COMMUNICATION SKILLS II

REVISION NOTES

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
It is a process which involves sharing of information, opinion, ideas, and beliefs between two or more
persons through a continuous activity of speaking, listening and understanding.
The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’.

PARTS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication has three important parts:

1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the message through one medium or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the sender in the form of
feedback to complete the communication cycle.

ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION

The various elements of a communication cycle are:

 Sender: the person beginning the communication.
 Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
 Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
 Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
 Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

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METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

Method Description Pictorial Description

Face-to-face There is nothing better than face-to-face
communication.
It helps the message to be understood clearly
and quickly.
Also, since body language can be seen in
this case; it adds to the effectiveness of the
communication.

E-mail E-mail can be used to communicate quickly

with one or many individuals in various
locations.
It offers flexibility, convenience and low-
cost.

Notices/Posters It is effective when the same message has to

go out to a large group of people.
Generally used for where email
communication may not be effective.
For example, ‘Change in the lunch time for
factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing will
remain closed for customers on Sunday.’

Business Communication during business meetings at

Meetings an organisation are generally addressed to a
group of people.
It can be related to business, management
and organisational decisions.

Other There can be various other methods like

Methods social networks, message, phone call for
communication, newsletter, blog, etc.

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VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most
effective and commonly used way of communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in words.

Types of Verbal Communication

Type of Verbal Description

Communication
Interpersonal This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is
Communication thus a one-on-one conversation. It can be formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing homework.
3. Two people talking to each other over phone or video call.
Written This form of communication involves writing words. It can be letters,
Communication circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be between
two or more people.
Examples
1. A manager writing an appreciation e-mail to an employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother enquiring about health.
Small Group This type of communication takes place when there are more than two
Communication people involved. Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.
Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings
Public This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a
Communication large gathering.
Examples
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries

Advantages of Verbal Communication

 It is an easy mode of communication in which you can exchange ideas by saying what you want
and get a quick response.
 Verbal communication also enables you to keep changing your interaction as per the other
person’s response.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken words, sometimes the meanings can be
confusing and difficult to understand if the right words are not used.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without using

any spoken or written word.
In other words, we send signals and messages to others, through expressions, gestures, postures,
touch, space, eye contact and para language.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
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• 38% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words.

Non-Verbal Communication Example

Gestures 1. Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye
2. Pointing your finger at someone
Expressions 1. Smiling when you are happy
2. Making a sad face when you are sad
Body Language Postures by which attitudes and feelings are
communicated. Standing straight, showing interest.

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Type What it means How to use effectively?

Facial Our expressions can show different • Smile when you meet someone.
Expressions feelings, such as Happiness, Sadness, • Keep your face relaxed.
Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc. • Match your expressions with your
words.
• Nod while listening.
Posture Postures show our confidence and • Keep your shoulders straight and
feelings. For example, a straight body body relaxed.
posture shows confidence while a • Sit straight while resting your hands
slumped posture is a sign of weakness. and feet in relaxed position.
• While standing, keep your hands by
your sides.
Gestures or Gestures include body movements that • Keep your hands open.
Body Language express an idea or meaning. For • Avoid pointing your finger at people.
example, raising a hand in class to ask • Tilt your head a bit to show that you
a question and biting nails when are attentive.
nervous.
Touch We communicate a great deal through • Shake hands firmly while meeting
touch. For example, a firm handshake someone.
to display confidence and pat on the • Avoid other touch gestures during
back to encourage someone. formal communication.
Space Space is the physical distance between • Maintain proper space depending on
two people. The space between tow the relationship, which could be
persons while communicating, formal or informal or the closeness
generally depends on the intimacy or with the person with whom you are
closeness between them. talking.
Eye Contact The way we look at someone can • Look directly at the person who is
communicate a lot. Eye contact shows speaking.
that we are paying attention to the • Avoid staring; keep a relaxed look.
person as opposed to looking away, • Maintain eye contact with
which can make the other person feel intermittent breaks.
ignored.
Paralanguage How we speak affects our • Use a suitable tone and volume
communication and includes the tone, • Maintain a moderate speed while
speed and volume of our voice. For talking
example, talking fast may show
happiness, excitement or nervousness
while speaking slow may show
seriousness or sadness.

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VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Visual communication proves to be effective since it involves interchanging messages only through
images or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any particular language for understanding
it. It is simple and remains consistent across different places.

Examples of Visual Communication

COMMUNICATION CYCLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK

Feedback is an important part of the communication cycle. For effective communication, it is

important that the sender receives an acknowledgement from the receiver about getting the message
across.

While a sender sends information, the receiver provides feedback on the received message.
Translated to the work environment, when you observe someone perform their work and then,
communicate with them to help improve their performances, you are giving feedback.

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TYPES OF FEEDBACK

Type of Feedback Examples

Positive Feedback • I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job!
• I really appreciate you taking that call. Can you please also share the details?
Negative Feedback • You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel guests when you talk to them.
• You take really long to reply to e-mails! Are you always so busy?
No Feedback • It is also a feedback in itself which indicates disagreement of ideas.

A good feedback is one that is:

• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to include examples to clarify your statement. Offering
alternatives rather than just giving advice allows the receiver to decide what to do with your
feedback.
• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback loses its impact if delayed for too long.
• Polite: While it is important to share feedback, the recipient should not feel offended by the
language of the feedback.
• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing should be a continuous process. After offering
feedback, let recipients know you are available for support.

IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACK

Feedback is the final component and one of the most important factors in the process of
communication since it is defined as the response given by the receiver to the sender. Let us look at
certain reasons why feedback is important.
• It validates effective listening: The person providing the feedback knows they have been
understood (or received) and that their feedback provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue the
good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is
impossible not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop
improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase
performance.

7Cs of Effective Communication

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BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Some common barriers to effective communication include:
Physical Barriers:
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being able to see gestures, posture and general body
language can make communication less effective.
For example, text messages are often less effective than face-to-face communication.

Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is known as language barrier to communication.
Language barriers are the most common communication barriers, which cause misunderstandings and
misinterpretations between people.
For example, slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can make communication
difficult.

Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when the sender’s message is received differently
from how it was intended. It is also very difficult to communicate with someone who is not willing to
talk or express their feelings and views.
Stage fear, lack of will to communicate, personal differences can create interpersonal barriers to
communication.

Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal hierarchical structures that follow performance
standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies, behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free
flow of communication in organisations and therefore, need to be suitably managed.
For example, Superior-subordinate relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier
to free flow of communication.

Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s customs,
resulting in inconveniences and difficulties. People sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about
others based on their cultural background, this leads to difference in opinions and can be a major
barrier to effective communication.

Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective Communication

• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography

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• Try to communicate in person as much as possible
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

WRITING SKILLS — PARTS OF SPEECH

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat,
blogs, etc.
In all these forms of written communication, we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences are
important because they help to clearly present the message.
A sentence always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends with a question mark, full stop or
exclamation mark.

CAPITALISATION
We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. However, there are certain other points in a
sentence where we should use capital letters. ‘TINS’is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise
words correctly. Each letter in the word TINS refers to one capitalisation rule as shown in below
Table

PUNCTUATION
Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark and apostrophe are
used in communication to separate parts of a sentence for better clarity of message. Some common
punctuation marks and their rules are shown here in Table

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BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH
The part of speech indicates how a particular word functions in meaning as well as grammatically
within the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs as shown in
Figure

Supporting Parts of Speech Types

WRITING SKILLS — SENTENCES

Parts of a Sentence
We all know that almost all English sentences have a subject and a verb while some also have an
object.
Subject: Person or thing that performs an action.
Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives the action.

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Examples:

Types of Objects
In a sentence, there can be two types of objects — Direct
and Indirect.
The objects provided in the above examples are called direct objects since they are directly ‘acted on’
by the verb.
On the other hand, an indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to/ for who.’

TYPES OF SENTENCES
Active and Passive Sentences
1. Radha is reading a book.
2. A book is being read by Radha.
The action (verb) in both sentences is reading a book. But the ‘subject’ of both sentences is different.
In the first sentence, the subject (Radha) does the action. In the second sentence, the subject (a book)
receives the action.
Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice, whereas sentences in
which the subject receives an action are known to be in the Passive voice.

Examples

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 COMMUNICATION SKILLS II
NCERT/CBSE TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

A. Multiple choice questions

Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question.
1. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication within the communication process
cycle?
(a) Channel (b) Receiver (c) Sender (d) Time
Ans: (d) Time

2. You need to apply leave at work? Which method of communication will you use?
(a) e-mail (b) Poster (c) Newsletter (d) Blog
Ans: (a) e-mail

3. By which action can senders send their messages?

(a) Gestures (b) Speaking (c) Reading (d) Writing
Ans: (c) Reading

4. Which of the following is an example of oral

communication?
(a) Newspapers (b) Letters (c) Phone call (d) e-mail
Ans: (c) Phone call

5. What are the types of words we should use for

verbal communication?
(a) Acronyms (b) Simple (c) Technical (d) Jargons
Ans: (b) Simple

6. Why do we use e-mails?

(a) To communicate with many people at the same time.
(b) To share documents and files.
(c) To talk to each other in real-time.
(d) To keep a record of communication.
Ans: (b) To share documents and files.

7. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression?

(a) Frowning while concentrating (b) Maintaining eye contact
(c) Smiling continuously (d) Rolling up your eyes
Ans: (b) Maintaining eye contact

8. What does an upright (straight) body posture convey or show?

(a) Pride (b) Professionalism (c) Confidence (d) Humility
Ans: (c) Confidence

9. Which of these is NOT an appropriate non-verbal communication at work?

(a) Keeping hands in pockets while talking (b) Talking at moderate speed
(c) Sitting straight (d) Tilting head a bit to listen
Ans: (a) Keeping hands in pockets while talking

10. Which of the following statement is true about communication?

(a) 50% of our communication is non-verbal

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(b) 20% communication is done using body movements, face, arms, etc.
(c) 5% communication is done using voice, tone, pauses, etc.
(d) 7% communication is done using words
Ans: (d) 7% communication is done using words

11. Which of these are examples of positive feedback?

(a) Excellent, your work has improved.
(b) I noticed your dedication towards the project.
(c) You are always doing it the wrong way.
(d) All of the above
Ans: (a) Excellent, your work has improved.

12. Which of these are examples of negative feedback?

(a) I hate to tell you this but your drawing skills are poor.
(b) You can surely improve your drawing.
(c) This is a good drawing but you can do better.
(d) None of the above
Ans: (a) I hate to tell you this but your drawing skills are poor.

13. Which of the following are effective components of a good feedback?

(a) Detailed and time consuming (b) Direct and honest
(c) Specific (d) Opinion-based
Ans: (c) Specific

14. Which of these is NOT a common communication barrier?

(a) Linguistic barrier (b) Interpersonal barrier
(c) Financial barrier (d) Organisational barrier
Ans: (c) Financial barrier

15. Which of these are ways to overcome communication barriers?

(a) Respecting each other’s differences (b) Using a translator
(c) Not communicating at all (d) Using your own language for comfort
Ans: (b) Using a translator

16. In which of the following, the underlined word is an adjective?

(a) Radha has a red dress. (b) I can speak French.
(c) The Girl on the Train is a best-seller. (d) Abdul can swim fast.
Ans: (d) Abdul can swim fast.

17. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?

(a) Ravi and i are going to the movies.
(b) Salim is visiting India in july.
(c) The Tiger is a strong animal.
(d) She is arriving on Monday.
Ans: (d) She is arriving on Monday.

18. Which of these sentences are punctuated correctly?

(a) When is the party.
(b) I had bread omelette and a Banana for breakfast.
(c) I am so excited about my first foreign trip!
(d) This is Abdul’s notebook.
Ans: (d) This is Abdul’s notebook.

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19. In which of these sentences can you find an adverb?
(a) Divya drinks milk every day. (b) Sanjay gifted me a new pen.
(c) I opened the door lock. (d) Sita is 5-feet tall.
Ans: (a) Divya drinks milk every day.

20. Identify the object, verb and subject in the sentence,

‘The car crashed into a tree.’
(a) Object: a tree; Verb: crashed; Subject: the car
(b) Object: The car; Verb: crashed; Subject: a tree
(c) Object: crashed; Verb: the tree; Subject: the car
(d) Object: crashed; Verb: the car; Subject: the tree
Ans: (a) Object: a tree; Verb: crashed; Subject: the car

21. Identify the indirect object in the sentence, ‘The band played music for the audience.’
(a) The band (b) played (c) music (d) audience
Ans: (d) audience

22. Which of these is an imperative sentence?

(a) Switch off the fan.
(b) Sheila has gone to the market.
(c) Where are my pen colours?
(d) Oh no! I missed my flight.
Ans: (d) Oh no! I missed my flight.

23. Which of these sentences is in active voice?

(a) A movie is being watched by them.
(b) The car was repaired by Raju.
(c) He is reading a book.
(d) The thief was being chased by a policeman.
Ans: (c) He is reading a book.

MCQs QUESTIONS (Set 02)

1. Which of the following is not an advantage of verbal communication?

(a) Communication is interactive (b) Requires proximity
(c) Instant feedback (d) Quick way to communicate

2. A _________________ feedback follows a pre-set format using which the receiver frames
feedback and sends.
(a) informal (b) descriptive (c) formal (d) non-descriptive

3. Lack of confidence makes communication difficult for some people. This is an example of which
type of barrier in communication.
(a) Personal factors (b) Past experiences
(c) Prejudice (d) Environmental factors

4. My father has gifted me a new smart phone. Identify the type of sentence.
(a) Assertive (b) Imperative (c) Exclamatory (d) None of these

5. _____________ is a part of the predicate. It tells about the things being acted by upon the verb.
(a) Subject (b) Predicate (c) Object (d) Adverb

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6. Could I have __________ milk in my tea, please?
(a) a little (b) a few (c) much (d) several

7. Which of the following is not a type of written communication?

(a) Newsletter (b) Media release (c) Manuals (d) Illustrations

8. _____________ is the important aspect of our personality and how our image is formed among
people.
(a) Body language (b) Written communication
(c) Visual communication (d) None of these

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of feedback?

(a) Intention (b) Specific (c) Length (d) Clarity

10. “Good job! Congratulations!” is a type of ___________ feedback.

(a) formal (b) informal (c) specific (d) descriptive

11. Which of the following is not a 7C’s of effective communication?

(a) Complexity (b) Clarity (c) Completeness (d) Courtesy

12. A/An __________ phrase will contain a noun or pronoun along with a participle. It is generally
separated by commas.
(a) infinitive (b) absolute (c) gerund (d) noun

13. An ___________ is a piece of writing intended for publishing in a newspaper or magazine.

(a) introduction (b) essay (c) article (d) None of these

14. Have you received the latest news about the match? Identify the parts of speech of the underlined
word.
(a) Adverb (b) Conjunction (c) Interjection (d) Adjective

15. Which of these sentences is in active voice?

(a) A movie is being watched by them.
(b) The car was repaired by Raju.
(c) He is reading a book.
(d) The thief was being chased by a policeman.

Answers:
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What are various elements of a communication cycle?

Answer – The various elements of a communication cycle are –
 Sender: the person beginning the communication.
 Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
 Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
 Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
 Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

2. What is 7 C’s effective communication?

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 Answer – There are 7 C’s effective communication which are applicable for both written as well
as oral communication. These are as follows –
 Clear – Always say clearly, what you want to say.
 Concise – Always use simple language and say only what is required.
 Concrete – Always use proper words and phrases in the sentences.
 Correct – Always use correct spelling and grammar in the sentences.
 Coherent – Your word should be related to the main topic and your word should make
sense.
 Complete – Your message should be complete and have all the needed information.
 Courteous – Be honest, respectful and friendly with others.

3. List the various methods of communication.

Answer – The various methods of communication are –
 Face-to-face informal communication – There is nothing better than face-to-face
communication. It helps the message to be understood clearly and quickly.
 e-mail – e-mail can be used to communicate quickly with one or many individuals in
various locations. It offers flexibility, convenience and low-cost.
 Notice/Posters – It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large group of
people. Generally used for where email communication may not be effective.
 Business Meetings – Communication during business meetings at an organisation are
generally addressed to a group of people. It can be related to business, management and
organisational decisions.

4. What are the learning objectives of communication?

Answer – Learning objectives of Effective communication are :
 Sending, receiving and understanding the message or information
 Development of Interposal Skills
 To express effectively with maximum efficiency

5. Explain the various elements of a communication process.

Answer – The various elements of a communication cycle are –
 Sender: the person beginning the communication.
 Message: the information that the sender wants to convey.
 Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
 Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
 Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response to the message.

6. What is verbal communication and its type?

Answer – Sounds, words, language, and speech are all examples of verbal communication.
Speaking is one of the most effective and often used in verbal communication methods.
Interpersonal Communication – This type of communication is a one – on – one
communication that takes place between two people. It can be formal or informal.
Written Communication – This method of communication entails the use of written words.
Letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, and so on are all examples. It could
be a group of two or more persons.
Small Group Communication – When there are more than two people participating, this form of
communication occurs. Each participant has the opportunity to interact and speak with the others.
Public Communication – The communication takes place when one individual addresses a large
group of audience.

7. Explain the importance of feedback.

Answer – Importance of feedback are –
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  Validates Effective Listening: Shows you’re paying attention and understanding.
 Motivates People: Makes people feel good and encourages them.
 Boosts Learning: Helps us learn and improve.
 Improves Performance and Decision Making: Points out what’s done well and where to
improve.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of verbal communication?

Answer – Advantage of verbal communication are –
Advantages of Verbal communication
Time Saving – We can express our thoughts easily and quickly and it is an easier form of
communication.
Quick Feedback – We can get a quick response from the listener.
Disadvantages of verbal communication
Cultural Difference – The cultural difference is the main disadvantage of verbal communication
Language barriers – Difficult to share thoughts or ideas in different languages.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

9. Explain the different types of non-verbal communication.

Answer – Different types of non-verbal communication are –
Facial Expression – Our expressions can show different feelings, such as Happiness, Sadness,
Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc.
Posture – Postures show our confidence and feelings. For example, a straight body posture shows
confidence while a slumped posture is a sign of weakness.
Gestures or Body Language – Gestures include body movements that express an idea or
meaning. For example, raising a hand in class to ask a question and biting nails when nervous.
Touch – We communicate a great deal through touch. For example, a firm handshake to display
confidence and pat on the back to encourage someone.
Space – Space is the physical distance between two people. The space between tow persons while
communicating, generally depends on the intimacy or closeness between them.
Eye Contact – The way we look at someone can communicate a lot. Eye contact shows that we
are paying attention to the person as opposed to looking away, which can make the other person
feel ignored.
Paralanguage – How we speak affects our communication and includes the tone, speed and
volume of our voice. For example, talking fast may show happiness, excitement or nervousness
while speaking slow may show seriousness or sadness.

10. How many types of Feedback in communication skills? What are the good feedback in
communication skills?
Answer – There are basically three types of feedback.
 Positive Feedback
 Negative Feedback
 No Feedback
A good feedback is one that is –
Specific: General comment should be avoided. To clarify your statement, try to provide
examples. Rather than giving advice let the receiver decide what to do with your feedback.
Timely: Always respond on time, because if input is delayed for too long, it loses its impact.
Polite: While sharing feedback is necessary, the recipient should not be insulted by the input’s
language.
Offering continuing support: Feedback should be shared on a regular basis. Let recipients know
you’re available for help once you’ve given them feedback.

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11. What are the basic parts of speech in the English Language?
Answer – There are eight basic parts of speech in the English language. These are none, pronoun,
verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.
Noun – Nouns is the name of a person, place, animal or thing. This is also called ‘naming words.
Pronoun – A pronoun is used in place of a noun.
Adjectives – Adjectives are words that describe other words.
Verbs – Verbs are words that show action.
Adverbs – Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Preposition – A preposition is a word palace before a noun or pronoun.
Conjunction – A conjunction is a word that connects two words, phrases, or clauses.
Interjection – A word used to communicate emotion is called an interjection.

12. Explain the Barriers of the Effective Communication.

Answer: Barriers of the Effective Communication are –
Physical Barriers – The environmental and natural conditions that operate as a barrier in
communication when conveying messages from sender to receiver are referred to as physical
barriers.
Linguistic Barriers – A language barrier to communication is the inability to communicate using
a language. The most common communication barriers are language barriers, which lead to
misunderstandings and misinterpretations between people.
Interpersonal Barriers – When a sender’s message is received differently than intended, it
creates barriers to interpersonal contact. It’s also tough to communicate with someone who
refuses to converse or express their emotions or opinions.
Organizational Barriers – Formal hierarchical structures are used to create organizations that
adhere to performance standards, rules & regulations, processes, policies, and behavioral norms,
among other things.
Cultural Barriers – When people from different cultures are unable to understand each other’s
languages, it causes problems and inconveniences.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 7 -