Building Services- 1

Sanitation and Drainage System

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur B.arch Sem- IV

 Introduction
COMBINED AND SEPARATE SYSTEMS PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM RODDING POINT SYSTEM

SEWER CONNECTION

DRAINAGE VENTILATION UNVENTILATED SPACES


DRAIN LAYING

MEANS OF ACCESS

BEDDING OF DRAINS

DRAINS UNDER OR NEAR BUILDINGS JOINTS USED ON DRAIN PIPES ANTI-FLOOD DEVICES

GARAGE DRAINAGE

DRAINAGE PUMPING

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE

TESTS ON DRAINS

SOAKAWAYS

CESSPOOLS AND SEPTIC TANKS DRAINAGE FIELDS AND MOUNDS DRAINAGE DESIGN

WASTE AND REFUSE PROCESSING

 Introduction
Sanitary Engineering - Protection of human health, by suitably disposing sewage
and other wastes. Main objects are:

• Ensure supply of clean, pure water in sufficient quantity

• Proper ventilation in every space of building.

• Sufficient illumination and sunlight.

• Proper and quick disposal of all types of wastes from building.

• Prevention of moisture or any kind of dampness during construction.

Framing of rules and regulations: Municipality, Municipal Corporation,
Improvement Trust, Development Authority.

Building Wastes include:

• Sewage

• Waste Water

• Surface water (Rainwater)

• Garbage and Refuse

Building Waste- Types and Sources
 Drainage Systems

Conservancy Lane System Water Carriage System

Conservancy
Lane System-
• Outdated and
Highly
unhygienic

• Uses very little

water- therefore,
Dry System

• Was used with

less funds or
limited water
availability.
 Drainage Systems
Conservancy Lane System-
• Planned between rear side of two houses.

• Common Open drain connected to kitchen and toilets.

• Then connected to main drains (Also open)

• Also used to collect refuse and garbage

• Privies at rear end for

human excreta and
cesspit.

• Cleaned manually by
labour.

• Shifted to conservancy
lane and then shifted by
animal driven carts to
disposal site.

 Drainage Systems
Disadvantages Conservancy Lane System

• Gives rise to nuisance of flies, mosquitos and rotting pollutes the environment.

• Movement of tankers carrying human excreta also spreads smell into the area.

• Inhuman technique of cleaning manually.

• Polluting the well water nearby.

• Detached privy from the house creates issues with weather conditions.

• Non-removal of waste creates immense issues in the area.

• Leaving large urban land under conservancy lanes.

• Does not go with modern trend of multi-storied buildings.

 Drainage Systems
Water Carriage System-
• Hygienic and ideal

• Primary requirement is sufficient water in large quantity.

• Underground network of sewerage.

• Laid in slope for self cleaning velocity.

• Carried to sewage treatment plant.

• To facilitate cleaning, inspection of sewer lines, inspection chamber and manhole

are provided at proper intervals.

Advantages of Water Carriage System

• Does not remain open and prevents pollution of the area.

• Helps prevent diseases.

• Self cleaning velocity for waste water and excreta.

• Appropriate system for multi-storied buildings.

 Drainage Systems

Advantages of Water Carriage System

• Does not remain open and prevents pollution of the area.

• Helps prevent diseases.

• Self cleaning velocity for waste water and excreta.

• Appropriate system for multi-storied buildings.

• Toilets, wc could be easily integrated within the building/house.

• Helps prevent wastage of urban land.

• Aims of House Drainage
! To maintain healthy conditions in the building.

! To dispose off waste water as early and quickly as possible.

! To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank.

! To facilitate quick removal of foul matter (e.g. human excreta).

! To collect and remove waste matters systematically.

• Principles of House Drainage

• Preferably laid by side of the building to facilitate easy repair and better maintenance.

• House sewer joints should be leek proof because any leakage shall create an odour problem
and leaked wastewater shall infiltrate in the ground and shall reduce bearing capacity of soil
below foundation, which is not desirable.

• The sewage should flow under the force of gravity.

• The house sewer should always be straight.

• The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end.

• The house sewer should avoid back flow of sewage in house sewer.

• Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the premises, provide inspection
chamber at the junction.

• Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through the house
sewers.
 Definition of Terms

• DRAINAGE SYSTEM- Basically refers to All the piping within the private and
public premises which conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste to a
point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer
systems or a private or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.

• STACK- A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste or vent piping.

• SOIL PIPE- A pipe that conveys the discharge of Black water (liquids containing
fecal matter)

• WASTE PIPE- A pipe that conveys the discharge of only Grey Water ( liquid waste
free of fecal matter).

• BRANCH- Any part of the piping system other than the main, riser or stack.

• BUILDING/HOUSE DRAIN That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing

system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes
inside a building and conveys it to the building sewer/house sewer.
• BUILDING/HOUSE SEWER That part of the drainage system that extends from
the end of the building drain and conveys its discharge to the public sewer, private
sewer, individual sewage disposal system, or other appropriate point of disposal.
Types of Pipes

• Soil Pipe: Pipe through which human excreta flows.

• Waste Pipe: Pipe which carries only the liquid waste & does not carry human
excreta.

• Vent Pipe: Pipe which is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system.
A vent pipe is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried
at least 1 m higher than the roof level.

• Rain Water Pipe: Pipe which carries only the rain water.

• Anti-siphonage Pipe: Pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve

the water seal of traps.
Soil Stack
Soil Stack
Systems of Sewerage
Used for conveyance of refuse from the sanitary fitting to the house drain, depending on the number
of pipes used:

1. One Pipe System- Combined Stack For Soil And Waste Water With Vent Pipe (Anti Siphonage
Pipe).
2. Two Pipe System- Independent Stacks for Soil and Waste Water with Vent Pipe
3. Single Stack System- Combined stack for soil and waste water without vent pipe (Anti
Siphonage Pipe).
4. Partially ventilated single stack system- Via Media between one pipe and single stack. Only
Water Closets are ventilated.
Plumbing Systems for House Drainage
1. One Pipe System
• A Separate vent pipe is provided in this
system. It is clear from the study of
sketch that in comparison to single stack
system:

• This system is costly and difficult to

construct

• Ventilation is provided to sullage pipe and

soil pipe too.

• Arrangement of pipe work is difficult.

Plumbing Systems for House Drainage

Advantages
• FAST BECOMING PREFERRED SYETEM
IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.

• HIGH QUALITY PIPES,FITTINGS AND

INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES

• CONSTANT FLOW OF WATER ENSURES

REDUCTION IN BLOCKAGE PROBLEM.

• REQUIRE LESSER SHAFT/DUCT

SPACE.

• HIGHLY ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF

COST.

• QUICK TO CONSTRUCT AND

COMMISSION.

Disadvantages
Danger of Back Flow of Sewage in Waste
Fittings.
Plumbing Systems for House Drainage
2. Two Pipe System
• Water closets, bath traps, kitchen
traps and wash basin traps all are
connected to vent pipes.

• Separate soil pipe and waste

pipes are provided.

• Two vent pipes are provided.

• There are four stakes in this

system.

• It is efficient system but costlier

than other systems.
Plumbing Systems for House Drainage
Advantages of Two pipe System
• Ensure Segregation Of Foul Sewage From Waste Water.
• No Danger Of Backflow Of Sewage In Waste Fittings Incase Of Blockage Of Soil Pipe.
• Enables Use Of Waste Water Directly For Irrigation/Gardening.
• Separate Waste Water Stack Permits Arrest Of Solids From Kitchen In The Gully Trap Thus
Preventing It From Entering Sewer.

Disadvantages of Two pipe System

• Difficult To Install In High Rise Buildings Where
Stacks Terminate In Service Floor Or In The
Ceiling Of The Basement.
• Long Horizontal Runs To Reach External
Walls /External Sewers.
• Require More Shaft/Duct Space.

Congested Shaft Results In Difficult To Maintain
System.
• Used In India As Matter Of Convention And
Conservative Approach.
Plumbing Systems for House Drainage
3. Single Stack System
• Only single pipe acts as soil pipe
waste pipe and ventilation pipe.

• This is poorly ventilated system

• It is simple system and easy to

construct.

• Risk of water seal breaking in the

trap is high because of induced
siphonage.

• Waste or air of the waste pipe

may be forced up due to back
pressure.
Plumbing Systems for House Drainage
4. Partially Ventilated Single Stack System
• Only water closet traps are ventilated.

• Traps of baths, washbasins and kitchen are

not joined with vent pipe.

• This is economical system

• It is required to maintain water seal of 75 mm

or more.

• It has simple arrangement of pipe.

Sanitary Fittings
Sanitary Fittings
• Materials of Sanitary Fittings:
1. Should be easy to clean, be impermeable The toilets have three essential parts: The
and resistance to mild acid and Bowl, the tank and pipelines.
detergents.

2. Inside and Outside surface be water tight,

smooth, shiny and non-absorbent.

3. Form and shape should facilitate smooth

and quick flow and disposal of water and
human excreta.

4. Strength and durability should be

essential characteristics.

Materials Used: Wood, Steel, China Clay,

Fibre (Glazed), Porcelain.
Sanitary Fittings
• Water Closets (W.C) Fittings
1. Indian Type Water Closet. (Squatting)

2. European Type Water Closet

3. Anglo Indian Water Closet.

Sanitary Fittings
Indian Type Water Closet. (Squatting)

• Two types: Orissa Pan and Asian Pan

• Orissa pan- Pan and Footrest are
manufactured together

• Asian- Not together, low gradient pans

Sanitary Fittings
Indian Type Water Closet. (Squatting)

• Pan- Main Unit which is constructed with a

sloping base ranging from 15 to 20 deg.

• Fixed to the same level of finished floor,

hence sunken portion should be almost
450-600mm.

• Orissa Pan needs minimum of 400mm

sunken.

• Hollow flushing rim- Connection from

front or back or both sides.

• Minimum floor area required for Indian WC

is 900 x 1200 mm.

• Traps- P type or S type.

• Rear flushing Inlet
• Anti-Siphonage Pipe
Sanitary Fittings
European Type Water Closet.
• It is a wash down water closet, provide
with a seat and a cover.

• Fixed on the Floor finish, hence may not

require any sunken but always needs for • The pan has flushing rim to spread the
the Nahni trap beside (150mm min).
flush water.

• E.W.C is available in following four variety: • The excreta directly falls in the trap, and
1) Water Closet
 therefore there are less chances
2) Single Siphon EWC
 becoming foul.
3) Double Siphon EWC
 • The closet is fitted with either a P-trap or
4) Wall Hung or Bracket supported EWC S-trap and Q-trap. It can also be used at
upper floors.
Sanitary Fittings • Double Siphonage- 

European Type Water Closet. - Two water seals connected with a bore/
• Single Siphonage- 
 hole.

- Outlet near the trap is expanded like a -Air between two water seals is sucked,
balloon 
 leading to partial development of vacuum.

-When the pan is flushed it pushes the air -Flushing is quick and effective.

down which creates partial vacuum. 
 -Single unit with Pan and Cistern.

-Siphonic action
 


 -Advantage: Works with low level or low
-Advantage: Works with low level flushing capacity cistern.

cistern too.
• Wall Hung-

-Fitted on steel or cast iron chair shaped
EWC= 900 mm x 1500mm

brackets.

Requires Nahni trap. -Only with P-type trap, and as single unit.
Sanitary Fittings
Anglo-Indian Type Water Closet.

• Pan can be used both for squatting or in

sitting position.
• Similar to design and construction of EWC.

• Flushing Rim has extension for footrest,

and height is restricted to 300- 340mm.

• Fixed to floor finish, provision of Nahni trap

required.
Sanitary Fittings
Floor area by Each W.C
Sanitary Fittings
European Water Closet Toilet.
Slope Sink

• Rarely used in India.

• It is a hospital fitting

• It is square shaped pan, which has

wooden mesh on top.

• Bib taps on the top

• Used to drain patients discharge after

being tested at the pathological
laboratories.

• Cistern could be high or low.

Urinals

• Limited use at house, generally used for provisions of

Public toilets.

• Two types: Standing or Squatting.

• 600-750 mm wide, 100-150mm raised platform is • Half- round drain at the

platform.

constructed below the urinals.

• Raised platform for easy flow of
waste water to the drain/ Nahni
trap.

• Partition screen- Facilitate

cleanliness and privacy. (610mm
distance)

• Materials for Partition-

Chinaware, Marble, Kota,
Cuddpah or Granite store etc.

• Single Flushing cistern for a

group of 2 to 3 urinals- 10-15 lts
each.

• Each urinal with a flushing

valve.
Urinals
Corner Urinals

Squatting Urinals
Urinals
Waste-Water Fittings-

Waste Water Pipe——> Gully Trap ——> Inspection Chamber

Wash Basins • Materials:


- Glazed chinaware

• Easy fittings, possible provisions in different - Stainless steel

areas and different styles.
- Glass

- Fibre

• Component:

- Reinforced Plastic
- Bottle Trap/ P trap

- Brackets (CI or MS)

- Drain Pipe (Common also)/ Half round Drain

- Nahni Trap 
 Height- 800mm

- Overflow Hole Distance between 2 basins- > 300mm

Wash Basins- Types

Basin with Skirting Basin with Full Pedestal Cabinet Basin

Corner Basin Basin with Half Pedestal Counter Wash Basin

Wash Basins
Associated Fittings
Shower Tray
• Modern Provisions.

• Can be fixed above or below the floor finish.

• Used in combined toilet spaces to keep other

areas dry.

• Components: 

- Plastic Curtain/ Glass Wall

- Shower Outlet (2000mm Height)

- Soap Holder

- Water Coupling Connection 

- Nahni Trap.
Bath Tub

• Luxury Item
• Material: 

- Glass Reinforced plastic material

- Chinaware

- G.I 

- Bent Sheets

- Marble 

- Granite

- Concrete or Masonry

Inside to be glazed with Tiles or Vitreous tiles.

• Components:

- Shower or Telephonic Shower

- Tap

- Overflow Outlet

- Water Coupling

- Nahni Trap

- Plastic Curtain

- Soap Holder

- Towel Holder
Bidet

• Modern Household toilets

• Used for Cleaning purpose, specially
for personal use by Women.

• Components:

- Pan

- Shower

- Hollow Flushing Rim

- Hot and Cold Water Tap

- Flow Control Knob

- Outlet

- Trap

- Waste water Pipe

• Types:

1) Floor mounted

2) Wall Hung.
Sinks (Kitchen Sinks)
• Indispensable provision in Modern Kitchen
• Material: 

- Stone Slabs: Marble

- Cuddapah

- Kota

- Granite

- Stainless Steel

- Korean 

- Concrete or Masonry 

Inside finished with Glazed tiles.

• Components:

- Single or Double drain boards

- Single or Multiple Bowl

- Taps

- Soap Case

- Outlet 

- Overflow hole

- Bottle Trap or P trap
Drinking Water Fountain

• Public Buildings

• Components:

- Bowl

- Trap

- Water Coupling

- Waster Water Pipe
• Fixed height- 700-800mm
Associated Equipments: • Types depends on the manner of their operations:
Flushing Systems 1) Chain Operated Flushing Cisterns
• Divided into two types:

2) Handle/ lever Operated Cisterns
1) Flushing Cistern

2) Flushing Valves/ Cocks. 3) Automatic Flushing Cisterns
• Flushing Cistern

- Capacity: 5,10,12.5 • Depending on the type of pan and the flushing force
and 15 litres.
 required the flushing cistern at 3 different heights: 

- Materials: 
 1) About 425mm above floor finish 

Glazed Chinaware,
 2) Little above the pan that is 600-900mm above FF.

Fibre reinforced plastic, 
 3) 2000 to 2100mm above.
P.V.C 

C.I.

Ceramic
Flushing Systems
• Height used: 600-900 mm
Flushing Systems
1) Chain Operated Flushing Cisterns

• Fixed on C.I brackets at 2000-2100mm above floor.

• Central Vertical pipe, wider at top and slightly above water level.

• Ball Valve- to regulate the entry on water in the cistern.

• Overflow outlet - in case ball valve stops working.

• Non corrosive mesh on overflow outlet.

• Advantages: 

1. Valveless flushing type

2. Siphonic pressure created

3. High pressure used for cleaning pan.

• Disadvantages:

1. Much noise created

2. Chain to be released immediately, air
Dimensions: 460
from flushing pipe enters.

x 210 x 260mm
3. Difficult for maintenance.
Flushing Systems
2) Level/ Handle Operated Flushing Cistern

• Mid height of 600-900mm

• ‘U’ shaped standpipe, inverted and perforated

base controls the movement inside.

• Ball valve for controlling the water supply.

• Overflow pipe.

• Advantages: 

1. Silent as compared
to chain type.

2. Easy repair and
maintenance.
Flushing Systems
3) Automatic Flushing Cistern

• Mainly used for public buildings only

• Used for set of 2-3 urinals.

• Capacity: 5, 10, 12.5, and 15 litres.

• Materials: C.I, Chinaclay and PVC.

• Controlled at the entry of water.

• Components: 

Cup shaped bottom,

Inverted Dome pipes,

Control Valves,


• Advantages: 

1. Silent working

2. Easy repair and maintenance.

3. No mechanical effort needed.

• Disadvantages:

1. Should be turned off after office hours.

Flushing Valves

• Directly connected to the pan/ urinals.

• Directly from Overhead water storage tank.
 Types:

Force of gravity.
1. Weight Cock
2. Prince Cock.
• Components:

3. Flush Valve- a) Lever Operated &
Water pipe line- 25 to 38 mm 

b) Push Button Operated
4. Stop Cock or Angle Cock.
• Advantage:

Quantity can be controlled as this is manual
lever to be used directly for water supply.

• Uses only 2-3 litres for flushing once.

Flushing Valves

1. Weight Cock

• No Space for cistern, due to scarcity of water.

• Height 600mm.

• Heavy level, to push automatically, made at 90

degree.

• Generally used for Indian style WC.

2. Prince Cock

• Provided with Wheel shaped lever.

• Turning lever by 90*

Flushing Valves

3. Flush Valve

• Height- 900-1000mm from Floor finish.

• Connected to minimum 38mm diameter water pipe.

• Operated mechanism- Push button type.

• Also possible with lever operated type, to automatically regulate

the water.

• Stop cock- Helps to regulate and control flow and pressure of

water.

• Provision of spring controller washer to cover the discharge.


Synchronised with the time taken for cistern to fill 10-12 lit water.

4. Stop Cock or Angle Cock

• Used with 12mm diameter pipeline.

Flushing Valves
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

Common gases that are

produced in Sewage
Drainage System systems are:

• Methane

Remove the sewage or Prevent entry of smell

waste water inside the house
• Hydrogen Sulphide

• Nitrogen

• Carbon Monoxide

Soil Traps
Traps
Essential characteristics of trap:

Waste Water
1. Non-absorbent, impermeable, non corrosive Traps
material and easy to clean.

2. Should retain continuously the water seal.

(25mm to 75mm)

3. Inner surface should be smooth, shiny and

non-porous.

4. Shape and form to allow self cleaning.

5. Conveniently placed opening.

6. Inlet and outlet should be easily fixed with

sanitary fitting and pipelines.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

By definition, a plumbing trap is a device that keeps a small amount of

liquid every time the fixtures is used. The amount of retained liquid is
called a trap seal. This trap seal prevents sewage system odours, gases,
and vermin (mice, insects, etc.) from entering the living or work space.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

Causes of removal of water seal in a

trap:
1. Obstruction in drain pipe, creating
pressure inside.

2. Water being evaporated in hot

climate.

3. If the cover of opening is closed,

but not air and water tight, water
leaves the trap.

4. Siphonage within the trap


a) Greater force exerted for flushing
water.

b) Absorbent material

c) Vacuum created at the vertical
pipeline.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

Precautions to maintain the water seal:

1. Pipelines should be free from obstruction,
1800mm above terrace or roof with cowl
vent cover.

2. Prevent water evaporation.

3. Opening if provided to be air or water tight.

4. Provision of ANTI-SIPHONAGE PIPE

Anti-Siphonage Pipe
• Usually of 50mm dia

• Topmost part is ventilated with cowl vent.

• May be ignored for top floor or ground floor.

TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

• The depth of water seal is the vertical distance between

the crown and dip of a trap. The depth of water seal
represents its strength or effectiveness. 


• Greater the depth of water seal more effective is the

trap. The depth of water seal varies from 25mm to
75mm.

Types of Traps: Location Sanitary Fitting

Materials:

• Chinaware
Can Sustain weight, force
• Stoneware
and pressure of
• C.I.
surrounding packing
• Lead

• PVC

• Brass
Light weight are placed
• Copper
below basins and sinks.
• Alloyed Metal
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

Types of Traps:

Depending upon this angle of outlet
mouth, shape it is known as :

1. P, Q and S trap

2. Bottle trap

3. Nahni Trap

4. Gully Trap

5. Intercepting Trap

6. Grease Trap

7. Stable Trap

8. Silt or Residual Trap

v
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

BOTTLE Trap:
1. Ease in connection, effective and easy
maintenance.

2. Below wash basins, drinking water fountain

or cold dispensers.

3. Facilitates to be rotated at any angle to suit

the location of main outlet connection.

4. Can only be used for waste water without

any solid particles, hence not used for
kitchen sink.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

NAHNI Trap / FLOOR trap :

• Used to admit sullage from the floors of
rooms, bathrooms, kitchen etc. in to the
Drain pipe. 


• This is provided with cast iron or stainless

steel or galvanised gratings (Jallis/ Mesh)
at its top so that the entry of larger matter is
prevented thereby chances of blockage are
reduced.


• The depth of water seal of floor trap should

not be less than 40mm. 

Depth of trap 100-125mm.
• Sunken to be provided of 150-200mm.
• Flushed with the floor finish.
• Necessary to provide slope towards the
trap.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

NAHNI Trap / FLOOR trap :

TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

GULLY Trap:
1. Below ground level, all waste water connection
terminate before reaching inspection chamber.

2. Provided at a junction of a roof drain and other

drain coming from kitchen or bathroom.

3. Waste water shall enter through the side inlet ,

and rain water shall enter from the top which is
covered with cast iron grating.

4. P or Q shaped water sealing arrangement.

5. The water seal is normally 38 to 50 mm deep.

6. The maximum distance between the gulley trap

and the first manhole should be 6m.

7. Important in water carriage system, especially

double stack system.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY
GULLY Trap:
8. Stoneware or C.I. with outer diameter 100mm.

9. Placed within a masonry on 3-4 sides, supported

by concrete base on the top.

Dimensions: 225 x 300 mm 

250 x 300 mm

10. Can be used in courtyards, will ease the work.


3-4 Waste can be discharged into a single Gully
trap.

11. Connected with Bend.

12. Excavated soil to be settled properly, failure to

which can lead to leaking.

- Bitumen and sand mixture to be used as
material.

- RCC chajja below the pipeline to support.

TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

INTERCEPTING Trap:
1. Prevent entry of foul gases of public
common sewer in to the house drainage
system.

2. Located: Last Outlet point of Inspection

Chamber.

3. The water seal is deeper than that of normal

traps (not less than 60 mm).

4. The trap is made of glazed stoneware/ C.I.

with an inspection arm for the purpose of
cleaning or inspection. The inspection arm
is kept closed by a lid or a plug.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

5. Provision of vent pipe, 2-3m above

ground.

INTERCEPTING Trap:
Advantages of Intercepting Trap:
• Foul Gases of larger municipal sewers are
prevented from entering house drainage
system.
• Harmful pathogens are not entered in house
drains.
• Well designed and constructed interceptors
can quickly remove foul matter of house drain
to municipal sewers.
TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

GREASE & OIL Trap:

1. These type of traps are used in large hotels
restaurants or industries where large
quantity of oils waste is generated.

2. These work on the principle that grease or

oil being light in weight float on the surface
of sewage. Thus, the inlet pipe is near the
top of the chamber and the outlet pipe is
near the bottom.

3. Material : CI with concrete cover.

4. Located : Near cleaning dishes, so that oil

does not enter pipelines.
 TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

SILT Trap:
1. These are provided only in situations where
the waste water carries large amount of silt,
sand, coarse particles, etc. Silt trap is
masonry chamber where inlet and outlets
are provided at the higher level so that the
silt, sand settles down.

2. Location: Courtyards, Open to sky spaces.

 TRAPS : IMPORTANCE AND NECESSITY

Commonly Used Traps:

Bottle Trap —————
Waste Hand Basin

Nahni Trap—————-
Bathrooms, Toilets, urinals, below sinks & washing area

Gully Trap——————
Waste water discharge chambers

Intercepting Trap———
Last chamber or household

Grease Trap—————
Kitchen/ wash of hotels, canteen, hostels

Silt/ Residual Trap——- Courtyards, open to sky places.

DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Selection of materials:

Purpose of Pipe- Waste water

Jointing System Location of pipe
or sewage

Main Characteristics of the Drainage Pipelines:

• Should be strong, durable, impervious, non-absorbent, non-corrosive.

• Inside surface should be smooth, uniform diameter throughout.

• Should be able to withstand both internal and external pressure.

• Easy to handle, drill, cut and join.

• Good resistance to mild acid, detergents, salts, grease and high

temperatures.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Locations for drainage pipe usage:

Below ground level

On the facade. Under the building
(underground)

• On wall/column, either in • Below the plinth

vertical, horizontal or
• Below flooring

sloping.

• Within the slab

• Concealed within wall/
column either in vertical,
horizontal or at slope.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Types of materials used in Water carriage system : Length

• Glazed stone ware (S.W. Pipe)

Inner and Outer Diameter
• Asbestos Cement. (A.C Pipe)

Thickness
• Cast Iron (C.I. Pipe)

• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Weight

• Lead
Shape
• Galvanised Iron (G.I. Pipe)

Durability
• Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C Pipe)

• Copper tubes.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING
GLAZED STONEWARE PIPES (S.W. PIPE): Alignment and direction:

Bend at different angle, single or double
• Location: Underground locations, where they are not branched pipe, saddle, T reducers,
subjected to heavy external loading.

• Thick and limited in length. 


Max length: 610 mm 

Diameters: 80, 100, 150 up-to 610mm.

• Spigot and socket joint: with groove and rough.

• Good resistance to mild acid, salts, grease/oil/temp.

• Disadvantage: 

- Not feasible for use below flooring

- Short length

- Low strength

- Repair and maintenance difficult.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE (A.C. PIPE)

• Location: Laid on the wall only.

• Max length: 1200, 1800 and 3050mm.


Diameters: 50, 65, 75, 85, 100, 150
and 230mm.

• Commonly and largely used as it is

easy to handle, cut, join and light
weight.

• Easy availability of special members.

• Easy cleaning in case of choking.


Inspection eye or Opening.

• Spigot and socket joint

• Disadvantage: 

- More brittle low strength

- Not feasible for accidental damage or
high pressure areas, hence not used for
underground, plinth or floor.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

CAST IRON PIPE (C.I. PIPE)

• Location: Concealed in wall or column, or flooring/

plinth.

• Max length: 1800, 3050 and 3600mm.


Diameters: 50, 65, 75, 85, 100, 150 and 230mm.

• Tough, durable and corrosion resistance material.


Both soil or waste water pipe.

• Easy availability of special members.

• Good with internal or external pressure, long life.

• Spigot and socket joint

• Disadvantage: 

- High cost.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (P.V.C PIPES)

• Location: Concealed in wall/ column or below

flooring/ plinth.

• Low cost than C.I and good characteristics than A.C

• Light weight, long life, durable and resistance to

corrosion.

• Max length: 1800, 3050 and 3600mm.


Diameters: 50, 65, 75, 85, 100, 150 and 230mm.

• Easy availability of special members.

• Inherent resistance to acid, detergents and hence

used as drainage at laboratories, chemical and
fertiliser factories.

• Disadvantage: 

- Might lead to cracking and weakening of pipe due to
setting sun.

- Cannot be used on west side walls.

- Not used underground or accidental prone areas.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING
LEAD PIPES
• Location: Connections between sanitary fitting, flush
pipe.

• Replaced by PVC or Chrome plated copper pipes.

• Disadvantage: 

- Exorbitant cost.

- Inadequate supply or raw material.

- Not used today.

GALVANISED IRON PIPES (G.I PIPES)

• Location: Limited use, only waster water. 


As connector pipe.

• Strong leak proof joints.

• 35mm to 75mm internal diameter.

DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C PIPE):

• Location: Underground or below plinth.

• Minimun diameter: 100,150, 230 upto 1200mm


Length: 2.0 to 2.5m.
• Easy joining with RCC collar

Spigot and socket.

COPPER PIPES:

• Location: Limited use, only waster water. 


As connector pipe.

• Sizes similar to C.I pipes.

• Disadvantage:

- High cost
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

The reason to form a long radius bend to insure the

waste is directed in the downstream direction as it
enters the horizontal run.
A sanitary tee should be used when connecting a
horizontal run, such as a waste arm to a vent stack or
vertical riser.
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Jointing of Drain Pipes:

• Stoneware to stoneware.

• Asbestos cement to asbestos cement

• Cast iron to cast iron.

• PVC to PVC

• Lead to Lead

• Galvanised iron to Galvanised iron

• RCC to RCC

• Copper to Copper

• Asbestos to Stoneware

• Cast iron to Stoneware

• Lead to Stoneware

• Lead to Asbestos Cement

• PVC to Cast iron

• PVC to Stoneware

• PVC to Galvanised iron.

DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Precautions and measures taken for Jointing:

• Spigot end should be lower direction of slope.

• Underground pipes to be rested on well rammed

base with brick work or PCC.

• Straight alignment.

• Before inserting spigot end, it should be covered with

jute fibre or rope.

• If fixed on wall, clamps to be used.

DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING

Precautions and measures taken for Jointing:

• Lead to lead: Wiped soldered joint.


Socket end ——>Brass sleeve joint.

Spigot —-> Spigot end should be made strong.

• PVC to PVC- PVC cement used for sealant.


PVC to lead- Rubber washer / brass check nut.

• Stoneware, AC, RCC- Jute fibre (hemp yarn) / rope filling then cement.

• G.I to G.I- Spigot or socket to be covered with jute fibre or teflon tape.

• A.C. to C.I- Adaptor to be used.

• Different materials to be sealed with molten lead.

DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING
DRAINAGE PIPES AND ITS JOINTING
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Connector Pipe

Drain Pipe- (Stack)

Inspection chamber

Intercepting chamber

Manhole

Inspection
Manhole
Chamber
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

INSPECTION CHAMBERS:

• Cleaning, inspection and maintenance- Underground system + branch or secondary line.

• Diverting direction of flow with smooth bends or turns within chamber.

• Proper ventilation of underground drainage system.

Location:

• Two or more pipelines join with one another

• Change in direction

• At every 15-30 meters on the straight run.

• Difference in invert level of pipeline

Should generate
“Self Cleansing”
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Inspection • Invert Level- 450 mm below the

Chamber floor finish

• 900 x 450 x 1200 mm


600 x 600 mm

600 x 900 mm

600 x 450 mm

• Concrete Base with Brick Masonry

(Concrete coping)

• Inside- Half round drain + Smooth

finishes
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Ventilation of
• Foul air rises up from the slope
Underground of pipelines.

Drainage • Provision of Ventilation

Pipelines. (Topmost chamber) 

i.e. First Inspection Chamber.

• Provision of Ventilation Pipelines at

Last Inspection Chamber.

• Mica Flap Valve- permit low velocity air.

• Ventilation for waste water and soil

pipelines.
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Intercepting
Chamber

• Provided with Intercepting trap.

• Fresh air ventilation pipeline

• Merits:

- Prevent flow of foul gases.

- Prevents disease and bacteria due to foul smell.

• Demerits:

- Intercepting trap necessitates independent
ventilation system.

- Cost of drainage increases.

- Inspection cover falls down and not safe.
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

• Inspection chamber on the Municipal/ Public

Manhole sewer

• Provision of 1/2 round drain.

• Cleaning, Inspection and maintenance of Public

sewer.

• Larger than inspection chamber.

• Dimensions:

1500 x 1200 mm

1500 x 1500 mm

• Located on the edges of road, subjected to heavy

load. Heavy duty C.I or high grade R.C.C cover
used.

• Change in direction or invert level of pipelines.

• Distance ranging from 30-90m.

• Ventilation pipeline to be connected to a height of
4.5 to 6m.
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Side
Entrance
Manhole

• Placed at 1/3 distance of road width.

• Road widening makes it difficult to

access the manholes.

• Provision of side entrance-


Easy movement 

Unhindered traffic flow

• Top of drain covered with high grade

RCC.

• 1/2 round drain.

• Tunnel min: 1200mm x 1800mm

• Ventilation Pipeline connected

• C.I steps to climb down.

TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Drop
Manhole

• Sudden drop in invert level of public

sewer due to:

1. Household invert level is higher than
public sewer.

2. Drainage on sloping site / contours.

• Incoming Pipe confined within the walls of

manhole.

Inlet piped through bend and tee pipeline.

• 1/2 round drain into main sewer line.

TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Drop
Manhole

• Sudden drop in invert level of public

sewer due to:

1. Household invert level is higher than
public sewer.

2. Drainage on sloping site / contours.

• Incoming Pipe confined within the walls of

manhole.

Inlet piped through bend and tee pipeline.

• 1/2 round drain into main sewer line.

TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Petrol
• Used in garages where motor vehicles are serviced and washed, water contains
grease, petrol and oil which should be segregated before public sewers.

Interceptors
• Petrol- Explosive fumes, grease-sticks to pipe, choking.

• Large size chamber divided into 3

chamber- Masonry and RCC

• Dimensions: 900mm x 900mm each.

• Depth depends on quantity of waste.


1200mm, 300mm as free board.

• Connection with bend pipe.

• Air tight chamber with vent pipe

provision.

• Smooth plaster inside.

• Gets filtered and only water being

collected at the end chamber.
TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Petrol Gully • Where petrol, grease or oil is small in amount.

Trap • Alternative to petrol interceptors.

• More depth and use of perforated can within the trap.

• Perforated can

Material: Non corrosive, and resistant to petrol, grease, oil.

Components: Lid and a cap on top

• Waste water is entered the trap, will pass through can which increase time of
movement and thus 

Lighter elements float, Heavier gets settled down at bottom of can.

• Cleaning arm with removable lid.

TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Cast Iron • Inspection chamber to be connected on drainage line located within building.

Inspection • Branch drainage lines have to be connected over long length.

Chamber
• 2, 4 or 6 connecting arms with an intercepting chamber.

• Vent pipe provision.

• Air tight cover with rubber washer.

TYPES OF INSPECTION CHAMBER

Gully Trap
• Waste water pipelines terminated over gully trap chamber.

Chamber • Concrete base with walls enclosing all sides.

• 50mm to 75mm above the surrounding ground level, with CI frame.

• Dimensions: 225 x 300mm


250 x 300mm

• Bend is provided through walls of chamber to connect, smooth plaster to walls.

• Joints to be done with lead preferably to prevent cracking.

• Support of RCC chajja to prevent sinking of gully trap.