shared broadly, to benefit all of humanity.
a. Algorithm biases b. Economic prosperity
c. Self-driving cars d. Biometric systems
8. One of the primary concerns people have with AI is the future loss of:
a. AI ethics b. AI bias
c. Technological Singularity d. Jobs
9. These do not get paid hourly, nor do they pay taxes.
a. factory workers b. Astronauts
c. Robots d. Data scientists
10. The point at which technology growth surpasses human intelligence is referred to as:
a. Technological Singularity b. Technological polarity
c. Human Singularity d. None of the above

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. AI bias is also known as Machine learning bias or Algorithm bias.

2. There was COMPASS, AI-based software used by law enforcement to assess the risk of
repetition in offenders.

3. The application of AI to personal data must not unreasonably limit people's real or
alleged liberty.

165
39
4. One of the primary concerns people have with AI is the future loss of jobs.
5. AI systems are not good at creating fake images, videos, conversations, and all manner
of content which is a matter of concern.
6. Robots can contribute at a level of 100% with a low ongoing cost to keep them operable
and useful.
7. Google and its parent company Numeric, are one of the leaders when it comes to
artificial intelligence.
8. AI may create more jobs — after all, people will be tasked with creating these robots, to
begin with, and then manage them in the future.
9. We should not forget that AI systems are created by humans, who are always no- biased.
10. An intelligent machine that has decision-making capability must have access to accurate
data.
11. AI systems usually have a training phase in which they "learn" to detect the right
patterns and act according to their input.

Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Tay Facial AI code Intelligence Robots Voice

Technological Singularity Biases AI value Stakeholders

1. ____________________ find their way into the AI systems we design and are used to make
decisions by many, from governments to businesses.
2. ______________ and ______________ recognition systems are vulnerable to biases and errors
introduced by its human makers.
3. ____________________ , Microsoft's experimental AI chatbot released racist commentary after
learning through interaction with its Twitter followers.
4. McKinsey Global Institute report, by the year 2030, about 800 million people will lose their jobs to
____________________ .
5. An AI code of ethics, also called an ____________________ platform.
6. Designers and builders of advanced AI systems are ____________________ in the moral
implications of their use, misuse, and actions.
7. The point at which technology growth surpasses human intelligence is referred to as
________________ .
8. The economic prosperity created by AI should be not be shared broadly.
9. The purpose of an ____________________ of ethics is to provide AI developers with guidance
when faced with an ethical decision regarding the use of artificial intelligence.
10. ____________________ comes from learning, whether you are human or machine.

166
Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What is AI bias and how it comes in AI?

2. Write about some examples of AI bias.

3. What is a Technological Singularity?

4. Why is the advancement of AI scary to many people?

5. How can AI be misused to spread fake news?

6. Why can AI systems be fooled in ways that humans would not be?

7. Write about any three AI ethics which you think is important?

8. What are ethical and legal concerns in the development of Lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs)?

9. How can wealth inequality happen because of the use of AI systems?

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39
 Chapter 17 Problem Scoping
Learning Objectives
1. AI Project Cycle 2. Explaining 4Ws problem Canvas
3. AI, ML and DL 4. Rule & Learning based Training
5. Creating Decision trees 6. Common AI Models

Introduction to AI project Cycle

Let us understand the AI project cycle with the help of example given below:

Problem Data Data

Modeling Evaluation
Scoping Acquisition Exploration

Imagine!
The world's most valuable painting from an Art gallery is in danger as Mr. X has threatened to steal it.
No one is able to track Mr. X and so the situation is critical.

You have been appointed as the Chief

Security Officer. Your job is to enhance the
security of the painting to make the area
impossible for Mr X to break into and steal
the painting.
Now that you are aware of AI concepts plan
to use them in accomplishing your task.
Start with listing down all the factors which
you need to consider while forming a
security system. While finalising the aim of
this system, you scope the problem which You have to protect this painting
you wish to solve with the help of your
project. This is Problem Scoping.

Authorities tell you that some people are allowed to enter the area where the painting is kept. Some of
them being - the maintenance people; officials; VIPs, etc. Now, your challenge is to make sure that no
unauthorised person enters the premises. For this, you can take the following steps:

168
a. Get photographs of all the authorised people.
b. Get photographs of all the unauthorised people.
c. Get photographs of the premises in which the painting has been kept.
d. Get photographs of all the visitors.
As you start collecting the photographs, you actually acquire data in a visual form. This data now
becomes the base of your security system. This is known as Data Acquisition. Note that the data
needs to be accurate and reliable as it ensures the efficiency of your system.
After acquiring the required data, you realise that it is not uniform. Some images are small in size
while the others are big, some images are missing while you have multiple copies of others. Thus, you
think of putting all the information collected in a simplified format for which you can take any of the
following steps:
a. Create a table and put the names of people whose photographs you have.
b. Put all the photographs in a graph and try to interpret a pattern out of it.
c. Make a database to store the image data.
At this stage, you try to interpret some useful information out of the data you have acquired. For this,
you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better understanding. This is known as Data
Exploration.
After exploring the data, now you know that you need to develop a system which detects the face of a
person entering the premises. And then to match it with the existing image data you have in your
system. For this, you put all your data into the AI-enabled model and train it in such a way that it alerts
the officials if an unknown person tries to enter the premises.
To implement your idea, you now look at different AI-enabled algorithms which work on Computer
Vision (since you are working on visual data). You go through several models and select the ones
which match your requirements. And, after choosing the model, you implement it. This is known as
the Modelling stage.
Your surveillance system is now complete! You test it by
sending a mix of known and unknown faces to the
BLACKLIST
premises. You notice that the results were 70% correct.
After evaluating this model, you work on other
shortlisted AI algorithms and work on them.
As you move towards deploying your model in the real-
world, you test it in as many ways as possible. The stage VIP

of testing the models is known as Evaluation. In this VIP

stage, we evaluate each and every model tried and
choose the model which gives the most efficient and
Testing the surveillance system
reliable results.
After proper testing, you deploy your surveillance system on the premises. Mr. X, who is unaware of
the surveillance system, tries to break through and gets caught in your system. You have saved the
painting!

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This is The Project Cycle – Defined!
What you did just now was an example of AI Project Cycle. Starting with Problem Scoping, you set
the goal for your AI project by stating the problem which you wish to solve with it.
To proceed, follow the steps:
You need
m to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help you in
understanding what the parameters that are related to the problem are scoping.
You go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources. The
m
data you collect would be in large quantities. You can try to give it a visual image of different
types of representations like graphs, databases, flow charts, maps, etc. It makes it easier for you to
interpret the patterns in which your acquired data follows.
After exploring
m the patterns, you go for Modelling by deciding upon the type of model you
would build to achieve the goal. For this, you can research online and select various models
which give a suitable output.
You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient one.
m

The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project, and you can develop your algorithm
m
around it. Once the Modelling is complete, you go for Evaluation by testing your model on some
newly fetched data. The results will help you in evaluating your model and hence improving it.
Finally, after Evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI project.
m

Problem Scoping
Let us now start with the first stage of AI
Project Cycle that is – Problem Scoping! As Environ- Agricu- Infrast-
Traffic
we have understood, Problem Scoping ment lture ructure
means selecting a problem which we might
want to solve using our AI knowledge.” Educa- Digital
Health Security
tion Literacy
Look around you and select a theme which
interests you the most. Suggested themes Women Trans- Enterta- Cyber
are: Safety port inment Security

Travel Social
Remember You can either select one out of Disability Research
Tourism Welfare
these or can think of one on your
own. For more options, you can Choosing a topic for Problem Scoping
also refer to the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals we discussed in the previous chapter. For example: In Agriculture, there are
many issues like pest issues, yield rates, sowing and harvesting patterns. All being very different
from each other but still a part of the Agriculture theme.

Thus, to effectively understand the problem and elaborate it, we need to select one topic under the
theme.

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Some examples are:
Theme: Digital Literacy Topics: Online learning platforms, digital awareness, e-books, etc.
Theme: Health Topics: Medicinal Aid, Mobile Medications, Spreading of diseases, etc.
Theme: Entertainment Topics: Media, Virtual Gaming, Interactive AVs, Promotions etc.
Now, we now know that there exist a lot of problems to be solved around us! Thus, to set up the GOAL
of your project, select one problem out of the ones listed above, which you want to solve using your AI
knowledge. This problem now becomes the target of your AI project and helps you to get a clear
vision of what is to be achieved.
Now, make the selected problem a Goal. For example, a goal can be how to increase the production of
rice by 30% or How online learning helped people in the Covid-19 pandemic.

Check Point Write the goals of your project below:

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 Ws Problem Canvas
We are now going to go through the 4Ws Problem Canvas. This canvas helps us in identifying four
crucial parameters we need to know for solving a problem.

4Ws refer to Who, What, Where and Why

Who?: The "Who" block helps you in analysing the people getting affected directly or indirectly due
to it. Under this, you find out who the 'Stakeholders' to this problem are and what you know about
them. Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be benefitted with the solution.

Let us fill the "Who" canvas!

Who are the Stakeholders?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

What do you know about them?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

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39
What?: Under the "What" block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this stage, you need
to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem, and how do you know that it is a
problem for your stakeholders? Under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem
you have selected actually exists. You can do this by showing newspaper articles, Media,
announcements.
Let us fill the "What" canvas!
What is the problem Define it clearly?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
How do you know that it is a problem? (Is there any evidence?)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Where?: Now that you know who is associated with the problem and what the problem actually is;
you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the problem. This block will help you look into
the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent.
Let us fill the "Where" canvas!
What is the context/ situation the stakeholders experience the problem?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Where is the problem located?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Why?: You have finally listed down all the major elements that affect the problem directly. Now it is
convenient to understand who the people that would be benefitted by the solution are; what is to be
solved; and where will the solution be deployed. These three canvases now become the base of why
you want to solve this problem? Thus in the "Why" canvas, think about the benefits which the
stakeholders would get from the solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society.
Let us fill the "Why" canvas!
Why will this solution be of value to the stakeholders?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
How will the solution improve their situation?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Problem Statement template
This is a problem statement template. It is used to frame the 4ws into a paragraph to describe your
problem, the stakeholders involved, and how solving the problem would benefit them.
The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarise all the key points into one single Template.
So that in future, whenever there is need to look back at the basis of the problem, we can take a look at
the Problem Statement Template and understand its key elements.

Activity Ask the students to fill the problem statement template based on how they have filled
the 4Ws Problem canvas.
Given is the Problem Statement Template with space to fill details according to the selected
goal:

Our [stakeholder(s)] Who

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

has/have a [issue, problem need] What

problem that
............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

when/while [context, situation] Where

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

An ideal [benefit of solution for them] Why

solution would
............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

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Data Acquisition
As we move ahead in the AI Project Cycle, we come across the second element, which is: Data
Acquisition. As the term mentions, this stage is about acquiring data for the project.
Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to train it first using data.
For example, let us suppose you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the
rainfall in a state based on the previous rainfalls. You would feed the data of his previous rainfalls into
the machine. This is the data with which the machine can be trained. We also need to divide the
complete dataset into training data and testing data. Using the testing data we can ensure that the
model has reached the desired correctness level (if not we can re-train the model).
Now, once it is ready, it will predict the rainfall efficiently in the state.
We have observed that the model need to undergo from two phases and dataset is divided into two
categories, one which is used in training the model and called as Training set and the other is used in
testing the model after training called as Testing set.

Building and testing the correctness of an AI system

Remember Training data is the leading and most For any AI project to be efficient, the
important data which helps machines to training data should be authentic and
learn and make the predictions and relevant to the problem statement scoped.
constitutes more than 70% of your total
data used in the project.

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Data Features
We have come to the stage of data acquisition. How do we know what data to get based on the
problem statement? We need to visualise the factors which affect the problem statement. For this, we
need to extract the Data Features for the problem scoped.
Now try to find out what are the parameters which affect your problem statement directly or
indirectly and list them below.
Look at your problem statement once again and try to find the data features required to address this
issue.

Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In our previous example, data
features would be rainfall amount, rainfall in months etc.

Feature extracting from a problem related to a bike

Check Point Try to identify the data features required for your problem statement:

[Problem Statement]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Data Data Data Data Data

Feature Feature Feature Feature Feature

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

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Acquiring data from a reliable source
After finding out the Data Features, we now need to acquire the same. There exist various sources
from which the data can be acquired. Do all the sources have authentic data? What if we do not get
appropriate data? Data plays an important part in the AI project as it creates the base on which the AI
project is built. Therefore, the data acquired should be authentic, reliable and correct. Also, the
acquisition methods shall be authentic so that our project does not create any sort of conflicts with
anyone.
After mentioning the Data features, you get to know what sort of data is to be collected. Now, the
question arises- From where can we get this data? There can be various ways in which you can collect
data. Some of them are:
Surveys
m Web scraping
m Sensors
m

Cameras
m Observations
m Application Program Interface (APIs)
m

Sometimes, you use the internet and try to acquire data for your project from some random websites.
Such data might not be authentic as its accuracy cannot be proved. Due to this, it becomes necessary
to find a reliable source of data from where some authentic information
can be taken. At the same time, we should keep in mind that the data Extracting private
which we collect is open-sourced and not someone's property. One of the data can be an
most reliable and authentic sources of information is the open-sourced offence.
websites hosted by the government. These government portals have
general information collected in a suitable format which can be
downloaded and used wisely. Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals
are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in.

Check Point List down ways of acquiring data for a project below:

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________

System Maps
A system map shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of the
environment at a specific point in time.

With the help of system maps, one can easily define a relationship amongst different elements which
come under a system. Relating this concept to our module, the goal of our project becomes a system
whose elements are the data features mentioned above. Any change in these elements changes the
system outcome too.

176
For example, if a state received 200% rainfall in a year, then this change would affect the prediction of
the future rainfall. The more increase in the rainfall presently, the more rainfall in future is what the
system would predict.
We use system maps to understand complex issues with multiple factors that affect each other. In a
system, every element is interconnected. In a system map, we try to represent that relationship
through the use of arrows. Within a system map, we will identify loops. These loops are important
because they represent a specific chain of causes and effects. A system typically has several chains of
causes and effects. You may notice that some arrows are longer than others. A longer arrow
represents a longer time for a change to happen. We also call this a time delay. To change the outcome
of a system, as a change-maker, we have two options - change the elements in a system or change the
relationships between elements. It is usually more effective to change the relationship between
elements in a system. You may also notice the use of '+' signs and '-' signs. These are an indicator of the
nature of the relationship between elements.
Here is a sample System Map:
The Water Cycle: The concept of the Water cycle is very simple to understand and is known to all. It
explains how water completes its cycle transforming from one form to another. It also adds other
elements which affect the water cycle in some way.
The elements which define the Water cycle system are:
Let us draw the System Map for the Water Cycle now.

Rivers

Snow

Animals
Land Surface
Oceans
Clouds Snow Underground Soil Rivers
Underground

Clouds Trees/Plants

Oceans Trees Land Animals

In this System Map, all the elements of the Water cycle are put in circles. The map here shows the
cause & effect relationship of elements with each other with the help of arrows. The arrowhead
depicts the direction of the effect, and the sign (+ or -) shows their relationship. If the arrow goes from
X to Y with a + sign, it means that both are directly related to each other.

177
39
That is, If X increases, Y also increases and vice versa. On the other hand, If the arrow goes from X to Y
with a – sign, it means that both the elements are inversely related to each other. Which means if X
increases, Y would decrease and vice versa.
Now, it's your turn to build your own System Map!

Check Point Considering the data features for your problem, draw a system map in the box
provided.

Tip & Tricks You can also use this animated tool for drawing and understanding system maps:
https://ncase.me/loopy/)

Data Exploration
Why do you think we need to explore and visualise data before jumping into the AI model? When we
pick up a library book, we tend to look at the book cover, read the back cover and skim through the
content of the book before choosing it. It helps us understand if this book is appropriate for our needs
and interests.

Some of these I
studied in MS-Excel.

178
Similarly, when we get a set of data in Check Point Are you aware of visual representations of
our hands, spending time to explore data? Fill in the blank boxes in the given
it will help get a sense of the trends, image.
relationships and patterns present in
the data. It will also help us better Visual Representations

decide on which model/models to

Bar Graphs
use in the subsequent AI Project
Cycle stage. We use visualisation as a
method because it is much easier to
comprehend information quickly
and communicate the story to others.

In the previous modules, you have set the goal of your project and
have also found ways to acquire data. While acquiring data, you Hint: Use the
must have noticed that the data is a complex entity – it is full of various graph
numbers, words or images and if anyone wants to make some sense types
out of it, they have to work some patterns out of it. For example, let
us suppose you go to the library and pick up a random book. Before
borrowing it, you first try to go through its content quickly by
turning pages and by reading the description. You do this because it
helps you in understanding if the book is appropriate to needs and
interests or not.

Thus, to analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you can:
Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
m

Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.

m

Communicate the same to others effectively. To visualise data, we can use various types of visual
m
representations.

Tip & Tricks To explore various data visualisation techniques, visit this link: https://dataviz
catalogue.com/

On this website, you will find various types of graphical representations like flowcharts, hierarchies,
and process descriptors. Go through all and look at various new ways and identify the ones which
interest you the most.

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39
Check Point List down five new data visualisation techniques which you learnt from the website mentioned
above (make five such tables):

Data Visualization Technique 1

Name of the representation

One line description

How to draw it

Suitable for which data type

Data Visualization Technique 2

Name of the representation

One line description

How to draw it

Suitable for which data type

Sketchy Graphs
In this activity, we are going to sketch graphs! Now that you have explored various types of graphs
and have already chosen the best ones to plot your data features. Let us start drawing them out! Select
any two data features and plot their graphs on the chart paper provided. Make sure that you are able
to relate this graph to the goal of your project.

Sketchy Graph

180
Let us now look at the scoped Problem statement and the data features identified for achieving the
goal of your project. Try looking for the data required for your project from reliable and authentic
resources. If you are not able to find data online, try using other methods of acquiring the data (as
discussed in the Data Acquisition stage).

Once you have acquired the data, you need to visualise it. Under the sketchy graphs activity, you will
visualise your collected data in a graphical format for better understanding.

For this, select one of representation from the link or choose the ones which you already know. The
basis of your selection should be the data feature which you want you to visualise in that particular
representation. Do this for all the data features you have for the problem you have scoped. Let us
answer the following questions for a better understanding:

1. Which data feature are you going to represent?

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which representation are you going to use for this data feature? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

Now, let us start drawing visual representations for

all the Data features extracted, and try to find a Y
pattern or a trend from it.
Possibility of music to

For example, if the problem statement is: How can

come in top 10

we predict whether a song makes it to the top 10 in

the countdown?
We would require data features like: Current trends
of music, the kind of music, the rhythm of music,
duration of song and popularity of a singer.
X
Now to analyse a pattern, we can say that the Popularity of singer
popularity of the singer would directly have an
effect on the output of the system. Thus, we would
plot a graph showing the popularity of various singers and the one who is most popular has the
maximum chance of getting to the countdown.
In this way, the graphical representation helps us understand the trends and patterns out of the data
collected and to design a strategy around them for achieving the goal of the project.

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Activity Representing data features in various types of graphs
Take a chart paper and start representing
your data features in various types of
........................................................................
graphs. After completing this exercise,
present your work to your friends and ........................................................................
explain to them the trends and patterns
you have observed in it. List down the ........................................................................
trends you might have observed in your ........................................................................
representations:

Modelling
In the previous module of Data Exploration, you explored the data acquired at the Data Acquisition
stage for the problem you scoped in the Problem Scoping stage. Now, you have visualised some
trends and patterns out of the data, which would help you develop a strategy for your project.
To build an AI-based project, we need to work around Artificially Intelligent models or algorithms.
This could be done either by designing your own model or by using the pre-existing AI models.
Before jumping into Modelling, let us clarify the definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine
Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL).

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasises the creation of
intelligent machines that work and react like humans.

An AI machine works on algorithms and data fed into it and gives the desired output. It is an
encompassing term having many more field under it.

Machine Learning The primary aim of ML is to

allow the computers to learn
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence
automatically without human
(AI) that provides systems with the ability to learn and
intervention or assistance and
improve from experience without being explicitly
adjust actions accordingly.
programmed automatically.

Machine learning focuses on the development of computer

programs that can access data and use it to learn for themselves.

Machine learning is the process that powers many of the services we use today. For example,
recommendation systems like those on Netflix, YouTube, and Spotify; search engines like Google and
Baidu; social-media feeds like Facebook and Twitter; voice assistants like Siri and Alexa, all use ML.

182
Deep Learning
Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of
data. In deep learning, the machine is fed with huge amounts of data which helps it to train
itself around the data.

Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.

Remember It is called 'deep' because it has a network consisting of many layers of simple computational
nodes. These nodes work together to work on data and deliver a final result in the form of the
prediction. The nodes are sort of like neurons, and the network is sort of like the brain itself.

Fact File Deep learning applications are used in industries from automated driving (automatically detect
objects such as stop signs and traffic lights) Aerospace (to identify objects from satellites that locate
areas of interest), to medical devices (Cancer researchers are using deep learning to automatically
detect cancer cells)

Artificial Intelligence is the umbrella terminology which covers

machine and deep learning under it, and Deep Learning comes ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Programs with the ability to
under Machine Learning. It is a funnel type approach where there learn and reason like humans

are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which

MACHINE LEARNING
come under ML out of which very few go into DL. Algorithms with the ability to learn
without being explicitly programmed

AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called DEEP LEARNING

Subset of machine learning
in which artificial neural
models which can be trained to get intelligent outputs. That networks adapt and learn
from vast amounts of data

is, writing codes to make a machine artificially intelligent.

We have seen various types of graphical

representations which can be used for representing Machine
different parameters of data. The graphical Learning
representation makes the data understandable for Learning
humans as we can discover trends and patterns out Based
Deep
of it. However, when it comes to machine accessing AI Models
Learning
and analysing data, it needs the data in the most
basic form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and 1s). Rule Based
Furthermore, when it comes to discovering
patterns and trends in data, the machine goes for Classification of AI models
mathematical representations of the same.
The ability to mathematically describe the relationship between parameters is the heart of every AI
model. Thus, whenever we talk about developing AI models, it is the mathematical approach
towards analysing data which we refer to.
Generally, AI models can be classified as shown:

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39
Rule-based Approach
A rule-based approach refers to AI modelling, where the developer pre-defines the
relationship or patterns in data.

The machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned and performs its task accordingly. For
example, suppose you have a dataset comprising of 100 images of cats and 100 images of dogs. To
train the machine, you feed this data into the machine, and label each image as either a cat or dog.
Now if you test the machine with the image of a dog, it will compare the image with the trained data.
Furthermore, according to the labels of trained images, it will identify the test image as a dog. It is
known as a rule-based approach. The rules given to the machine in this example are the labels given
for each image in the training dataset.

Fact File A rule-based algorithm always performs actions based on some preset rules and conditions. Because
it is restricted to respond within the scope of preset rules and conditions, it becomes clueless for any
new condition. On the other hand, because of their simplicity and the straightforward approach,
they can be widely used for a variety of applications and purposes.

Rule Based AI Model

DOG DOG DOG DOG

Machine Trained using

DOG DOG DOG DOG

Labelled Dataset

CAT CAT CAT CAT

Rule-based AI Model
Testing using

Training data

CAT CAT CAT CAT

Labelled Dataset

OUTPUT

Testing Data

Machine identifies the image as

DOG

184
Learning-based Approach
A learning-based approach refers to AI modelling, where the developer does not pre-define
the relationship or patterns in data. In this approach, random data is fed to the machine, and it
is left on the machine to figure out patterns and trends out of it.

Generally, this approach is followed when the data is unlabelled and too random for a human to make
sense out of it. Thus, the machine looks at the data, tries to extract similar features out of it and clusters
the same datasets together. In the end as output, the machine tells us about the trends which it
observed in the training data.
For example, suppose you have a dataset of
1000 images of random people of your area.
Now you do not have any clue as to what
trend is being followed in this dataset. It is Training Dataset using

because as you do not know their gender (M unlabelled data

or F), or height or any other feature. Thus, you Learning Approach AI Model

would put this into a learning approach based

OUTPUT
AI machine, and the machine would come up Unlabelled Dataset

with various patterns it has observed in the

features of these 1000 images. It might cluster
the data on the basis of features like gender,
height, facial expression, and hairstyle. It
might also come up with some very unusual
Clustering output based on patterns observed by the machine
clustering algorithm which you might not (Left) Based on size; (Right) Based on hair style

have even thought of!

Clustering output based on shape type

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39
Decision Tree
Decision trees are one of the most common
and basic models in data science.
Do you remember the story speaker activity
we did? We had set up certain conditions and
outcomes to guide our friends around our
smart home. Decision trees are similar to
that. They are an example of a rule-based
approach.
The basic structure of a Decision Tree starts
from the root which the point where the
decision tree starts. From there, the tree
diverges into multiple directions with the
help of arrows called branches. These A decision tree

branches depict the condition because of which the tree diverges. In the end, the final decision is
where the tree ends. These decisions are termed as the leaves of the tree. You would realise that this
looks like an upside-down tree.”

Decision tree is a rule-based AI model which helps the machine in predicting what an element
is with the help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.

A basic structure of a decision tree is shown below:

AM I hungry? Root

Yes No Branches

Have I `25 ? Go to sleep Leaves

Yes No Branches

Go to restaurant Buy a Burger

Here, the Decision tree starts from the question Am I Hungry? The beginning point of any Decision
Tree is known as its root. It then forks into two different ways or conditions: Yes or No. The forks or
diversions are known as Branches of the tree.

186
The branches either lead to another question, or they lead to a decision like 'Go to Sleep' which is
known as the leaf. If you look closely at the image above, you will notice that it looks like an inverted
tree with root above and the leaves below. Hence the name Decision Tree!
Decision Trees are made on the basis of the dataset we have and change according to the parameters
which we take into consideration for Modelling. Many times, the dataset might have redundant data;
that is, some data might not hold importance while developing the decision tree. For this, one needs
to visualise the relationships amongst all the parameters given in data to formulate the model.

Remember While making Decision Trees, one should take a good look at the dataset given and try to figure
out what pattern does the output leaf follow. Try selecting any one output and on its basis, find
out the common links which all the similar outputs have and create branches.
•Many times, the dataset might contain redundant data which does not hold any value while
creating a decision tree. Hence, you must note down, which are the parameters that affect the
output directly and should use only those while creating a decision tree.
•There might be multiple decision trees which lead to the correct prediction for a single
dataset. The one which is the simplest should be chosen as the best.

Activity To draw a Decision Tree for this dataset

The following is a dataset comprising of 4 parameters which lead to the prediction of
whether an Elephant would be spotted or not. The parameters which affect the prediction
are Outlook, Temperature, Humidity and Wind.

Outlook Temperature Humidity Wind Elephant Draw your decision tree here
Spotted?

Sunny Hot High Weak No

Sunny Hot High Strong No
Overcast Hot High Weak Yes
Rain Mild High Weak Yes
Rain Cool Normal Weak Yes
Rain Cool Normal Strong No
Overcast Cool Normal Strong Yes
Sunny Mild High Weak No
Sunny Cool Normal Weak Yes
Rain Mild Normal Weak Yes
Sunny Mild Normal Strong Yes
Overcast Mild High Strong Yes
Overcast Hot Normal Weak Yes
Rain Mild High Strong No

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Pixel It!
As we discussed earlier, there are various kinds of AI models available. We discussed a rule-based
approach AI model called Decision Trees. Now let us move towards another type of AI modelling.
Let us start with an activity to know how the computer classifies images as well as how the computer
reads them.

Activity To know how the computer classifies images as well as how the computer reads them.
Follow the instructions step-by-step, as mentioned below:
•Cut out the matrix from the page given below or draw the same on a blank page with 6x6
square blocks.
•Write an uppercase alphabet on this matrix. The height of the alphabet should be equal
to the height of this matrix. In other words, it should start from the bottom line of the
matrix till the top line. You can write any capital alphabet in any handwriting.
•Now, colour the boxes on which the lines of that alphabet have fallen.
•After this, cut out horizontal stripes of the matrix such that it goes from 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,
5-6 and 6-7.
•Now, paste all these stripes together to form a single paper string. Make sure that the last
block should neither be over the first block of the next line, nor should there be any gap
in between the first and the last blocks.
•Now, find those students in your class who have chosen the same alphabet as you. Put
their paper strings under your string and add up all the coloured blocks to get a series of
numbers. A block without colour counts as 0 while the coloured ones count as 1. If a
column has three coloured boxes, the summation turns out to be 3.
•Now, get another student whose letter is
different from yours. Put his paper string 1 2

under your multiple strings (of the same

2 3
alphabet) and see if the pattern of coloured
blocks is the same or not. 3 4

•Also, go to other groups and check if their 4 5

summation series of numbers is the same as
yours or not. 5 6

•Note down your observations in the end. 6 7

Cut out this matrix

Cut out the matrix

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 Write an uppercase alphabet on this matrix.
The height of the alphabet should be equal
to the height of this matrix. It should start
from the bottom line of the matrix to the top
colour the boxes on
line. You can write any capital alphabet in which the lines of
that alphabet has
any handwriting.
fallen.

1 2 3

4 5 6 cut out horizontal

stripes of the matrix
such that it goes
Paste all these stripes together to forma single paper from 1-2 ,2-3, 3-4, 4-
string. Make sure that the last block should neither 5, 5-6 and 6-7.
be over the first block of next line nor should there be
any gap in between the first and the last blocks.

Find those students in your class

who have chosen the same
alphabet as you. Put their strings
under your string and do the
addition of all the coloured blocks
to get a series of numbers. Blocks
without colour count as 0 while the
coloured ones count as 1. If a
column has 3 coloured boxes, the
summation turns out to be 3.

0341001430
Follow the rest of the steps to finish this activity.

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39
What have we learnt?
Pixel It! This activity is an example of how computers see images, process them and classify them.
This kind of Machine Learning approach is commonly used in Computer Vision related applications.
Every image which is fed to the computer is divided into pixels. (A pixel is the smallest unit of an
image). The Computer analyses each pixel and if it has to compare two pictures to check if they are
similar or not, the pixel-wise comparison takes place. If pixels are identical, this means that the
images are the same.
In this activity, you created your own intelligent model which can identify if an alphabet is similar to
the data trained or not. Here, you divided your alphabet into 36 blocks and then processed it. Also, to
train the model, you used datasets of the same alphabet but different handwritings.
Now, when you go for testing it, the model would see if the coloured blocks are aligned or not. If the
majority of the blocks are aligned altogether, there exists a maximum probability that the alphabet is
the same. Otherwise, the alphabet is different.

Common AI Models
Some of the common AI models are as follows:

Regression works
Regression
with continuous
Regression, one of the most common types of machine learning models. data.

Regression is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled

data is used to make predictions in a continuous form.

The dots shown in the graph are the data values, and
the solid line here represents the mapping done for
them. With the help of this mapping function, we can
predict future data. For example, if we want to
predict the salary of an employee, we can use his past
salaries as training data and can predict his next
salary.
Some examples are:

•What is the price of a house in a specific city?

•What is the value of the stock?

Classification
A classification problem is when the output variable is a category, such as (red or blue), and (cat or dog
or lion).

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 Classification in machine learning is when a machine or computer uses an algorithm to draw
conclusions from data that it already has, and then uses these conclusions to categorise new
data it receives.

Given one or more inputs, a classification model will

try to predict the value of one or more outcomes. For
example, when filtering emails "spam" or "not spam",
when looking at transaction data, "fraudulent", or
"authorised".
In short, classification either predicts categorical class
labels or classifies data based on the training set and
the in classifying attributes and uses it in classifying
new data.
Some examples are:
•This mail is spam or not?
•What is your nationality?
•Is this picture of a cat or dog?

In classification, the algorithm is able to determine which set a given data point belongs to by means
of a classification function represented by the dotted line. The model classifies datasets according to
the rules given to it. Usually, the dataset used for classification are
labelled, and the data then gets sorted according to their labelling. Classification
Testing data is then classified as one of the labels of the training dataset. works on a
For example, If we want to train a model to identify if an image is of a cat discrete dataset.
or a dog, we need to train it with multiple images of both cats and dogs
along with their labels. The machine will then classify images on the
basis of the labels and predict the correct label for testing data.

Remember A set of data is said to be continuous if the values belonging to the set can take on ANY value
within a finite or infinite interval. A set of data is said to be discrete if the values belonging to the
set are distinct and separate like numbers of apples. However, it can also be categorical -- like red
or blue, or male or female, or good or bad.

Clustering
Clustering is basically a type of unsupervised learning method.

Clustering is the task of partitioning the dataset into groups, called clusters. The goal is to split
up the data in such a way that points within a single cluster are very similar, and points in
different clusters are different.

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39
It determines grouping among unlabelled
data. For example, let us suppose you
have random data of stray dogs which
live in your locality. Since you are unable
to find any meaningful pattern amongst
them, you would feed their data into the
clustering algorithm. The algorithm
would then analyse the data and divide
them into clusters according to their
similarities based on the trends
Clustering based on shape
noticed(maybe height, colour, ears). The
clusters are then given as the output.

Clustering based on Pattern

Remember Regression and classification are supervised learning approach that maps an input to an output
based on example input-output pairs, while clustering is an unsupervised learning approach.

Check Point Which of the following is a regression task?

•Predicting the age of a person
•Predicting the nationality of a person
•Predicting whether the stock price of a company will increase tomorrow
•Predicting whether a document is related to sighting of UFO?

Hint: Predicting the age of a person because it is a real value. Predicting nationality is
categorical, whether the stock price will increase is discrete-yes/no answer, predicting
whether a document is related to UFO is again discrete- a yes/no answer).

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Check Point Which of the following is/are classification problem(s)?
•Predicting the gender of a person by his/her handwriting style
•Predicting house price based on area
•Predicting whether monsoon will be healthy next year
•Predict the number of copies a music album will be sold next month

Hint: Predicting the gender of a person and Predicting whether monsoon will be
healthy next year. The other two are regression.

Evaluation
As you move towards deploying your model in the real-world, you test it in as many ways as possible.
The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation. In this stage, we evaluate each and every
model tried and choose the model which gives the most efficient and reliable results.

Revision Time
Problem
m scoping is, while finalising the aim of this system, you scope the problem which you
wish to solve with the help of your project.
You go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources.
m
Data exploration
m is when you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better
understanding.
AI Modelling
m refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can be trained to get
intelligent outputs.
The 4Ws
m Problem Canvas can define Golas of a project. This canvas helps us in identifying 4
crucial parameters we need to know for solving a problem.
Training data is the main and most important data which helps machines to learn and make the
m
predictions. This data set is more than 70% of your total data used in the project.
Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. There can be various ways in which you
m
can collect data. Some of them are Surveys, Web scraping, Sensors, Cameras, Observations and
APIs.
A system
m map shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of the
environment at a specific point in time.
Using the Sketch graph, you visualise the graphical data in a graphical format.
m
Machine
m learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems with the
ability to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed
automatically.
Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data.
m
In deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it to train itself
around the data.
A rule-based approach Refers to AI modelling, where the developer pre-defines the relationship
m
or patterns in data.

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39
A learning-based
m approach refers to AI modelling, where the developer does not pr-define the
relationship or patterns in data.
Decision tree is a rule-based AI model which helps the machine in predicting what an element is
m
with the help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.
The basic structure of a Decision Tree starts from the root which the point where the decision tree
m
starts.
Regression is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled data is used to make predictions
m
in a continuous form.
A classification
m problem is when the output variable is a category, such as "red" or "blue" or
"disease" and "no disease". A classification model attempts to draw some conclusion from
observed values.
Clustering is the task of partitioning the dataset into groups, called clusters. The goal is to split up
m
the data in such a way that points within a single cluster are very similar, and points in different
clusters are different.
As you
m move towards deploying your model in the real-world, you test it in as many ways as
possible. The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is not a stage in the AI Project Cycle:

a. Problem Scoping b. Data Acquisition
c. Data Exploration d. Prototyping
2. While finalising the aim of this system, you scope the problem which you wish to solve with the
help of your project. This is called:
a. Data acquisition b. Problem Scoping
c. Data exploration d. Modelling
3. When you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better understanding. It is called:
a. Data acquisition b. Problem Scoping
c. Data exploration d. Modelling
4. You go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources. This is
called:
a. Data acquisition b. Problem Scoping
c. Data exploration d. Modelling

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5. ______ refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can be trained to get intelligent
outputs.
a. Data acquisition b. Problem Scoping
c. Data exploration d. Modelling
6. It shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of the environment at a
specific point in time.
a. System map b. Sketch graph
c. Decision tree d. Data features
7. Using this, you visualise the graphical data in a graphical format.
a. System map b. Sketch graph
c. Decision tree d. Data features
8. It is a rule-based AI model which helps the machine in predicting what an element is with the
help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.
a. System map b. Sketch graph
c. Decision tree d. Data features
9. In the System map of the water cycle as mentioned in the chapter, If an arrow goes from X to Y
with a – (minus) sign, it means that
a. If X increases, Y decreases b. The direction of relation is opposite
c. If X increases, Y increases d. It is a bi-directional relationship
10. It is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled data is used to make predictions in a
continuous form.
a. Regression b. Clustering
c. Classification d. All of the above
11. A _________ problem is when the output variable is a category, such as "red" or "blue" or "disease"
and "no disease".
a. Regression b. Clustering
c. Classification d. All of the above

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. The 5Ws Problem Canvas can define Golas of a project.

2. Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect.
3. A decision tree shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components
of the environment at a specific point in time.
4. Using the Sketch graph, you visualise the graphical data in a graphical format.
5. A rule-based approach Refers to AI modelling, where the developer pre-defines the
relationship or patterns in data.

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39
6. A rule-based approach refers to AI modelling, where the developer does not pr-define
the relationship or patterns in data.
7. The basic structure of a Decision Tree starts from the root which the point where the
decision tree starts.
8. The stage of testing the models is known as Modelling.
9. Regression is the type of Supervised Learning in which labelled data is used to make
predictions in a continuous form.
10. Clustering is the task of partitioning the dataset into groups, called clusters.

Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Deep Learning Classification 4Ws Data features Clustering

Evaluation system map AI modelling Dataset Root

1. The ____________________ Problem Canvas can define Golas of a project.

2. ______________ refer to the type of data you want to collect.
3. A ____________ shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of the
environment at a specific point in time.
4. ____________ enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data.
5. A rule-based approach Refers to ______________, where the developer pre-defines the
relationship or patterns in data.
6. A learning-based approach refers to AI modelling, where the developer does not pr-define the
relationship or patterns in data.
7. The basic structure of a Decision Tree starts from the _________________, which the point where
the decision tree starts.
8. The stage of testing the models is known as ____________________ .
9. ________________ is the task of partitioning the into groups, called clusters.
10. A _________________ problem is when the output variable is a category, such as "red" or "blue".

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. Which are the elements of 4W canvas?

2. Explain Data acquisition
3. Explain Problem Scoping
4. Explain Data exploration
5. Explain Modelling
6. What is a Decision tree? Define its structure.
7. What is the difference between clustering and regression?

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 Chapter 18 Neural Networks
Learning Objectives
1. Working of a Neural network 2. Single-layer Neural Network (Perceptron)
3. Neural Networks Vs Human Nervous System 4. How do Neural Networks learn?
5. Deep Learning and Machine learning comparison 6. Applications of Deep Learning

Human Brain
Neural Networks (better known as Artificial neural networks or
ANN) is one of the main tools used in machine learning. As the
"neural" part of their name suggests, they are brain-inspired
systems which are intended to replicate the way that we humans
learn.

A neural network is either a system software or hardware

that works similar to the tasks performed by neurons of
human brain. Neural network is modeld after human brain

Remember The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialised cell designed to transmit
information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.

Neural Networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave. The main
advantage of artificial neural networks is that they are able to extract data features automatically
without needing the input of the programmer.

Neural Network Human Brain

197
 An Artificial neural network is essentially a system of
organising machine learning algorithms to perform specific
tasks. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which
the dataset is huge, such as in images.

Fact File Neural networks were first proposed in 1944 by Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts, two
University of Chicago researchers.

Learning keeps on increasing

Performance

Medium growth of learning

Large Neural Network

almost stopped learning

Small Neural Network

Traditional
Machine Learning

Data

Deep Learning models tend to increase their accuracy with the increasing amount of training data,
where's traditional machine learning models stop improving after a saturation point.

Fact File The ANN attempts to recreate the computational mirror of the biological neural network, although
it is not comparable since the number and complexity of neurons and the used in a biological neural
network is many times more than those in an artificial neural network.

Working of a Neural network

Neural networks consist of input and output layers, as well as (in most cases) a hidden layer
consisting of nodes that transform the input into something that the output layer can use.

198
We can learn about working of a neural
network from the following steps:
1. A Neural Network is divided into
multiple layers, and each layer is further
divided into several blocks called nodes.
2. Each node has its own task to
accomplish, which is then passed to the
next layer.
3. The first layer of a Neural Network is
known as the input layer. The job of an
input layer is to acquire data and feed it
to the Neural Network. No processing
occurs at the input layer.
4. Next to it are the hidden layers. Hidden
layers are the layers in which the whole
processing occurs. Their name
essentially means that these layers are
hidden and are not visible to the user.
Each node of these hidden layers has its
own machine learning algorithm which it executes on the data received from the input layer. The
processed output is then fed to the subsequent hidden layer of the network. There can be
multiple hidden layers in a neural network system, and their number depends upon the
complexity of the function for which the network has been configured. Also, the number of nodes
in each layer can vary accordingly.
5. The last hidden layer passes the final processed data to the output layer, which then gives it to the
user as the final output. Similar to the input layer, output layer too does not process the data
which it acquires. It is meant for user-interface.
6. The arrows that connect the dots shows how all the neurons are interconnected. They also depict
how data travels from the input layer through to the output layer.

A "neuron" in an artificial neural network

is a mathematical function that collects The output layer can also consists of
and classifies information according to a single or multiple nodes.
specific architecture.

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39
Single-layer Neural Network (Perceptron)
To build up towards the (useful) multi-layer Neural Networks, we will start with considering single-
layer Neural Network. It is called a Perceptron.

X1
W1
X2
W2

ΣActivation
m
(Xi * Wi)
Y
i=1
Function

Wm
Xm

In short, a perceptron is a single-layer neural We can think of a perceptron as a 'judge

network. It consists of four main parts, who weights up several evidences
including input values, weights, net sum, and together with other rules and the makes a
an activation function. decision'.

Perceptron is a very simple learning machine. It can take in a few inputs,

each of which has a weight to signify how important it is, and generate an
output. However, when combined with many other perceptrons, it forms
an artificial neural network.

The main components of a Perceptron are as follows:

Neurons
A neuron is a mathematical function designed to imitate the functioning of a biological neuron.

Connection and weights

As the name suggests, connections connect a neuron in one layer to another neuron in the same layer
or another layer. Each connection has a weight value linked to it. Here, a weight represents the
strength of the connection between the units. The aim is to adjust the weight value to decrease the
possibilities of error.

200
Activation function

An activation function is a mathematical equation that determines the output of each element
(perceptron or neuron) in the neural network. Activation function decides, whether a neuron
should be activated or not.

Activation functions are decision making units of neural networks. They calculates net output of a
neural node. The Step function is one of the most common activation function in neural networks.
The function produces binary output. That is the reason why it also called as binary step function. The
function produces 1 (or true) when input is higher than the threshold limit otherwise it produces 0 (or
false).
Let us suppose the output node has a "threshold" t.
Rule: If y > t, then it "activates." (Neuron gets fired) Else it "does not activate." (Neuron does not get
fired)
In a neural network, each neuron's output is the input of the neurons in the next layer of the network,
and so the inputs cascade through multiple activation functions until eventually, the output layer
generates a prediction.

Remember The selection of an activation function is critical to building and training in your network.
Experimenting with different activation functions will allow you to achieve better results.

Propagation function
Two propagation functions work in a Neural Network: forward propagation that delivers the
"predicted value" and backward propagation that delivers the "error value (loss) .”

FORWARD PROPAGATION

LOSS

BACKWARD PROPAGATION

Forward propagation: The output from the activation function moves to the next hidden layer, and
the same process is repeated. This forward movement of information is known as the forward
propagation.
Backward propagation: What if the output generated is far away from the actual value? The error is
calculated using the output from the forward propagation.

201
39
Based on this error value, the weights and biases of the neurons are updated. This process is known as
backward propagation.
Although linear transformations make the neural network simpler, but this network would be less
powerful and will not be able to learn the complex patterns from the data. Thus we use a non linear
transformation to the inputs of the neuron and this non-linearity in the network is introduced by an
activation function.

Bias
Moreover, an extra bias feature is generally added (x0 = 1). This bias feature is typically represented
using a special type of neuron called a bias neuron, which just outputs 1 all the time.

Fact File After each learning iteration, weights and Perceptron is a single layer neural
biases are gradually shifted so that the next
network and a multi-layer perceptron is
result is a bit closer to the desired output. This called Neural Networks.
way, the neural network gradually moves
towards a state where the desired patterns are
"learned".

Tip & Tricks Lecture Series on Neural Networks and Applications by Prof.S. Sengupta,
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, IIT
Kharagpur. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp33mf3L6AE

Neural Networks Vs Human Nervous System

Let us recall how Neurons in a Human Body neuron cell body
synapse
work:
Your brain is made of approximately 100 billion axon of
nucleus
axon
nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are previous
neuron
specialised to transmit information throughout neuron cell body

the body. These highly specialised nerve cells are nucleus

axon dendrites of
responsible for communicating information in tips next neuron
both chemical and electrical forms. They can
synapse electrical
transmit signals over long distances (up to several signal
feet or a few meters) and send messages to each
dendrites
other.

Given are the images of a human Neuron and its relation with the Neural Network. First, let us learn
about Axon, Soma and Dendirittes which form the essential parts of a neuron.
Axon: This long, cable-like projection of the cell carries the electrochemical message (nerve impulse)
along the length of the cell.

202
Soma (cell body): It sums all the incoming signals to generate input
Dendrites (or nerve endings): These small, branchlike projections of the cell make connections to
other cells and allow the neuron to talk with other cells or perceive the environment. Dendrites are
located on one or both ends of a cell.
How it works?
1. The axon from a neuron sends an impulse to the synapse (a junction between two nerve cells) of
another neuron.
2. The impulse received is then sent to the cell body (nucleus) through dendrites.
3. The cell body performs an activation function on the impulse received and then gives it to the
output axon, which passes the same to the next neuron in the system.
Now, as we relate this process with an artificial neural network, we can see that the input layer gets
data which is passed on to the nodes in the hidden layer. The nodes perform specific actions on the
data and pass the processed information to the next layer. In the end, the final processed data reaches
the output of the system.

The human brain and ANN

Based on the concept of biological neurons, the term and idea of ANNs arose. Similar to biological
neurons, the artificial neuron consists of the following:
One or more incoming connections that aggregate signals from neurons
m

One or more output connections for carrying the signal to the other neurons
m

An activation function, which determines the numerical value of the output signal.
m

In the picture given below, you can see the difference between the Human Brain and ANN.

Biological Neuron Vs Artifical Neural Network

Impulses in
Branches Weights
Dendrites
of axon

Synapse
Nucleus Axon
Inputs Binary Output
(‘1’ or ‘0’)
Impulses out
Weighted Sum Threshold
Function Function
Cell body

Activity Now, according to your understanding derive an analogy of the components of an

Artificial Neural Network with the Human Nervous System:

Artificial Neural Network Human Brain and Nervous System

Input Layer

Nodes
Weight

Output Layer

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Tip & Tricks Using Google experiments, explore the layers of a neural network with your
smartphone camera. This experiment lets you turn on the camera. Watch it to know
how each layer of the neural network works. https://experiments.withgoogle.com
//what-neural-nets-see

Tip & Tricks Quick, Draw! is an online game developed by Google that challenges players to
draw a picture of an object or idea and then uses a neural network artificial
intelligence to guess what the drawings represent. https://quickdraw.with
google.com/

Tip & Tricks Let us start with generating new strokes based on your handwriting input using the
Neural network. https://distill.pub/2016/handwriting/

Tip & Tricks Cartoonify turns your photo into a cartoon drawing. For best results, try using
images with clear objects on a solid background. https://experiments.with
google.com/cartoonify

Difference between Conventional computing and artificial neural networks

In terms of its ability to learn
No. Artificial Intelligence Conventional Computing
simple tasks, you may consider
ANN as intelligent. It learns by 1 AI software uses the Conventional computer
experience from data inputs and techniques of search software follow a logical series
improves its performance and pattern matching of steps to reach a conclusion
continuously based on feedback.
It in itself is a huge step upward, 2 Programmers design Computer programmers
AI software to give originally designed software
and what makes the ANN special
the computer only the that accomplished tasks by
compared to traditional software.
problem, not the steps completing algorithms
Indeed, conventional computer necessary to solve it
programs need to work with
specific rules, and they cannot function outside of these. For example, a calculator program will
compute numbers you feed it according to operations you program into it. If you program it to add,
subtract and multiply only, it will not be able to proceed if you ask it to divide.
ANNs, on the other hand, are not driven by rules but trial and error. They develop an awareness of the
rules in this manner, without requiring anyone to program them.

204
How do Neural Networks learn?
Neural networks learn by analysing examples to accomplish tasks, rather than following a linear set
of instructions. However, vast volumes of data (i.e., big data), acquired through data mining, are
needed to train ANNs to develop efficiency and minimise errors. Because ANNs require large
quantities of data, they also require more computational power than ML. Deep learning uses graphic
processing units (GPUs) with multiple cores rather than central processing units (CPUs). CPUs are
usually enough for most ML tasks.

Remember Data mining is a process used by companies to turn raw data into useful information. For
example, by using software to look for patterns in large batches of data, businesses can learn more
about their customers to develop more effective marketing strategies.

In the same way that we learn from experience in our lives, artificial neural networks require data to
learn. In most cases, the more data that can be input to a neural network, the more accurate it will
become. Think of it like any task you do over and over. Over time, you gradually get more efficient
and make fewer mistakes. Neural networks use three ways of learning:

Supervised learning
In Supervised learning, you train the machine using data which is This is like class
well "labelled." It means data is already tagged with the correct work.
answer.

It can be compared to learning which takes place in the presence of a

supervisor or a teacher.

Unsupervised learning
Unsupervised learning is the training of machine using information
This is like
that is not labeled and allowing the algorithm to act on that
homework.
information without guidance.

Here the task of machine is to group unsorted information according to

similarities, patterns and differences without any prior training of data.

Reinforcement learning
While training a self-driving car, it does not matter how much data you
provide for training, still there will a possibility that it has not been trained This is like a test.
enough. The solution is reinforcement learning.

Reinforcement learning is an approach that helps a machine learn by

rewarding desirable actions and penalising undesirable ones.

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If artificial intelligence does not require any human inputs to learn, it progresses by trial and error.
When its decision or action brings it closer to the agreed goal, it is given positive feedback, otherwise
it gts penalized. This is how it can remember which actions allow it to perform the task optimally.

Real-life example
It is similar to how you would teach a dog new tricks. You give the dog a treat when it does a command
correctly so that it associates the reward with the correct response to a command.

Why is Deep Learning better than Machine Learning?

The main advantage is the
needlessness of Feature
Machine Learning
Extraction. For example, if Car
you want to use a Machine Not Car

Learning model to Input Feature extraction Classification Output

determine whether a given

picture shows a car or not, Deep Learning
we as humans, must first
Car
program the unique Not Car

features of a car (shape, Input Feature extraction + Classification Output

size, windows, wheels etc.) Difference between machine learning and deep learning
into the algorithm. This way the algorithm would know what to look after in the given pictures.

In the case of a Deep Learning model, is step is completely unnecessary. The model would recognize
all the unique characteristics of a car by itself and make correct predictions. You simply give the
neural network the raw data, the rest is done by the model.

Relationship between Neural network and Deep learning

ANNs like the one explained above with a limited number of layers and neurons can not do much. We
need complex ANNs to represent more complex features and to "learn" increasingly complex models
for prediction and classification of information.
This is accomplished by simply increasing the number of hidden layers and/or the number of
neurons per hidden layer. More layers and more neurons can represent increasingly complex
models. However, they also come at the cost of increasing time and power-consuming computations.

Such neural networks which consist of more than three layers of neurons (including the input
and output layer) are called Deep Neural Networks. Furthermore, training them is called Deep
Learning.

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Applications of Deep Learning
There are many applications of deep learning. Some of them are mentioned below:

Self-Driving Cars
Deep Learning is the force that is bringing
autonomous driving to life. A million sets of data are
fed to a system to build a model, to train the machines
to learn, and then test the results in a safe
environment. These are mounted with sensors all
around. Once the sensors pull in their data, the car's
computer puts it all together and starts the hard part:
identifying what is what. Is that a toddler or a garbage
can? A leaf or a pigeon? All that training is not possible
A Self driving car with sensor all around
without deep learning.

Virtual Assistants
The most popular application of deep learning is
virtual assistants ranging from Alexa to Siri to Google
Assistant. Each interaction with these assistants
provides them with an opportunity to learn more
about your voice and accent, thereby providing you
with a secondary human interaction experience.
Virtual assistants use deep learning to know more
about their subjects ranging from your dine-out
Virtual Assistants
preferences to your most visited spots or your
favourite songs.

Entertainment
Online streaming services like Netflix and Amazon
Prime are enhancing their deep learning capabilities
to provide a personalised experience to its viewers.
They do so by creating their identities and observing
their show preferences, time of access and history to
recommend shows that are of liking to a particular
viewer. Content editing and auto-content creation are
now a reality thanks to Deep Learning and its
contribution to face and pattern recognition. Deep
Learning AI is revolutionising the filmmaking process
as cameras learn to study human body language to
imbibe in virtual characters. Streaming services

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39
Pixel Restoration
The concept of zooming into videos beyond its actual resolution was unrealistic until Deep Learning
came into play. In 2017, Google Brain researchers trained a Deep Learning network to take very low-
resolution images of faces and predict the person's face through it. This method was known as the
Pixel Recursive Super Resolution. It enhances the resolution of photos significantly, pinpointing
prominent features in order that is just enough for personality identification.

LOW-RES « HIGH-RES Videos are just a

time-sequence of
images.

Fraud Detection
Another domain benefitting from Deep
Learning is the banking and financial sector
that is affected by the task of fraud detection
with money transactions going digital. Auto-
encoders in Keras and Tensorflow are being
developed to detect credit card frauds saving
billions of dollars of cost in recovery and
insurance for financial institutions. Fraud
prevention and detection are done based on
identifying patterns in customer transactions
and credit scores, identifying abnormal Using AI any abnormal spending pattern
behaviour. can be quickly identified

Remember Autoencoders are learned automatically from data examples.

Automatic Handwriting Generation

This is a task where given a mass amount of
handwriting examples, generate new handwriting
for a given word or phrase.
The handwriting is provided as a sequence of
coordinates used by a pen when the handwriting
samples were created. From this dataset, the Automatic handwriting generation
relationship between the pen movement and the
letters is learned and new examples can be generated ad hoc.

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 Revision Time
The neuron
m is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialised cell designed to transmit
information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells.
Artificial Neural Networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave.
m
The main advantage of artificial neural networks is that they are able to extract data features
automatically without needing the input of the programmer.
Artificial neural networks consist of input and output layers, as well as (in most cases) a hidden
m
layer consisting of nodes that transform the input into something that the output layer can use.
A "neuron" in an artificial neural network is a mathematical function that collects and classifies
m
information according to a specific architecture.
A perceptron
m is a single-layer neural network. It consists of four main parts, including input
values, weights and bias, net sum, and an activation function.
In ANN,
m connections connect a neuron in one layer to another neuron in the same layer or
another layer.
In the artificial neural network, two propagation functions work in a Neural Network: forward
m
propagation that delivers the "predicted value" and backward propagation that delivers the
"error value.”
Neural
m networks which consist of more than three layers of neurons (including the input and
output layer) are called Deep Neural Networks.
In a human neuron, the axon is a long, cable-like projection of the cell carries the electrochemical
m
message (nerve impulse) along the length of the cell.
In a human neuron, soma (cell body) sums all the incoming signals to generate input.
m

In a human
m neuron, dendrites (or nerve endings) are small, branchlike projections of the cell
make connections to other cells. These allow the neuron to talk with other cells or perceive the
environment.
ANNs
m learn by analysing examples to accomplish tasks, rather than following a linear set of
instructions.
Vast volumes of data (i.e., big data), acquired through data mining, are needed to train ANNs to
m
develop efficiency and minimise errors.
In Supervised learning, you train the machine using data which is well "labelled.”
m

Unsupervised
m learning takes place when a machine can analyse data patterns previously
unspecified by humans and subsequently decide on a particular desirable course of action.
Reinforcement learning is an approach that helps a machine learn by rewarding desirable actions
m
and penalising undesirable ones.

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 Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. It is the basic working unit of the brain.

a. Neuron b. Prton
c. Electron d. None of the above
2. A "neuron" in an artificial neural network is a _______function that collects and classifies
information according to a specific architecture.
a. Statistical b. Mathematical
c. Text d. Graphical
3. A perceptron is a single-layer neural network. It consists of _____ main parts.
a. three b. two
c. five d. four
4. In the artificial neural network, forward propagation delivers the:
a. Error value b. Predicted value.
c. Unpredicted value. d. Fixed value
5. In the artificial neural network, backward propagation delivers the:
a. Error value b. Predicted value.
c. Unpredicted value. d. Fixed value
6. In a human neuron, it is a long, cable-like projection of the cell carries the electrochemical
message (nerve impulse) along the length of the cell.
a. Soma b. Axon
c. Dendritis d. None of the above
7. In a human neuron, these are small, branchlike projections of the cell make connections to other
cells.
a. Soma b. Axon
c. Dendritis d. None of the above
8. In a human neuron, it sums all the incoming signals to generate input
a. Soma b. Axon
c. Dendritis d. None of the above
9. In this learning, you train the machine using data which is well "labelled."
a. Unsupervised b. Reinforcement
c. Supervise d. None of the above
10. This type of learning takes place when a machine can analyse data patterns previously
unspecified by humans.
a. Unsupervised b. Reinforcement
c. Supervise d. None of the above

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Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain.

2. A "neuron" in an artificial neural network is a mathematical function that collects and

classifies information according to a specific architecture.

3. A perceptron is a single-layer neural network. It consists of main parts, including input

values, weights and bias, net sum, and an activation function.

4. In the artificial neural network, two propagation functions work in a Neural Network:
forward propagation that delivers the "error value" and backward propagation that
delivers the "predicted” value."

5. In a human neuron, the axon is a long, cable-like projection of the cell carries the
electrochemical message (nerve impulse) along the length of the cell.

6. In a human neuron, dendrites sums all the incoming signals to generate input

7. In a human neuron, somas are small, branchlike projections of the cell make connections
to other cells.

8. In Supervised learning, you train the machine using data which is well "labelled."

9. Unsupervised learning takes place when a machine can analyse data patterns
previously unspecified by humans.

10. Reinforcement learning is an approach that helps a machine learn by rewarding

desirable actions and penalising undesirable ones.

Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Activation GPUs Forward Hidden Deep Neural Perceptron

input nodes layers Neural

1. _________ Networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave.

2. A Neural Network is divided into multiple _________________ .

3. In a neural network each layer is further divided into several blocks called ____________ .

4. The first layer of a Neural Network is known as the _________________ layer.

5. _________________ layers are the layers in which the whole processing occurs.

6. Single-layer Neural Network is called a _________________ .

7. _________________ function decides, whether a neuron should be activated or not by calculating

weighted sum and further adding bias to it.

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39
8. Neural networks which consist of more than three layers of neurons (including the input and
output layer) are called _________________ Networks.

9. _________________ propagation that delivers the "predicted value".

10. Deep learning uses ________________ with multiple cores rather than central processing units
(CPUs).

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. Define Artificial neural network. How it is not comparable with human neural network. Draw a
diagram of simple ANN.

2. Write down the function of Hidden layers in a neural network.

3. Write about Preceptron.

4. Write about omponents of human neutron.

5. What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?

6. Write about Reinforcement learning.

7. Write use of Deep learning in the field of Entertainment.

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 Introduction to
Chapter 19 Python Language
Learning Objectives
1. Features of Python 2. Variables and Data Types in Python
3. Simple Python Programs in IDLE window 4. Using Combat Code to learn Python
5. Python Lists and methods 6. python for AI

Program Programming Languages

A computer program is a set of instructions A programming language consists
that causes a computer to perform some kind of a set of rules, keywords,
of action. The computer programs are usually identifiers and other tools to let us
written by computer programmers in a write a computer program.
programming language.

Most of the programs these days are written in English-like languages known as the High Level
Languages (HLLs). Programs written in HLLs cannot be directly understood by the computer. They
first need to be converted into a machine code with the help of a compiler or interpreter software.
Once the program is converted into machine code it is executed by the computer's CPU to perform
the desired task. Some of the commonly used high level languages are: Python, JAVA, C++, PHP, VB,
.NET SCALA and C.

What is Python?
PYTHON is a powerful and immensely popular high level programming Language. These days
PYTHON is being extensively used to create web software, Internet-based applications, games and
mobile apps. Some of the most popular websites which everyone knows about today have been
created using the Python language. A few of these websites are mentioned below:

Google.com Youtube Quora Dropbox Spotify

PYTHON supports Object-oriented programming paradigm but it can be used to do conventional

procedural and functional programming as well. Like all other object oriented programming
languages it allows us to create classes, objects and modular procedures with re-usable code.

Do you Know? The Python language was created by the Dutch programmer Guido van Rossum.
He developed the language and named it Python, after the 'Monty Python's
Flying Circus' TV show, that he liked to watch.

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Features of Python
Some of the main features that have made Python such a popular language are as follows:
1. Easy to Learn and Use: Being easy to learn and use, it is developer-friendly high level
programming language.
2. Easy to Read: The Python language code closely resembles the English language. This allows
developers to read and translate the Python code much easily compared to other languages.
3. Interpreted Language: Python is an interpreter-based language. The Python interpreter executes
the code one line at a time. This makes debugging easy, especially for the beginners.
4. Cross-platform Language: The Python code can run equally well on different platforms such as
Windows, Linux, Unix and Macintosh. So, it is a portable and cross platform language.
5. Free and Open Source: Python is an open source language. It is freely available at
www.python.org. Anyone can download it from the website and start using it for writing
programs. The source code of Python can also be accessed and amended by anyone.
6. Object-Oriented Language: Python supports object oriented programming. It supports the
concepts of classes and objects. It can also be extended to include the code written in other
languages like JAVA, C and C++.
7. Case-sensitive language: Like popular programming languages like JAVA, C, C++, etc., Python is
also case sensitive language. In Python, 'sum' and 'SUM' are not the same. They will be
interpreted differently.

Executing Python
Python is easy to download and install by following these steps:

1. Open http://www.python.org/ on your computer and click on the Downloads button.

...The latest version of Python

available for download will be
displayed below the Downloads
button.

2. Click on the Download button →

Download Python button. The
download of installation file will
start 3.7.0 (the latest version of
Python 3) button. ...The latest Downloading the Python
version of Python 3 will start to download.

3. After the download is finished, go to the Downloads folder and double click on the downloaded Python
exe file icon to run the installation wizard.
4. Follow the instructions in the Python installation Wizard to install it on your computer.

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Do you Know? Python Installation Wizard installs IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning
Environment), which is a GUI based Python Shell that allows you to write, edit and run
simple Python commands and programs. It also installs a Command Line Interface based
shell which can also be used to run commands, write and execute programs, etc. Here, we are
using IDLE for Python Programming.

About IDLE (Python 37

. .0)
IDLE (Python 3.7.0) serves as the GUI shell for interacting with Python and for writing, editing,
running and debugging programs. You can open the IDLE window by following these steps:

1. Click on the Start button.

2. Click on All Programs.

3. Look for the Python 3.7.0 folder in the All Programs list and click on it.

4. Click on IDLE (Python 3.7.0 32-bit).

...This will open up the main IDLE window (also known as the Interpreter or Shell window).

Menu bar

Prompt

IDLE shell window

Remember Latest versions of Python kept on releasing but all have some basics and fundamentals.

The main IDLE Window has two parts: Menu bar and Prompt indicated by three greater than (>>>)
signs.

Menu Bar: It is like any other menu bar and is operated in the same way. You can click on a menu
name to open it and access the options it contains. Remember that the menu bar displayed in the IDLE
window is context sensitive. The menus displayed on it may change according to the situation.
Prompt: The prompt allows you to enter commands directly into Python and get an instant output by
pressing the Enter key. We will be using this Interpreter window to display text strings and do
elementary mathematical calculations.

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39
Using Commands at the Shell Prompt
Let us enter some commands at the Shell prompt and see their output instantly simply by pressing
the Enter key.

>>> print (“Hello! World”) -- (statement)

Hello! World -- (Output)
>>>print (657+7896) -- (statement)
8553 -- (Output)
>>>print (8765-6785) -- (statement)
1980 -- (Output)
>>>print (525/5) -- (statement)
105.0 -- (Output)
>>>print (675*23) --(statement)
15525 -- (Output)

Remember Always enclose any text string that you want to display (using the print or any other Python
statement) in double quotes (“ ”) or single quotes (' '). Calculations can also be done directly on
the IDLE prompt without using the print statement. For example, >>> 657+7896 will display
the sum as 8553 on pressing the Enter key.

Variables and Data Types

In a computer program, a variable is a quantity, whose value can change as many times as required
during the execution of a program. In other words we can say that a variable is a quantity that can
store varying data values during the execution of a program.
A variable is represented by a symbolic name that may be short (like x, y, a etc.) or descriptive (like
name, grade, class, date_of_birth, etc).
In most of the programming languages we need to declare what type of data a variable can store in
advance. The type of data a variable can store is called its data type. For example, when a variable (say
x) is declared of an int (integer) type as in int x, it can store only integer values in a program.

Variables in Python
Python considers all the variables used in a program as instances (objects) and their data types as
classes. (Remember in object oriented programming, an object is the instance of a class). Unlike other
programming languages, Python has no command for declaring a variable. A variable is created and
given a data type, the moment we first assign a value to it.

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Example: 1. x = 9, creates a variable x of int (integer) data type with value 9.

2. y = 11.56, creates a variable y of float data type with value 11.56.

3. sum = x + y, creates a variable sum that stores the sum of variables x and y.

4. name = “Samyak”, creates a variable name with the value Samyak.

>>>x=9 -- (variable)
>>> print (x) -- (statement)
9 -- (Output)
>>>y=11.56 -- (variable)
>>> print (y) -- (statement)
11.56 -- (Output)
>>>x=99 -- (variable1)
>>> y=101.75 -- (variable2)
>>> print (x + y) -- (statement)
200.75 -- (Output)
>>>name='Samyak' -- (variable)
>>> print (name) -- (statement)
Samyak -- (Output)

Remember You can also execute these commands without the print statement at the shell prompt.

Rules for Naming Variables

While creating and naming variables keep the following
You can always re-assign a
elementary rules in mind:
variable within the same
1. A variable name must start with a letter or underscore program.
character. Stu_name and _stuname both are valid variable
names in Python.
2. A variable name cannot start with a number. For example,
123name is a wrong variable name whereas name123 is
correct.
3. A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z (both capital
and small), 0-9, and _ ).
4. Variable names are case-sensitive. (age, Age and AGE are three different variables.)

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39
Data Types in Python
There are several different data types in Python. The basic data types are given in the following table:

Data type Purpose Examples

int (Integer) To store an integer, (a whole number, positive x=9

or negative, without decimals),of unlimited y = 76 -65
length. a = 432

Float (Floating To store a Floating point number(a number salary = 7576.50

Point number) with an integer and a fractional part z = -34.76 + 253.07
separated by a decimal point). Age = 15.75

Str (String) To store text strings. The assigned string Stu_name = “N R Ravi”
should be enclosed in single or double Emp_name = 'Bhumi’
quotes.
A multiline string should be enclosed within
three single quotes.

Remember The data type given to a variable depends on the value assigned to it. As soon as the value
assigned to a variable changes, its data type also changes.

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are special symbols that represent arithmetical computations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Operators are applied to the operands that can be values or
variables. The same operators can behave differently on different data types. A statement containing
operands and operators is called an expression. The following table lists most basic arithmetic
operators with relevant examples:

Operator
Description Example (Numbers) Example 2 (Strings)
symbol

+ Addition >>> 65 + 87 >>> “Hello” + “World”

152 HelloWorld
(+ operator concatenates or joins
the strings)

– Subtraction >>> 1065 - 145 The – operator cannot be used

920 on strings.
>>> 87-187
-100

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 * Multiplication >>> 65 * 3 >>> “Hello” * 3
195 HelloHelloHello
(*operator multiplies the strings)

/ Division >>> 17/5 The / operator cannot be used on

3 the strings.
>>> 17/5.0
3.4
>>> 17.0/5
3.4

% Remainder/ >>> 17 % 5 This operator is not used on the

Modulus 2 strings.

** Exponentiation >>> 2**3 This operator is not used on the

8 strings.
>>> 16**0.5
4 (finds square root)

// Integer Division >>> 7.0 // 2 This operator is not used on the

3.0 strings.

Using the IDLE Editor Window

The IDLE Editor window can be accessed through the Shell window. We can open multiple editor
windows simultaneously, if required. We can write, edit, run and debug the python programs in the
editor window. The output of the program will however be displayed in the Shell window. To open
up an Editor window follow the steps given below:

1. In the IDLE Shell window, click on the File menu.

2. Click on the New File option.
...An Editor window with a new blank file will appear on
the screen. Here you can write your python programs.
3. Type your first python program in the Editor window as
shown.
4. To save the program file, click on the Save option of the
File menu. In the Save As dialog box that appears:
a. Select a location for the file.
b. Enter a name for the file. Make sure that Python files is
selected in the Save as type field.
c. Click on the Save button.
...The file will be saved by the given name at the
selected location.
Saving the file

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39
5. To run the program, click on the Run
menu and select the Run Module
option or simply press the F5 key.

...The program will execute and the

output will be shown in the Shell
window.

Remember The name of a python program file always has the extension .py. To run the program from the
python shell or windows command prompt you need to give the complete file name at the prompt
with the .py extension.

Some Simple Python Programs

Let us now write some simple Python programs to practice the concepts we have learnt so far.

Program 1: Creating two int variables and printing their values

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown above in it.

2. Save the program as Python file using the File →

Save option.

3. Run the program by pressing the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Here, the variable x and y are assigned integer values 15 and 45 respectively. Python automatically
assigns them the int data type. The print statement is (as usual) used to output variables.

Remember The text following the # sign is deemed as a comment by Python interpreter and is ignored while
executing the program.

Program 2: Writing a program to sum up two numbers and displaying their sum
1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown above in it.

2. Save the program as Python file using the File →

Save option.

3. Run the program by pressing the F5 key and observe the output.

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 Program Output

Here, the variable x and y are assigned integer value and float values respectively. Variable sum stores
the sum of the values stored in x and y. The print statement is used to output the value stored in the
variable sum.

Check Point Write the following programs in Python and display their output:
1. Write a program to calculate the product of three numbers input by the user
and display their product.
2. Also write a program to let a user enter two numbers and find their difference as a
whole number.

Program 3: Writing a program to find the area and perimeter of a circle

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown above in it.
2. Save the program as Python file using the File →
Save option.
3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Here, the variable r denotes the radius of the circle and the usual relations Area = Pi * r *r; (Pi =
3.142) and Perimeter = 2*Pi * r are used for the calculation of the area and the perimeter of the circle
respectively.

Program 4: Write a program to calculate Simple Interest (SI) on a principal (P)

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown on the next page.
2. Save the program as Python file using the File →
Save option.
3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

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 Program Output

Here, the variables p, r, t and si present the principal amount, rate of interest, time duration of loan
and simple interest accrued. The relation si = p * r * t / 100 has been used to calculate simple interest.

Check Point Write the following programs in Python and display their output:
1. Write a program to find the difference of two numbers (25 and 17) and display the
result in the Shell window.
2. Write a program to find the product of two numbers (30 and35) and display the
result in the Shell window.

Taking Input in a Program

The input() statement (or function) allows us to take user's inputs while a program executes. The
general syntax of a simple input() statement is as follows:

Syntax : input(“prompt”)
Where, prompt is the string or message we wish to display on the screen and it is
optional.

Program 5: Input two numbers and display their sum

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown above in it.
2. Save the program as Python file using the File →
Save option.
3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Explanation:
The first input() statements let a user enter values for variables x and y. But there is a problem. The
values stored in variables x and y are in the form of text strings and hence cannot be added.

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So, we must first convert these values into numbers using either int() or float() functions. Third
statement converts values of x and y into integer numbers, adds them up and stores the result in the
variable sum. The format () method in Print statement prints the value of x, y and sum variables in
order of their respective placeholders {0}, {1} and {2} to give the formatted output.

Remember The print () statement then gives the output in a formatted manner. Here curly braces {} serve as
placeholders and numbers inside them {0}, {1}, {2} indicate the order in which they should hold
the values to be displayed.

Program 6: Calculate the area of a triangle using the Heron's formula

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown in it.
2. Save the program as Python file using the File →
Save option.
3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Explanation:
The float ( ) function converts values received through the input statements into floating point
numbers. Expressions in line 4 and 5 calculate the half perimeter and area and print statement
displays the area. The format () method prints the value of variable and get printed at placeholder {0}
to give a formatted output.

Program 7: Write a program to interchange the values of two variables

1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown in it.
2. Save the program as Python file using the File →
Save option.
3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Explanation:
A third variable has been used to facilitate interchange of values, i.e., transfer of a’s value to b and b’s
value to a. The .format method ensures that the value of a and b are printed in order in their respective
placeholders {0} and {1} to give the desired formatted output.

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39
Program 8: Write a program to calculate the volume of a cylinder
1. Open a new file in the IDLE editor window and type a program as shown in it.

2. Save the program as Python file using the File →

Save option.

3. Run the program using the F5 key and observe the output.

Program Output

Explanation:
Here we have used the formula ‘V = pr2h’ to calculate the volume of the cylinder. The values for radius
(r) and height (h) are supplied by the user. Value of pi (p) is taken as 3.142.

About CodeCombat
CodeCombat is a coding game that uses real typed code and personalized learning to teach computer
science with no teacher training needed. Students enter real code to move through the game, assisting
their chosen hero on their quest. It is recommended for students aged 9 and up. The game supports
Python and JavaScript. Many schools are implementing CodeCombat as the main computer science
curriculum.

What are Practice levels in the game?

Practice levels help students get more experience with a particular concept if they are struggling.
When the game detects that a student has struggled with a level, the game adapts, so the student has
more opportunity to practice the same skill until they improve. This provides a personalized learning
experience for each student, so they can move past concepts they understand quickly and get more
practice for concepts that are challenging.

Can an educator track students' progress?

Yes - the Teacher Dashboard provides detailed student progress, completion time and overall class
statistics, and also allows to assign and manage student course assignments.

224
Follow the Given Text to Play the Game
Yes - the Teacher Dashboard provides detailed student progress, completion time and overall class
statistics, and also allows to assign and manage student course assignments.

1. First, you need to create an account for 2. In the next screen click on the Individual
yourself. Click on the I’m a Student button. Account. Create your account in the next
screen.

3. Select your hero to play the python game 4. You can change your hero and other
(which is default programming language settings as required.
available with the free trial.)

5. In this screen you can see how the ‘hero’ has to move with the Python commands which you give
and click on the Run button to execute those.

Tip & Tricks Learn Python through Code Combat game in https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mqSKDnAhl9Q

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39
Comments in Python
When writing code in Python, it is essential to make sure that others can easily understand your code.
Comments are used to explain Python code and to make the code more readable.

Creating a Comment
To write a comment in Python, simply put the hash mark # before your desired comment. Python
ignores everything after the hash mark and up to the end of the line. You can insert them anywhere in
your code, even inline with other code. Observe the following examples:

#This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")

print("Hello, World!") #This is a comment

Python Lists
A list is a data type that allows you to store various types of data in it.

The important thing about a list is that items in a list need not be of the same type. For example, we can
have integer, float and string items in the same list.

Creating Lists
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between square brackets. For
example -
list1 = [“physics”, “chemistry”, 1997, 2000];
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
List indices start at 0.

Accessing Values in Lists

You access the list items by referring to the index number: For example –

Observe how a range of list items gets printed in the

second print statement.

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Negative Indexing
Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second-last
item etc.

Example:

Changing or adding elements to a list

Lists are alterable, meaning their elements can be changed.
We can use the assignment operator (=) to change an item or a range of items.

Some Python List Methods

Python has a lot of list methods that allow us to work with lists. For example, if you want to add a
single item to the end of the list, you can use the list.append() method.

Appending an item in a list

We can add one item to a list using the append() method

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39
Adding another list to an existing list using the extend( ) method

To add an item at the specified index, use the insert() method:

Example:

Deleting
We can delete one or more items from a list using the keyword del. It can also delete the list entirely.

Example:

The remove( ) method removes the first value matching the argument to remove from the list, not a
specific index.

228
Count
The count() method returns the number of occurrences of an element in a list.

Sort
The sort() method sorts the elements of a given list. By default, it will sort elements of the list in the
ascending order

Remember sort() method accepts a reverse parameter as an optional argument. Setting reverse=True sorts
the list in the descending order.

Why Python for AI?

Artificial intelligence is considered to be the trending technology of the future. Already there are
several applications made on it. Due to this, many companies and researchers are taking an interest in
it. However, the main question that arises here is that in which programming language can these AI
applications be developed? There are various programming languages like Lisp, Prolog, C++, Java
and Python, which can be used for developing applications of AI. Among them, Python
programming language gains huge popularity, and the reasons are as follows -

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39
Simple syntax & less coding
Python involves very less coding and simple syntax among other programming languages which can
be used for developing AI applications. Due to this feature, the testing can be easier, and we can focus
more on programming.

Inbuilt libraries for AI projects

A major advantage of using Python for AI is that it comes with inbuilt libraries. Python has libraries
for almost all kinds of AI projects. For example, NumPy, SciPy, matplotlib, nltk, SimpleAI are some
of the important inbuilt libraries of Python.

Open-source
Python is an open-source programming language. This makes it widely popular in the community.

Can be used for a broad range of programming

Python can be used for a broad range of programming tasks like small shell script to enterprise web
applications. This is another reason Python is suitable for AI projects.

Revision Time
PYTHON is a powerful and immensely popular high-level programming language. These days
m
PYTHON is extensively used to create web software, Internet-based applications, games and
mobile apps.
Python Installation Wizard installs IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment),
m
which is a GUI based Python Shell that allows you to write, edit and run simple Python
commands and programs
A variable
m is represented by a symbolic name that may be short (like x, y and a) or descriptive
(like name, grade, class and age).
In Python, a variable is created and given a data type, the moment we first assign a value to it.
m

Arithmetic operators are special symbols that represent arithmetical computations like addition,
m
subtraction, multiplication and division.
CodeCombat
m is a coding game that uses real typed code and personalized learning to teach
computer science with no teacher training needed.
A list is a data type that allows you to store various types of data in it. The important thing about a
m
list is that items in a list need not be of the same type.
List indices start at 0.
m

Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second-
m
last item, and so on.
We can use the assignment operator (=) to change an item or a range of items.
m

We can add one item to a list using the append() method

m

230
We can add another list to an existing list using the extend( ) method
m

To add an item at the specified index, use the insert() method:

m

We can delete one or more items from a list using the keyword del.
m

The remove( ) method removes the first value matching the argument to remove from the list, not
m
a specific index.
The count() method returns the number of occurrences of an element in a list.
m

The sort() method sorts the elements of a given list. By default, it will sort elements of the list in
m
the ascending order
Python
m involves very less coding and simple syntax among other programming languages
which can be used for developing AI applications.

Worksheets
Worksheet 1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü
) the correct answer.

1. To store an integer, (a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals),of unlimited

length, we use this variable
a. Float b. Int
c. Str d. Long float
2. To find the remainder in the division of two numbers we use this arithmetic operator
a. * b. /
c. % d. //
3. This statement (or function) allows us to take user's inputs while a program executes.
a. Input() b. Output()
c. Accept() d. Print()
4. This is a coding game that uses real typed code and personalized learning to teach computer
science with no teacher training needed.
a. CodeCombat b. CombatCode
c. CodeCode d. None of the above
5. To write a comment in Python, simply put the this before your desired comment.
a. @ b. %
c. # d. *
6. It is is a data type that allows you to store various types of data in it. The important thing about a
list is that items in a list need not be of the same type.
a. Int b. Float
c. List d. Array

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39
7. We can add one item in the list using the following method:
a. Extend() b. Append()
c. Insert() d. Add()
8. Adding another list to an existing list using the extend( ) method
a. Extend() b. Append()
c. Insert() d. Add()
9. To add an item at the specified index, use the ________ method:
a. Extend() b. Append()
c. Insert() d. Add()
10. This method removes the first value matching the argument to remove from the list, not a specific
index.
a. Del b. remove()
c. Insert() d. Add()
11. This method returns the number of occurrences of an element in a list.
a. count() b. range()
c. occur() d. sort()
12. This method sorts the elements of a given list. By default, it will sort elements of the list in the
ascending order.
a. count() b. range()
c. occur() d. sort()

Worksheet 2 Write (T) for True and (F) for False against the statements.

1. Python IDLE is an integrated development environment.

2. We can write the program code directly on the shell prompt.
3. The IDLE Editor is a program that allows you to type and edit the program code.
4. We must end all python statements with a period ( . ).
5. We must define the data type of a variable before using it in a program.
6. All strings must be enclosed within single or double quotes in a Python program.
7. The variables of int data type allow us to store decimal values.
8. The '–' operator can be used to subtract one text string from the other.
9. Python program files always have an extension of .py.
10. A list is a data type that allows you to store various types of data in it.
11. Lists are non-alterable, meaning their elements can not be changed.
12. If you want to add a single item to the end of the list, you can use the append() method.

232
Worksheet 3 Select the suitable words and fill in the blanks.

Int -1 print count() del

expression 0 F5 variable

1. A statement containing operators and operands is called an ____________ .

2. The ____________ data type allows a variable to store non-decimal numeric value.
3. A ____________ is a named memory location that can be assigned a value during the program
execution.
4. ____________ is a data type that you can use to store decimal values in a variable.
5. To execute a program written in the Script mode in Editor Window you need to press the
____________ key.
6. The ____________ statement is an output statement in Python.
7. List indices start at ____________ .
8. In negative indexing means ____________ refers to the last item.
9. The ____________ method returns the number of occurrences of an element in a list.
10. We can delete one or more items from a list using the keyword ____________ .

Worksheet 4 Answer the following:

1. What is Python? What are its two main features?

2. What is Python IDLE? How would you create a new program file in IDLE?
3. What is the difference between a variable and its data type?
5. Write all the steps to write and execute a python program in IDLE.
6. Write about input atatemet
7. Write about print statement
8. What is a list in Python?
9. In lists, what is the use of count() method?
10. What is the difference between extend() and insert() methods?
11. Write down the difference between using the del keyword and remove() method.
12. Write down a major advantage of using Python for AI.

Programs
1. Input the name and age of a person with appropriate messages. Print the same.
2. Input two numbers. Print their multiplication and addition with appropriate messages.
3. Input two numbers. Print the quotient and remainder after dividing the second number by the
first number.
4. Write a program to convert 15 kilometers to miles.

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39
5. Write a program to accept temperature in Celcius and convert it to Fahrenheit.
6. Accept a number and print it's multiplication table.
7. Create a list of five names. Print the second and fifth element of the list.
8. Create a list of five numbers. Insert a number 202 in the second position. Print the list.
9. Create a list of five names of fruits. Append a fruit name "musk melon" at the end. Print the list.
Print the second-lat element of the list using the negative indexing.
10. Create a list of the first five odd numbers. Append the next three numbers at the end of the list.
Print the list.
11. Create a list [1,2,4,4,5,5,4,4,4,6,12, 11, 4]. Count and print the number of elements in the list.
Remove all occurrences of 4 and print the list. Sort the list in ascending order and print the list.
12. Create a list containing five names of animals. Remove the second element and print the list.

Worksheet: Match the column A with column B by writing the correct alphabet from the column B
into the blank boxes.
A B
1
a
This statement allows us to take user's
-1
inputs while a program executes.

2 b
This statement prints the output. Input()

3 c
This variable stores the numbers with
.py
decimal places.

4
d
The python program is saved with this
Extend()
extension

5 e
Negative indexing means beginning from
Reverse=true
the end, ____ refers to the last item

6
f
To sort the elements in a descending order,
Print
we must include this in thew sort() method

7 g
This method is used to add a list to another
Float
list

234
 Section
brain
STORMING

Worksheets
+
Practical File Guide
+
Quiz Questions
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39
Worksheet 1: The concept of Smart Home, Smart city and Smart school
a. Help Ishi to write down the name of devices which you would like to control in your smart home
in the boxes.

.......... ............ ............

............
............

............
............

............ ............

............

b. Help Ajay to write down some points for the following features of a smart city.

Smart Lighting Smart Waste management

............................. ............................. ............................. .............................

............................. ............................. ............................. .............................

Smart Parking Smart Governance

............................. ............................. ............................. .............................

............................. ............................. ............................. .............................

c. Help Yuvraj to write down name of d. Help Srishti to write down languages
qualities required to make a career in AI. required to enter in the AI fields.

1. .................................... 1. ....................................
.................................... ....................................

2. .................................... 2. ....................................
.................................... ....................................

3. .................................... 3. ....................................
.................................... ....................................

4. .................................... 4. ....................................
.................................... ....................................

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40
Worksheet 2: The concept of AI Domains:
a. Fill-in the blank boxes to write current uses b. Help Rajesh to write down
of CV. applications of big data.

....................... ....................... ............... ............... ...............

....................... ....................... ............... ............... ...............

....................... ....................... ............... ............... ...............

c. Help Ajay to match the given terms with correct definitions.

1 a
It is a common programming task that Lemmatization
splits the given sequence of characters or
values (text) into smaller parts based on
some rules.

2 b
This is the process of breaking a sentence Text Parsing
into separate words or tokens.

3
It is the process of finding the root word c
of a given the word. Dependency Parsing

4
It is the task of recognizing a sentence and
assigning a syntactic structure to it. It aims d
at figuring out the relation between words Tokenization
in a sentence.

d. Help Isha to write scope of Integration of Computer Vision and NLP.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

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39
Worksheet 3: AI and Social Development Goals (SDGs)
a. Help students to write down the steps which can be taken with AI to achieve the following SDGs

NO .............................................................................
POVERTY

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

ZERO .............................................................................
HUNGER

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

QUALITY .............................................................................
EDUCATION

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

CLEAN WATER .............................................................................

AND SANITATION

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION
.............................................................................
AND INFRASTRUCTURE

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

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40
Worksheet 4: AI and Social Development Goals (SDGs)
a. Help students to write down the steps which can be taken with AI to achieve the following SDGs

REDUCED .............................................................................
INEQUALITIES

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

SUSTAINABLE CITIES .............................................................................

AND COMMUNITIES

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

CLIMATE .............................................................................
ACTION

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

LIFE .............................................................................
BELOW WATER

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

LIFE .............................................................................
ON LAND

.............................................................................

.............................................................................

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39
Worksheet 5: AI bias and AI ethics
a. Student are making some statements regarding the AI bias and AI ethics. You as a teacher give
them marks(0, 5 or 10) after reading the statement.

AI Bias is a phenomenon that occurs when an

algorithm produces results that are Marks
systematically biased due to erroneous
theories in the machine learning process.

AI systems systems are vulnerable to biases

and errors introduced by its human makers. Marks
But, the data used to train these AI systems
can never have biases.

There will be not any type of job loss due to AI

and robotics. More jobs will come up in order Marks
to develop Ai and Robotics

AI systems not necessarily be designed and

operated so as to be compatible with ideals of Marks
human dignity, rights, freedoms, and cultural
diversity.

1. AI technologies should benefit and

empower as many people as possible. Marks
2. The economic prosperity created by AI
should be kept by the developers only.

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40
Worksheet 6: Problem Scoping
a. Help Ashish to fill in the blank boxes to show the project cycle

Problem Data Data

Modeling Evaluation
Scoping Acquisition Exploration

b. Help Ishi to write required terms for 4W canvas, and write the appropriate statement number in
the relevant box.

Where Who 1. What is the problem Define it clearly?

2. Who are the Stakeholders?

3. Where is the problem located?

Why What

4. Why will this solution be of value to the

stakeholders?

c. If the problem is: Forecasting salary of an employee, write down the extracted features for this.

........................... ........................... ........................... ...........................

........................... ........................... ........................... ...........................

d. Fill in the blank boxes with the reliable sources to acquire data from.

1. ....................... 2. ....................... 3. .......................

4. ....................... 5. ....................... 6. .......................

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39
Worksheet 7: Problem Scoping
a. Some + and - signs have gone wrong (or missing) in the following activity. Check the left side
image, and correct accordingly in the right image.

Rivers

Snow

Animals
Land Surface
Oceans
Clouds Snow Underground Soil Rivers
Underground

Clouds Trees/Plants

Oceans Trees Land Animals

b. Help Mitesh you write down some techniques of Data Exploration

............................................ ............................................

............................................ ............................................

............................................ ............................................

c. Help Charu to fill in the blank spaces with correct terms

Machine
Learning

AI Models

AI Models
Types of Data

Root Node

Decision Node Sub- Decision Node

Tree

Leaf Node Leaf Node Decision Node Leaf Node

Relation betweeen AI, ML and DL A Decision tree

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40
Worksheet 7: Neural Networks
a. Help Shalini to write missing terms in a perceptron

b. Write down missing terms in a biological neuron.

c. How does a Neural Network learns? Complete the chart.

learning of a Neural Network

................................ ................................ ................................

d. Describe the difference between

Artificial Conventional
Machine Learning Deep Learning Intelligence Computing

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

........................ ........................ ........................ ........................

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39
Worksheet 9: Write the output for the following program.

244
40
Worksheet 10: Write the output for following programs

245
39
 AI Viva
Questions
?

1. When was the Turing test conducted, and who conducted it?
2. Who coined the term AI and when?
3. Name the AI chess computer which defeated the chess world champion, Garry Kasparov, in a
tournament. It was built by which company?
4. Name the AI program which defeated the world GO player. It was developed by which
company?
5. Which program did Google demonstrate to take hairdresser appointment on call?
6. Define two types of AI?
7. Which form of AI are we using now?
8. What is the full form of ASI, and why is it scary?
9. Which types are jobs most suitable for AI robots in day-to-day life, and why?
10. Which is the key learning technology behind Driverless cars?
11. What is Artificial Neural Network (ANN)?
12. How ride-sharing services use AI?
13. How banks use AI to protect their customers from frauds?
14. How music services use AI?
15. How Facebook uses AI?
16. Name five Personal Assistants?
17. What is the backbone of Smart Home technology?
18. Name any two features of Smart Waste management?
19. Give an example of Human-Machine interaction.
20. For starting in AI, Learning of which programming languages help?
21. Name any three types of careers which one can make in the field of AI.
22. What is Big data? Name some of its sources.
23. What do you understand by Computer vision?
24. When did Google start testing robot cars on roads?
25. How is Computer vision dependent on Deep Learning?
26. What is the limitation of Computer vision as compared to human vision?
27. What is Lemmatization?
28. What is Co-reference resolution?
29. How many are Social Development Goals (SDGs) there?
30. Which number of SDG is related to Quality education?

246
40
 A
31. Which number of SDG is related to Zero hunger?
32. What is the sixth SDG?
33. Which SDG connects all other SDGs?
34. Name Renewable energies.
35. How can AI help to protect renewable energies?
36. What is 4D printing, and how AI is helpful in that?
37. What are AI bins?
38. How is AI helpful in Cyber security? Give one example.
39. How can AI help in E-governance?
40. What makes Amazon GO store special?
41. How AI bias creeps into AI systems?
42. Why are AI ethics important?
43. Name stages of AI project cycle.
44. What are the training and testing stages of data?
45. What are the data features? Explain with one example?
46. Explain the basic structure of the Decision tree.
47. What is Learning-based approach for AI modelling stage?
48. Name common AI Models.
49. Which type of learning is Regression?
50. What is the Evaluation stage?
51. What is a neuron?
52. What is the use of axon in a neuron?
53. In which types of layers, a Neural network is divided?
54. In a Neural network, the processing is done by which layers?
55. Why is Deep learning better than Machine learning?
56. What is Perceptron?
57. What is the difference between perceptron and a neural network?
58. What is back propagation?
59. What do you mean by reinforcement learning?
60. What is the advantage of pixel restoration?

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39
 Python Viva
Questions
?

1. Who created Python?

2. In which type of applications python is being used?
3. What do you mean by Python is a cross-platform and portable language?
4. Say something about Python being an object-oriented language.
5. What is the full form of IDLE?
6. Which Python mode acts as a calculator? Shell prompt or IDLE?
7. Do we essentially need to define variables and data type in Python?
8. Name any one rule for naming a variable in Python.
9. Name data types of Python learnt in this chapter
10. What is the difference between int and float variable data type?
11. What is the difference between Division and Modulus Arithmetic operators?
12. Which function key is used to execute a program?
13. Which sign is used to create a comment in a Python program?
14. What is the use of the input statement?
15. Which kind of data type is stored through the Input statement?
16. What can we do to turn a number input in a text data type collected through input( ) function,
to turn into an integer type?
17. Do you like Code Combat game? If yes, then why?
18. What is a python List?
19. What is special about a List?
20. What is an index number in a List?
21. What does -3 refer to in term of negative indexing?
22. List indices start from which value?
23. Which method is used to add another list to an existing list?
24. Which method is used to add an item at the specified index?
25. By using the which keyword, we can delete one or more items from a Python list.
26. How can you sort items in a list, in reverse order?
27. Which method removes the first value matching the argument to remove from the list, not a
specific index?
28. Which method returns the number of occurrences of an element in a list.
29. What do you mean by Python is an Open Source language?
30. Name any two libraries of Python, which makes it suitable for AI?

248
40
 Useful videos to watch
Name of topic Link QR Code

1. Introduction to artificial https://youtu.be/5hNK7-N23eU

intelligence

2. Utilizing artificial intelligence https://youtu.be/5XtW2fh3pBQ

for environmental
sustainability

3. Ways in which artificial https://youtu.be/Aw7tEktdNKo

intelligence will change your
life

4. Artificial intelligence project https://youtu.be/0Xwma8fXFMU

cycle

5. Data collection in artificial https://youtu.be/MJWKJfmLchs

intelligence

6. Preparing data for artificial https://youtu.be/Qbd7kV8j6nI

intelligence

7. Concept of data visualization https://youtu.be/1PHSUIDerIQ

249
39
8. Big data analysis https://youtu.be/DfjgvXAl9WM

9. Types of graph to visualize https://youtu.be/MiiANxRHSv4

acquired data in artificial
intelligence

10. Decision tree algorithm in https://youtu.be/RmajweUFKvM

artificial intelligence

11. Concept of neural network https://youtu.be/bUBRPFnmxqI

12. What is python https://youtu.be/UZDWj_cI7so

13. Applications of python https://youtu.be/5PDdAQ6jegI

14. Reasons to learn python https://youtu.be/aZZeXeQRMfs

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40
 Practical File Guide
Index
No. Name of Practical Date Page no. Sign of the
Teacher

1. Activity 1

2. Activity 2

3. Activity 3

4. Activity 4

5. Activity 5

6. Activity 6

7. Activity 7

8. Activity 8

9. Activity 9

10. Activity 10

Activity 1: Write five more uses of AI, beside mentioned in this book. Let your imagination go far
and write wherever you think it can be integrated in the future.

Activity 2: Take three different color stands and work them into a braid. See how long your braid can
become within 45 seconds!!
Material required: Three different colored strand of thread 50 cm each.
Write answers of these questions:
a. How you can relate it with 3 domains of AI?
b. When you are making a braid what you learn how it works?
c. Can there be any relation set between (or integrated) all three domains of AI?

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39
Activity 3: Write one letter or email to your future what you want see in the future or what you want
remind to your future. Just imagine about the text next 20 years and describe:
a. Smart home you are living in
b. Smart city where you are residing
c. Smart schools where your children are studying/studied.
d. Job you are doing in AI companies (your role and responsibilities)

Activity 4: Write one letter or email to your future what you want see in the future or what you want
to remind to your future. Just imagine about the next 20 years and describe:
a. Smart home you are living in
b. Smart city where you are residing
c. Smart schools where your children are studying/studied.
d. Job you are doing in AI companies (your role and responsibilities)
e. How AI has improved the healthcare system comparing today and 20 years down the
line.
f. How streaming services like Netflix, or online portals like Amazon has evolved
further.

Activity 5: Create project template for the following problem. Use the AI project cycle to identify the
scope and other parameters used in the Project life cycle chapter.
As you must have observed that cybercrime in the whole world reached a new high
during the COVID 19 pandemic. Consider yourself a Cyber security expert and create a
model to stop cyber bullying on social media websites.

Activity 6: You have been appointed ambassador of a country by United nations and your job is to
achieve Social Development Goals (SDGs). Pick any one SDG and explain the steps in
numbering format which you will take with the help of AI to achieve that SDG.

Activity 7: During COVID 19, lot of medical data has been collected for medical purposes. Now you
need to plan solution of a particular problem, which you can find out by analysing the data
using the AI (mainly Deep learning). Create project cycle as well as 4 W canvas for that.

Activity 8: Create project template for the following problem. Use the AI project cycle to identify the
scope and other parameters used in the Project life cycle chapter.
As you must have observed that cybercrime in the whole world reached a new high
during the COVID 19 pandemic. Consider yourself a Cybersecurity expert and create a
model to stop cyberbullying on social media websites.

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40
Activity 9: Let us suppose, you are in 2030 and working as an HR head of a company. How will you
organize an interview with the help of AI so that there is not gender inequality in the
recruiting process.

Activity 10: Take printout of the program, output and paste in the file.
a. Accept the total score, overs, and find the run rate.
b. Enter the details of 5 players, matches played, runs scored, and print them.
c. Enter two numbers and swap them without taking the temporary variable.
d. Enter a number and power then compute the power using an exponential operator.
e. Enter two numbers and perform the floor division.
f. Enter two angles of a triangle and find the third angle.
g. Enter any three sides of a rectangle and find the fourth side.
h. Ask the user for the loan amount, rate of interest, and find the no. of installments for
the year.
i. Enter a username, password, and print the message your account has been created.
j. Accept years and convert the same into months, weeks and days.
k. Create a list of the first ten natural numbers. Append the list with next five natural
numbers. Print the list. Sort the list in descending order and print the list.
l. Create a list ["orange", "mango", "grapes", "cherry"]. Remove the element "mango"
and print the list.
m. Create a list of even numbers between 2 and 14. Print the sum of the first three even
numbers and multiplication of the last two numbers with appropriate messages.
n. Accept three names from the user and store it in a list. Sort the list in ascending order.
o. Accept four numbers and store their five times in a list. Print the list. Replace the 2nd
and 4th element with 90 and 100.

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39
 Glossary (Unit-1)

Adverb
An adverb is a word that qualifies a verb in a sentence.

Blogs
Blogs are “logs” or experiences or thoughts of individuals or groups of people with common interests

Clause
It is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a complete or incomplete
sentence.
Coherence
Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable.
Communication
Communication means the exchange of ideas and information through speech, writing, gestures or
some other means
Conjuction
A conjunction is a word that joins two sentences.

Definite article
When it is placed before a noun it limits its meaning to one particular thing.

Encoding
This refers to the way the sender chooses to compose the message.
Environment
It refers to the physical location where the communication is taking place and when that
communication takes place.

GNOME
It is a popular desktop environments usedwith the Linux-based OS such as Ubuntu and Fedora.

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40
 I

ICT
It is an abbreviation of information and communication technologies is an umbrella term that includes
a diverse set of technological tools and resources.
Indefinite article
The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea, rather than a particular thing.

Linux
It is an open source operating system.

Miscommunication
In case the message is not understood by the receiver.
Mobile apps
Mobile apps are small software applications that are designed to run on mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets.

Non-verbal communication
The communication that takes place simply through facial expressions, touch, one's posture, eye
contact, body language and hand gestures.

Oral communication
When a message or information is communicated toothers by speaking or through word of mouth.

Peripheral device
It is an internal or external device that can be directly connected to a computer to expand its
functionality.
Phrase
It is a group of words that has an incomplete meaning within a clause.
Pragmatic perspective
According to it, communication consists of a system of interlocking, independent, behaviors that
become a pattern over time.

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Radio
It is a technology that uses radio waves to carry information such as sound.
Receiver
The person who receives the message is the receiver.

Self-management
Self-management means to manage our own thoughts, behaviour and actions to the best of our ability.
Sender
He/she is the person who sends the communication and issues the message.
Smartphone
It is a popular ICT tool, is a multi-purpose mobile-computing device that has features of mobile phones
as well as a computer.
Symbolic communication
Symbolic communication uses certain signs and symbols to communicate a message.

Telemedicine
Here an expert examines the records of a patients from a distance and prescribes them treatment.
Telex
It is an international system of communicating through a telephone line to communicate written
messages, news or display train and flight schedules.

Visual communication
This communication refers to communication through pictorial or visual representation of information.

Web browser
It is an application that provides a way to search for the information on the World Wide Web.
Websites
These are internet-pages that communicate information in the written form through the World Wide
Web (www).
World Wide Web
It is a standard linked information system accessible across the range of different computers connected
to the Internet.
Written communication
When the message or information is passed to others in the written.

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 Glossary (Unit-2)

Algorithm
An algorithm is a formula or set of rules for performing a task. In AI, the algorithm tells the machine
how to go about finding answers to a question or solutions to a problem.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI is a subset of computer science that aims to build machines capable of doing human-like tasks:
decision-making, object classification and detection, speech recognition and translation.
Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
It is also known as strong AI, AGI is a type of artificial intelligence that is considered human-like, and
still in its preliminary stages (more of a hypothetical existence in the present day)
Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI)
It is also known as weak AI; ANI is a type of artificial intelligence that can only focus on one task or
problem at a given time. For example, playing a game or a virtual assistant looking for weather
information on the Internet as commanded by the user. This is the current existing form of AI.
Artificial Neural Network
It is a model for AI and machine learning inspired by the neural network configurations of the human
central nervous system, especially the brain.

Big data
Big data refers to a large amount of structured and unstructured data that is too complex to be handled
by standard data-processing software.

Chatbots
A chat robot can converse with a human user through text or voice commands. Utilized by e-commerce,
education, health, and business industries for ease of communication and to answer user questions.
Computer Vision
Computer Vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that is used to obtain information from images.
Classification
It is an algorithm technique that allows machines to assign categories to data points.
Clustering
It is an algorithm technique that allows machines to group similar data into larger data categories

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 D

Data
Any collection of information converted into a digital form.
Data Mining
It is the process by which patterns are discovered within large sets of data with the goal of extracting
useful information from it.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a sub-discipline of machine learning that utilizes artificial neural network which are
configured across multiple layers (hence the 'deep').
DeepMind Technologies
A British artificial intelligence company founded in September 2010, currently owned by Alphabet Inc.
The company is based in London, with research centres in Canada,] France, and the United States.
Acquired by Google in 2014, the company has created a neural network that learns how to play video
games in a fashion similar to that of humans.

E
Expert System
An expert system is an AI software that uses knowledge stored in a knowledge base to solve problems
that would usually require a human expert thus preserving a human expert's knowledge in its
knowledge base. They can advise users as well as provide explanations to them about how they reached
a particular conclusion or advice.

Facial Recognition
It is a computer application capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video
frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the
image and a face database.
False Negatives
It is an error where a model falsely predicts an input as not having the desired outcome when one is
actually present. (Actual Yes, Predicted No).
False Positive
It is an error where a model falsely predicts the presence of the desired outcome in an input when in
reality, it is not present (Actual No, Predicted Yes).
Friendly Artificial Intelligence (FIA)
If the values of artificial general intelligence are aligned with our own, then it is known as friendly AI. In
this hypothetical scenario, a friendly artificial intelligence would have a positive benefit on humanity.
Feature Extraction
Feature extraction is a technique to reduce the complexity of data by grouping or combining elements
into features for subsequent processing.

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Generative adversarial networks

Also called GANs, these are two neural networks that are trained on the same data set of photos, videos
or sounds. Then, one creates similar content while the other tries to determine whether the new example
is part of the original data set, forcing the first to improve its efforts.

Heuristic Search Techniques

The search technique that narrows down the search to optimal solutions for a problem by eliminating
options that are incorrect. It solves a problem faster than classic methods, or to find an approximate
solution when classic methods cannot. We use this in AI because we can put it to use in situations where
we can't find known algorithms.

Image recognition
Image recognition is the ability of a system or software to identify objects, people, places, and actions in
images. It uses machine vision technologies with artificial intelligence and trained algorithms to
recognize images through a camera system.
Image Segmentation
The process of dividing a digital image into multiple segments/fragments, with the goal of simplifying
or changing the representation of an image into something that is easier to analyze.

Knowledge-based system (KBS)

A computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is
broad and refers to many different kinds of systems.

Machine learning
A field of AI focused on getting machines to act without being programmed to do so. Machines "learn"
from patterns they recognize and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

Natural language processing (NLP)

It is the ability of computers to understand or process natural human languages and derive meaning
from them. NLP typically involves machine interpretation of text or speech recognition.

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Narrow Intelligence
It is the ability to accomplish a very specific (narrow) set of goals, tasks, or objectives such as mastering a
video game or driving a car. AI currently falls within the category of narrow intelligence.
Neural Network
A neural network is a set of software, hardware or both that is modelled after aspects of the human brain.
Right now, neural networks are often organized as layers of interconnected artificial neurons.

Open-source software (OSS)

A type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright
holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

Python
An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Guido van Rossum and
first released in 1991. Despite being a general-purpose language, Python has made its way into the most
complex technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and so on.
Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition is the label given to the activity of machines detecting patterns from data. It is often
used synonymously with machine learning.

Quantum computers
Quantum computers can process massive and complex datasets more efficiently than classical
computers. They use the fundamentals of quantum mechanics to speed up the process of solving
complex computations. Due to high speed and high volume data processing capabilities, these will be
immensely helpful in Deep learning and other areas of AI.

Reinforcement
Similar to how a dog is rewarded for successfully carrying out a command, reinforcement learning
utilizes a system of rewards and punishments in the process of machines learning to carry out a new
task.
Robotics
Robotics is a broad field that deals with creating and powering physical automatons. Artificial
intelligence is not robotics, though it may be used to make robotic devices perform tasks.

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Strong AI
Strong AI is any artificial intelligence with the ability to carry out most tasks humans can do, as opposed
to weak AI which can only specialize in a specific task at one time.
Superintelligence
When an AI reaches a level of general intelligence that massively exceeds our own. This new level of
intelligence is known as superintelligence.
Supervised Learning
This method utilizes labelled data (tagged by a human) to teach a machine learning algorithm on how to
go about solving a problem or completing a task.

Turing Test
A Turing Test is a method of inquiry in artificial intelligence (AI) for determining whether or not a
computer is capable of thinking like a human being.The test is named after Alan Turing, the founder of
the Turning Test and an English computer scientist, cryptanalyst, mathematician and theoretical
biologist.
Training Data Set
In machine learning, the training data set is the data given to the machine during the initial "learning" or
"training" phase.
TensorFlow
An open-source software library also used for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It
is used for both research and production at Google and was released under the Apache 2.0 open source
license in 2015.

Unsupervised Learning
It is a type of machine learning algorithm where machines effectively teach themselves from unlabeled
data and without specific instruction.
Unstructured Data
Unstructured data is any data that is not organized in a specific way, such as Word documents, social
media posts and emails.

Weak AI
It is also known as narrow AI; weak artificial intelligence and has the ability only to accomplish one
thing at a time.
Watson
A question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language,[321]
developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team.

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