House drainage

• In house drainage systems uses gravity to pull the waters through the house and
outside to drain.
• Waste and dirt water is piped through a “soil stack” which in turn takes the waste
through a main drain, generally located underneath the house.
 Drainage System Terms
• House sewer: A pipe that runs between
the house drainage system and to the
public sewer or septic tank.
• House drain: The lowest part of a home
drainage system, this pipe receives the
discharge from soil, waste, and other
drainage pipes, and then carries such
discharge to the house sewer.
 Drainage System Terms
• Soil stack and pipe: Any line of pipe • Waste stack and pipe: All pipe
which carries the discharge of toilets. receiving the discharge of fixtures
The term “stack” refers to the vertical other than toilets.
runs of such piping.
 Drainage System Terms
• Trap: Refers to a fitting or device • Vent piping: Provides ventilation to
constructed to prevent the passage of the drainage system and prevents trap
air or gas back through a pipe or siphon age and back pressure from
fixture, without materially affecting clogging or contaminating the
the flow of sewage or wastewater. drainage system.
 Drainage System Terms

• Sub-house drain: Any portion of the

drainage system which cannot drain by
gravity but which still handles the
disposal of waste sewage.
 Sanitary fitting
• Sanitary process piping and fittings is used almost exclusively in the house,
commercial and personal care industries.
• The following sanitary fitting are commonly used in buildings, for efficient
collection and removal to the house drain:
1. Wash basins 5. Urinals
2. Sinks 6. Flashing cisterns
3. Bath tubs
4. Water closets
 Sanitary Fittings - Building services

• Water supply is the provision of water

by public utilities, commercial
organizations, community endeavors
or by individuals, usually via a system
of pumps and pipes.
 Traps
• Traps are defined as fittings at the end
of soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent
foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/
waste pipe.
• Traps should be self-cleaning, that is
to say, they should be designed so that
their walls are scoured by the
discharging water.
 Traps
• Traps are an integral part of a modern sanitary system, being designed to retain a
small quantity of the waste water from the discharge of fitting to which they are
attached as a barrier to prevent foul air entering the building.
• Types of traps:-
• Nahni Trap
• Gully Trap
• Intercepting Traps
 Plumbing system of drainage

• A drain is the primary vessel or conduit

for unwanted water or waste liquids to
be flumed away, either to a more useful
area, funneled into a receptacle, or run
into sewers or storm water mains as
waste discharge to be released or
processed.
 Plumbing system of drainage
• Drain design and installation parameters are
engineered to ensure drain functionality for
its intended purpose, allowing for variances
in volume, matter to be conveyed and
maintenance requirements.
• Drain installation takes into account
principles related to gravity, vacuum, grade,
human exposure safety to biological agents.
 Single stack
• In this system, only one vertical
soil pipe is used.
• The wastes from all the sanitary and
soil appliances are discharged in the
same pipe.
• The traps of sinks basins are directly
connected to the single stack pipe.
 Single stack
• From the figure it is clear that only single pipe acts as soil pipe waste pipe and
ventilation pipe.
• This is poorly ventilated system.
• It is simple system and easy to construct.
• Risk of water seal breaking in the trap is high because of induced siponage.
• Waste or air of the waste pipe may be forced up due to back pressure.
One pipe and two pipe systems
 One pipe systems
• One-pipe systems are the simplest and easiest hydronic systems to understand and
install.
• The one-pipe systems have a single pipe to the radiators, which serves as both a
steam supply and a condensate return line.
• Each radiator is equipped with an air vent to allow release of this air .
 One Pipe System
• A Separate vent pipe is provided in this system.
• It is clear from the study of sketch that in comparison to single stack system.
• This system is costly and difficult to construct.
• Ventilation is provided to sullage pipe and soil pipe too.
• Arrangement of pipe work is difficult.
 Two pipe systems
• In a two-pipe direct return system, the
total pipe length from the pump to and
from each radiator is shorter for the
radiators closer to the pump and longer
for the more distant radiators.
• For this reason the differential pressure
can be significantly higher at the closest
radiator than at the most distant radiator.
 Two pipe systems
• Separate soil pipe and waste pipes are provided.

• Two vent pipes are provided.

• It is efficient system but costlier than other

systems.
• This must be taken into consideration when
designing the system.
• The advantage of the direct return system is that
pipe routing is more straightforward compared
to the reverse return system.
 Principles governing design of building drainage

• The bathrooms, sinks, wash basins, etc. are important components of a house.
• The occupants of the house make use of the above components and as a result of
that there is a formation of waste water.
• The waste water from bathrooms, sinks and wash basins is to be properly disposed
in to the municipal sewers.
• This system is known as building drainage system.
 Definition Terms of Building Drainage
• Sullage: The wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not
contain fecal matter is known as sullage.
• Plumbing System: It is entire system of pipe line for providing water supply to
the building or it is a system of pipes for disposal of wastewater from the building.
• Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.
 Cont……..
• Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage from water closet
• Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sullage from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash
basins, etc.
• Sewerage System: A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town
collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to the wastewater treatment
plant.
 Principles Of Building Drainage
• House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate easy
repair and better maintenance.
• House sewer joints should be leek proof because leekage if any shall create an
odour problem and leaked wastewater shall infilterate in the ground and shall
reduce bearing capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.
• The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.
• The house sewer should always be straight.
 Principles Of Building Drainage
• The entire system should be well ventilated from start
to the end.
• The house sewer should be connected to the manhole
such that the invert level is sufficiently higher to avoid
back flow of sewage in house sewer.
• Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line
in the premises, provide inspection chamber at the
junction.
• Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not
be allowed to flow through the house sewers.
 Building Drainage Plan

• Important points to be considered while

preparing house drainage plan are
mentioned below.
• Drainage layout plan should be as simple
as possible. Pipes should be laid in
straight line.
• Both vertical and horizontal pipes shall
be laid in straight lines as far as possible.
 Building Drainage Plan
• Where there is change in the direction of
pipe, inspection chamber or manhole should
be provided.
• Sewers should not be laid under a building to
avoid the risk of decrease in bearing capacity
in case of continuous leakage of sewage from
joints.
 Building Drainage Plan
• The leaked sewage percolates in the soil and
increase moisture content of soil below the
foundation. Increased moisture content
decreases bearing capacity which is not
desirable.
• Pipes should be laid at proper gradient and
proper size.
• The usual size of house sewer are 100 mm,
150 mm, 230 mm and 300 mm.
Determination of Quantity of Sanitary Sewage
• The quantity of sanitary sewage is determined by considering the following
factors:
1. The total quantity of sewage is taken equal to the quantity of water supply.
2. An additional quantity of water is considered for infiltration, commercial and
industrial water supply etc.
3. A subtraction is made for ex-filtration, water consumption in drinking, cooking
etc.
 Factors Affecting The Quantity Of Sanitary Sewage

Rate of water supply

• The quantity of sanitary sewage varies with the rate of water supply. The rate of
water supply is not constant, but it fluctuates. These fluctuations may be seasonal,
daily and hourly.
Population
• The quantity of sanitary sewage directly depends on the population. As the
population increases the quantity of sanitary sewage also increases and vice versa.
Factors Affecting The Quantity Of Sanitary Sewage

Type of area served

The quantity of sanitary sewage also depends on the type of area such as residential,

industrial or commercial.

Infiltration and ex-filtration

The percolation of subsoil water in the sewer through the defective joints or cracks of
sewer is called infiltration.
Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage
 Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage

• The quantity of storm sewage (i.e. storm water) is

mainly affected by the following factors:
l) Shape and Size of The Catchment Ares
Storm water (runoff ) will be more for large and fan-
shaped catchment area. On the other hand, runoff will
be less for small and ferm shaped catchment area.
2) Topography
Storm water increases with the increase in the ground
slope of the catchment area and vice versa.
 Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage

3) Character of the Catchment Area

If the surface of the catchment area is rocky or
compact clayey type, storm water will be more.
Again, if the surface of the catchment area is sandy,
the storm water will be low.

4) Direction of the prevailing storm

If the direction of the storm is same as the direction
of movement of water, the storm water will be more
and vice versa.
Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage
5) Type of Precipitation
If the precipitation occurs in the form of rain, it will produce storm water immediately.
6) Rainfall Distribution
The storm water from a basin is very much dependent upon the rainfall distribution.

7) Intensity and Duration of Rainfall

The storm water increases with the increase in intensity of rainfall and vice versa. If
the duration of rainfall is more, the storm water will also be prolonged
Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage
• Soil moisture Deficiency
• The runoff depends upon the soil moisture present at the time of the rainfall. If rain
occurs after a long dry period, the soil will absorb huge amounts of water and thus
runoff will be less.

• But the runoff will be more if rain occurs after a long rainy season.
Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage

9) Climatic Condition
If the temperature in the catchment area is high, the evaporation loss will be more
and hence the storm water will be less and vice versa.

10) Geological Condition of the Catchment

If the catchment area consists of fissures, cracks etc, the water losses will be more
and the storm water will be low.
Factors affecting the quantity of storm water sewage
11) Vegetative Cover

The presence of a dense vegetative cover

over soil increases the infiltration and
there by reduces the storm water.